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1.
Expression of atrogin‐1/MAFbx, a muscle‐specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is high under catabolic conditions, that result in muscle atrophy. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of atrogin‐1/MAFbx is increased by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in mammalian skeletal muscle. This study investigated the effects of dexamethasone on expression of atrogin‐1/MAFbx in skeletal muscle of neonatal chicks and in chick myotubes. Chicks were given a single intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone at a concentration of 10 mg/kg body weight. Twenty‐four hours after dexamethasone administration, the Pectoralis muscle weight of chicks was decreased. mRNA expression of atrogin‐1/MAFbx in skeletal muscle of chicks was significantly increased by dexamethasone administration. Expression of other proteolytic‐related genes (20S proteasome C2 subunit, m‐calpain large subunit, and cathepsin B) in skeletal muscle of chicks was not increased by dexamethasone administration. Chick myotubes were incubated with dexamethasone (1, 10 or 100 µmol/L) for 6 h. Expression of atrogin‐1/MAFbx mRNA in chick myotubes was increased in the presence of all concentrations of dexamethasone. However, expression of other proteolytic‐related genes (20S proteasome C2 subunit, m‐calpain large subunit and cathepsin B) in chick myotubes was not affected by dexamethasone treatment. These results indicate that dexamethasone enhances atrogin‐1/MAFbx expression in chick skeletal muscle, resulting in increased muscle atrophy.  相似文献   

2.
Metalloproteases that selectively hydrolyze connective tissue proteins may tenderize meat without creating texture problems associated with myofibrillar protein degradation. Our objective was to characterize the activity of bovine placental proteases to determine whether they can improve meat tenderness through disruption of the connective tissue matrix. Enzymes were extracted, crudely purified, and proteolytic activity was assessed against gelatin and collagen under varying pH and temperature conditions using both SDS-PAGE and zymography. Gelatin zymography revealed proteolysis between 57 and 63 kDa, with decreased activity as buffer pH decreased from pH 7.4 to 5.4 (37 degrees C). Proteolytic activity was pronounced at 37 degrees C, moderate at 25 degrees C, and absent at 4 degrees C following 48-h incubation (pH 7.4). Placental enzymes were metalloproteases inhibited by excess EDTA. Maximum proteolysis was achieved in the presence of Ca2+, with or without Mg2+ and Zn2+. Absence of Ca2+ decreased proteolytic activity. Complete degradation of both the 125- and 120-kDa proteins of the alpha-chains of gelatin was achieved following enzyme incubation for 6 h at 37 degrees C or 24 h at 25 degrees C. No degradation was observed following enzyme incubation with native Type I collagen. Given the marked decrease in enzyme activity at pH 5.4 and 4 degrees C (standard industry conditions), bovine placental metalloproteases would not be expected to contribute to connective tissue degradation or improve meat tenderness.  相似文献   

3.
This study assessed the effects of different incubation temperatures on semen viability and the influence of pooling on semen longevity. In experiment 1, semen samples were collected from five dogs, individually processed (individual semen: IS) and then aliquots from each male were pooled (pooled semen: PS). Semen samples (IS and PS) were diluted in a Tris‐glucose‐yolk extender and preserved as fresh (37 and 25°C) and chilled semen (4°C). Sperm motility and the percentages of sperm abnormalities and acrosome membrane integrity were assessed for 24 h. Storage at 25 or 4°C for the first 24 h yielded similar semen quality, but incubation at 37°C caused drastic reduction in sperm motility from 8 h of incubation onwards. In experiment 2, the semen was processed in the same way to that of experiment 1 and then preserved at 25 or 4°C until semen inactivation. Semen that was incubated at 25°C became completely inactive after 3–4 days of storage, while semen that was preserved at 4°C presented with more gradually decreased sperm motility (mean values of 40–60% for the first 8 days). In addition, the mixing of semen was only observed to influence the sperm quality of the samples stored at 4°C. In experiment 3, semen was collected from five dogs, pooled and frozen in liquid nitrogen; after thawing, it was preserved at 37, 25, 15 and 4°C, and the sperm quality was defined. The motility of the freeze‐thawed semen samples decreased quickly in the first 4 h after thawing, regardless of the preservation temperature of the thawed semen. This study confirmed that semen preserved at 37°C should be used within a maximum of 12 h, while the semen stored at 25°C shows acceptable quality for 24 h. Chilled semen presented highest most sustainable quality, especially when semen is processed as pooled semen.  相似文献   

