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1.
通过研究不同颜色覆膜对田间土壤温度、马铃薯生长状况及产量的影响,为云南高原地区马铃薯种植提供科学依据和技术指导。在田间试验中,设置黑色覆膜（BM）、透明覆膜（TM）和不覆膜（NM）3种处理。试验结果表明:马铃薯覆膜相比不覆膜可以提高0～20 cm土层的土壤温度,促使马铃薯提前出苗,且黑色薄膜的增温效果比透明覆膜更加显著;马铃薯株高、干物质量试验结果均表现为覆膜处理大于无膜处理;马铃薯块茎分级数量、马铃薯块茎分级质量、单株块茎产量和小区产量表现为覆膜处理高于不覆膜处理,且黑色覆膜增产效果最为显著。通过试验得出结论:覆膜可以改善土壤温度,提高马铃薯的出苗率和块茎产量。 相似文献
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基于充分滴灌条件下,定量分析了东北典型区玉米膜下滴灌与不覆膜滴灌下太阳净辐射、土壤热通量、土壤温度和作物耗水量的差异.结果表明:在晴天覆膜使得净辐射峰值时间滞后约1 h,在阴天覆膜处理土壤热通量能够为玉米生长提供更多的能量;全生育覆膜与不覆膜处理,冠层上方获得净辐射分别为133.25和135.42 W/m2,覆膜处理获得的可供能量低于不覆膜处理的,但在玉米生长中后期,覆膜处理提高了2%的净辐射;全生育期覆膜提高了0~80 cm土层平均地温1.13 ℃和土壤积温149.68 ℃;覆膜滴灌下玉米生长初期和后期的耗水量显著低于不覆膜滴灌处理下的,全生育期耗水量显著减少10.21%,生育期内平均作物系数Kc显著降低7.42%. 相似文献
3.
黄土高原半干旱区不同颜色地膜对土壤温度的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】探索不同颜色地膜全年覆盖对土壤温度的影响。【方法】在陕北米脂试验站进行野外试验,分别设置裸地(CK)、白色薄膜(TF)与黑色膜(BF)3种处理,观测不同土层深度的土壤温度随时间的变化规律。【结果】(1)覆膜显著提高土壤温度,白色薄膜垄内土壤温度与黑色膜差异不显著;昼夜温度变化幅度最大的是TF处理,最大温差达到3.74℃;最小的是BF处理,温度变幅只有3.15℃;(2)在0~30 cm土层,夏季TF处理土壤温度变幅最大,冬季最小,春季BF处理最小,秋季TF、BF处理较CK更加明显;冬春季2种覆膜差异显著(P0.05),BF处理较CK差异不显著;夏秋季2种覆膜土温差异不显著,TF、BF处理与CK差异显著(P0.05);(3)TF、BF处理土壤温度在45 cm土层以下各土层之间差异不显著,CK在90 cm土层以下各土层之间差异不显著,土壤温度振幅随深度向下减小,在45 cm以上土层BF处理振幅变化小于TF处理,45 cm土层往下BF处理振幅变化最小,BF处理土壤温度变化较为稳定。【结论】综上可知,覆膜可显著提高土壤温度,白色膜在冬、春季覆盖较为适宜,黑色膜在夏、秋季覆盖较为适宜。 相似文献
4.
为探索冀西北寒旱区地膜覆盖和限量补灌对马铃薯田土壤水分运移及水分利用效果的影响,采取随机区组方法设置起垄(T1)、起垄覆膜(T2)、膜下补灌22.5 mm(T3)、膜下补灌45 mm(T4)和露地补灌45 mm(T5)5种不同处理,监测了不同措施对土壤水分时空运移、马铃薯生产量、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,区域草甸栗钙土马铃薯田的主要供水层为0～40 cm土层,块茎膨大期为农田耗水关键期。旱作下覆膜较露地(ck)可使马铃薯增产76.44%,水分利用效率提高83.33%;膜下滴灌补水22.5 mm时可增产123.47%,水分利用效率提高122.00%。露地补灌45 mm可增产52.17%,水分利用效率提高51.82%。覆膜和补灌未显著地增加农田耗水量,但显著地提高马铃薯的产量和水分利用效率。 相似文献
5.