4.
Skim milk and whey prepared from milk secreted by cows that had been injected with bacteria were kept under various conditions, and the antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the milk samples were investigated. More than 85% of the original antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities remained when the skim milk was heated at 63°C for 60 min or kept at a pH range of 4–10 for 24 h at 37°C. Both of the high abilities were maintained on pepsin treatment above pH 4 and intestinal proteinase treatments. Little antigen‐binding and protein G‐binding abilities decreased upon storage of the powdered skim milk for 12 months at room temperature. In contrast, at least half, and more than 70% of their respective abilities, were lost upon incubation at pH 2 in the absence and presence of pepsin, respectively, for 1 h at 37°C. These results suggest that most of the biological activities of the Fab‐region and Fc‐region of bovine milk IgG can be maintained during processing or storage, and both of the inactivation degrees mainly depend on the stomach condition after oral ingestion of the IgG preparation.  相似文献   

5.
We evaluated the effect of heat challenge on cell viability, concanavalin A-induced proliferation and heat shock protein (HSPs) mRNA expression in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) isolated from Creole (CR) and Large White (LW) pigs. The PBMCs were cultured for 9 h at 37°C before being subjected to heat challenge: (1) at 42°C or 45°C for 2, 4, 6 and 9 h to monitor cell viability;(2) at 45°C for 2 and 9 h followed by stimulation for 24 h at 37°C with concanavalin A to evaluate mitogen-induced proliferation; and (3) at 45°C for 3, 6 and 9 h to measure induction of HSP70.2 and HSP90 mRNA. Cell viability was affected by breed and temperature (P < 0.01), and the viability decrease caused by heat challenge was greater for LW than CR pigs. For mitogen-stimulated PBMCs, incubation at 45°C reduced lymphoblastogenesis equally in both breeds (P < 0.01). Although heat challenge for 3 and 6 h at 45°C induced expression of HSP70.2 and HSP90 mRNA, no breed difference was observed. In conclusion, differences in heat resistance between these two breeds at the whole organism level are reflected at the cellular level. Neither HSP70.2 nor HSP90 mRNA expression levels explain this effect.  相似文献   

6.
The present study aimed to compare cat sperm quality after thawing using two different temperatures (37 and 70°C) and to investigate the effects of post‐thaw dilution on the sperm quality and longevity of ejaculated cat spermatozoa. Six ejaculates of each of six male cats were collected using an electroejaculator (total 36 ejaculates). The semen was frozen in 0.25‐ml straws using a Tris egg yolk extender containing Equex STM paste. Four straws prepared from each ejaculate were thawed at four different occasions; (i) at 37°C for 15 s, (ii) at 37°C for 15 s and diluted 1 : 2 with Tris buffer (v/v), (iii) at 70°C for 6 s, (iv) at 70°C for 6 s and diluted 1 : 2 with Tris buffer (v/v). The percentages of motile spermatozoa, the scores of progressive motility, the percentages of spermatozoa with intact plasma membrane (using SYBR‐14/EthD‐1 stains) and intact acrosome (using fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated peanut agglutinin/propidium iodide stains) were evaluated in fresh semen at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after thawing. The thawing temperature had no effect on any sperm parameters throughout the incubation period (p > 0.05). The dilution after thawing improved sperm motility, progressive motility and acrosome integrity (p < 0.05). The thawing of cat spermatozoa and subsequently diluting with Tris buffer resulted in an immediate (at 0 h) overall (combined over temperature) percentage of motile sperm of 64.8 ± 10.7 (mean ± SD), a score of progressive motility of 4.0 ± 0.5, a percentage of spermatozoa with intact plasma membrane of 64.4 ± 12.1 and intact acrosome of 44.8 ± 20.2. In conclusion, frozen cat semen can be thawed either at 37 or 70°C and post‐thaw dilution is recommended to reduce the toxic effect of some ingredients in the extender during post‐thaw incubation.  相似文献   