休闲期耕作覆盖对马铃薯苗期生理生态与产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为解决马铃薯苗期干旱的问题,针对宁夏南部旱作区季节性干旱特点,在2013—2015年秋作物收获后,通过设置不同耕作覆盖措施,分析休闲期土壤蓄水保墒效应和马铃薯苗期土壤水温变化特征,研究不同耕作覆盖措施对马铃薯苗期生长、生理指标及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明,同一耕作方式下,地膜和秸秆覆盖处理对改善土壤水温状况、降低马铃薯叶片抗氧化酶活性、促进苗期生长和提高块茎产量均有显著影响,且耕作与覆盖交互作用存在显著差异。在两年休闲末期和马铃薯苗期,同一耕作方式下地膜和秸秆覆盖处理0～200 cm土层平均土壤蓄水量较不覆盖处理分别显著增加5.1%、7.3%和10.5%、9.2%。马铃薯苗期,同一耕作方式下地膜覆盖显著提高0～25 cm土层土壤温度1.9℃,而秸秆覆盖显著降低土壤温度3.4℃。与不覆盖处理相比,地膜和秸秆覆盖处理可获得较低的叶片抗氧化酶活性,能更有效增加苗期出苗率、株高和生物量积累,从而显著提高马铃薯块茎产量。在所有的处理组合中,深松结合秸秆覆盖处理具有较高的平均马铃薯产量和商品薯率,较传统耕作不覆盖处理分别显著提高40.0%和14.9%。因此,考虑宁夏南部旱作区气候和环境条件的可行性,深松结合秸秆覆盖措施有利于马铃薯抗旱保苗和块茎产量的提高,可在该地区应用推广。 相似文献
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覆膜滴灌条件下,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了不同施肥策略:CK(不施肥)、CF(N 300 kg/hm~2;P2O590 kg/hm~2;K2O 60 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+OF(普通有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)、60%CF+BF(生物有机肥6 000 kg/hm~2)对棉田土壤N_2O排放的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田连续不同施肥策略下土壤N_2O的排放特征。结果表明,棉花生育期N_2O排放通量表现为施肥处理大于不施肥处理,滴灌施肥后第3/4天N_2O排放通量顺序为CF60%CF+OF60%CF+BFCK,而滴灌后第7/8天N_2O排放通量则表现为有机肥处理高于化肥处理,滴灌施肥结束后表现与之相同;生育期的N_2O排放总量以100%化肥处理(CF)最高,与其相比,60%CF+OF和60%CF+BF处理分别降低3.75%和8.37%,N_2O排放系数则分别降低1.39%和73.8%;相关及通径分析均表明,与土壤NH+4-N相比,NO-3-N与N_2O排放的关系更密切。 相似文献
7.
马铃薯膜下滴灌耗水规律的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以‘克新1号’品种的脱毒原种为材料,研究了膜下滴灌马铃薯全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量、水分利用效率等的变化规律。结果表明,膜下滴灌下,各时期阶段耗水量和耗水强度以块茎膨大期最大,其次是块茎形成期、苗期、淀粉积累期;除淀粉积累期外,全生育期耗水量和平均耗水强度及各生育时期的阶段耗水量和耗水强度均极显著高于覆膜不滴灌;膜下滴灌马铃薯耗水层主要集中在0～40cm,而覆膜不滴灌为0～60cm;膜下滴灌马铃薯的产量为55 596kg/hm2,与覆膜不滴灌差异显著;水分利用效率为11.36kg/mm,与覆膜不滴灌的差异不显著。 相似文献
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在河西走廊张掖市甘州区党寨镇田家闸灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育期调亏灌溉的试验研究。在保持其他生育期土壤水分为正常灌溉（土壤含水率65%～75%）的情况下,在马铃薯的幼苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期分别进行轻度（土壤含水率55%～65%）的调亏处理,以全生育期的正常灌溉作为对照,进行马铃薯生长指标、产量和水分利用的测定。试验结果表明,不同生育期水分调亏均引起马铃薯株高、茎粗和单株总生物量降低,其中块茎膨大期水分亏缺降低程度最为显著。调亏处理中,苗期轻度水分调亏处理马铃薯产量33 027.22 kg/hm2,与对照无显著差异,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,分别达到6.91和9.38 kg/m3,而且能够显著提升马铃薯综合品质。而块茎形成期马铃薯产量和水分利用效率最低,仅分别为24 047.32 kg/hm2和5.85 kg/m3,且造成马铃薯品质下降。膜下滴灌调亏可促进水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率提高,且苗期轻度水分调亏对马铃薯稳定提质和改善当地水分利用现状有积极意义。 相似文献
10.
<正>2015年固原市原州区农机部门引进2CB-1/2型青岛洪珠马铃薯覆膜种植机,和传统应用的甘肃铸陇2BSMX—2型马铃薯种植机进行马铃薯机械覆膜机械播种和机械播种人工覆膜的生产效益研究,以期降低劳动力成本,提高覆膜种植马铃薯综合生产效益。一、试验立地条件试验设在三营镇鸦儿沟村宁夏固农科技有限公司集中流转的基地上。该地海拔1640m,年降雨量350mm左右,年日照时数2518小时,年均气 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
15.
About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
17.
Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
18.
在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献