7.
To improve our understanding of the regulation of mu-calpain activity in situ during postmortem storage of muscle, the effect of different calpastatin levels on proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins by mu-calpain in a system closely mimicking postmortem conditions was studied. Increasing the amount of calpastatin in the incubations limited both the rate and extent of proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins and autolysis of mu-calpain. Excess calpastatin (i.e., a mu-calpain:calpastatin ratio of 1:4) did not inhibit proteolysis completely. Western blot analysis revealed that proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins virtually ceased after 7 d of incubation, despite the presence of partly autolyzed, therefore seemingly active, mu-calpain. A series of incubations of autolyzed mu-calpain revealed that the autolyzed form of this enzyme is unstable at an ionic strength observed in postmortem muscle. The possible significance of these results in terms of the regulation of mu-calpain activity in postmortem muscle is discussed.  相似文献   

8.
1. Broiler hatching eggs were cooled to 22°C for periods of 8 or 24 h on day 16 of incubation. Cooling had no significant effects on hatchability or chick quality compared with controls.

2. Cooling to 22°C for 24 h on days 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18 yielded similar results but cooling on day 13 increased late embryonic mortality.

3. When eggs were cooled to 22°C on day 16 of incubation there were no major differences in hatchability up to 48 h of cooling but chick quality deteriorated rapidly after 30 h and the limit for embryonic survival at this temperature was about 72 h.

4. There were no significant differences when eggs were cooled on day 16 and held for 24 h at 21.1, 23.9 or 26.7°C but hatchability and late deaths were significantly affected by cooling to 18.3°C.  相似文献   


9.
Adult stem cells are of particular interest for the therapeutic approach in the field of regenerative medicine. Due to their ease of harvest, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are an attractive stem cell source that has become increasingly popular. Critical aspects of applied cell therapies are the circumstances of transport from the laboratory towards the site of operation and cell delivery into the desired area. With regard to these issues, agarose-hydrogel was analyzed as a cell carrier matrix of equine and canine ASCs in vitro, which can be used for minimally invasive application. Isolated ASCs were expanded and 2.5 × 106 cells were combined with agarose-hydrogel to build a 0.4% hydrogel-cell solution which was stored at two temperatures (room temperature (RT) vs. 37°C). Cell viability was investigated (live-dead assay) at different time points (0, 1, 6 and 24 h) in order to determine i) the effect of different temperatures on the cell survival as well as ii) the maximum possible time span before implantation. CFU-assay and WST-1 assay were performed after 24 h incubation in agarose-hydrogel and the cells were induced into adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation to analyze the effects of the incubation on the cell behaviour. No negative effect of the agarose-hydrogel incubation was determined on the different species’ cell behaviour at either RT or 37°C with any of the assays used. We can recommend agarose-hydrogel as a cell carrier for cell implantation with a storage period of up to 24 h at room temperature or at 37°C prior to implantation.  相似文献   

10.
Sperm DNA fragmentation is one of the major causes of infertility; the sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCDt) evaluates this parameter and offers the advantage of species‐specific validated protocol and ease of use under field conditions. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics in both fresh and post‐thaw bottlenose dolphin sperm using the SCDt following different cryopreservation protocols to gain new information about the post‐thaw differential sperm DNA longevity in this species. Fresh and cryopreserved semen samples from five bottlenose dolphins were examined for sperm DNA fragmentation dynamics using the SCDt (Halomax®). Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed immediately at collection and following cryopreservation (T0) and then after 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h incubation at 37°C. Serially collected ejaculates from four dolphins were frozen using different cryopreservation protocols in a TES‐TRIS‐fructose buffer (TTF), an egg‐yolk‐free vegetable lipid LP1 buffer (LP1) and human sperm preservation medium (HSPM). Fresh ejaculated spermatozoa initially showed low levels of DNA fragmentation for up to 48 h. Lower Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) was found in the second fresh ejaculate compared to the first when more than one sample was collected on the same day (p < 0.05); this difference was not apparent in any other seminal characteristic. While there was no difference observed in SDF between fresh and frozen–thawed sperm using the different cryopreservation protocols immediately after thawing (T0), frozen–thawed spermatozoa incubated at 37°C showed an increase in the rate of SDF after 24 h. Sperm frozen in the LP1? buffer had higher levels (p < 0.05) of DNA fragmentation after 24‐ and 48‐h incubation than those frozen in TTF or HSPM. No correlation was found between any seminal characteristic and DNA fragmentation in either fresh and/or frozen–thawed samples.  相似文献   

11.
Studies were conducted to examine the possibility of preserving slaughterhouse‐derived buffalo ovaries at 4°C for 0 (control), 12 and 24 h to maintain the developmental competence of the oocytes (experiment 1), to assess the effect of incubation temperature during oocyte maturation on rates of in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of buffalo oocytes and embryo development (experiment 2), and to examine the effect of storage at 25°C for 0 (control), 4 and 8 h of frozen–thawed buffalo sperm and BO and H‐TALP as sperm processing and fertilization media on cleavage and embryo development in vitro of buffalo oocytes (experiment 3) in order to optimize the IVF technology in buffalo. Results suggested that storage of ovaries at 4°C for 12 or 24 h significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the developmental potential of oocytes. Incubation temperatures during the IVM influenced the fertilization rate but had no significant effect on maturation and subsequent embryo development. The incubation temperature of 38.5°C during IVM was found to be optimum for embryo production in vitro. Storage of frozen–thawed sperm at 25°C for 8 h significantly (p < 0.05) decreased its ability to cleave the oocytes. Sperm processed in BO medium had significantly (p < 0.05) higher ability to cleave the oocytes than the H‐TALP medium.  相似文献   

12.
Pelibuey and Suffolk sheep were compared as to their capacity to regulate body temperature under environmental hyperthermia by measuring their differences in cellular response to heat stress (HS). In a first experiment, seven Pelibuey and seven Suffolk ewes were kept in a climatic chamber for 6 h daily during 10 days (temperatures within the 18 to 39.5 °C range). As chamber temperature rose, sheep rectal temperature increased in both groups, but to a lesser extent in Pelibuey (0.3 °C) than in Suffolk sheep (0.7 °C) (P?<?0.05). In a second experiment, cellular viability was assessed using cultured blood mononuclear cells from 15 Pelibuey and 15 Suffolk sheep. They were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h (control) or 43 °C for 6 h followed by 18 h at 37 °C (HS). In a third experiment, another blood mononuclear cells culture from eight Pelibuey and eight Suffolk sheep was kept at 37 °C for 15 h; these were subsequently cultured for 6 h at 37 °C (controls) or 43 °C (HS). Next, HSP-70 concentration was determined. HS reduced the percentage of viable cells to a greater extent in Suffolk [37 °C (73.7 %) vs. 43 °C (61.9 %); P?<?0.05] than in Pelibuey sheep [37 °C (74.9 %) vs. 43 °C (66.7 %); P?>?0.05]. HS significantly increased HSP-70 average concentrations for both breeds at 43 °C. A significant effect was observed for the breed by temperature interaction (P?<?0.05) caused by a greater difference between Pelibuey and Suffolk at 43 °C (2.85 vs. 0.53 ng/mL, respectively; P?<?0.05) than at 37 °C (0.05 vs. 0.03 ng/mL, respectively; P?>?0.05). In conclusion, Pelibuey sheep show more effective body temperature regulation under conditions of environmental hyperthermia. Also, cell viability after HS was higher in Pelibuey than in Suffolk, an effect that could be mediated by an HSP-70-related mechanism.  相似文献   

13.
This study evaluated the potential mechanism(s) by which leptin treatment inhibits loss of muscle mass with fasting. Cultures of C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated into myotubes with 5% (vol/vol) horse serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F12. These myotubes were used to assess 3H-tyrosine incorporation and release following incubation with recombinant porcine leptin (0 to 500 ng/mL). Protein synthesis in myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine incorporation, was not affected by leptin treatment (P > 0.05). Protein breakdown in C2C12 myotubes, as measured by 3H-tyrosine release, was inhibited by leptin treatment. A leptin concentration of 0.5 ng/mL was sufficient to inhibit 3H-tyrosine release by 3.5% (P < 0.05); 50 ng/mL produced a maximal inhibition of 10.2% (P < 0.05). Dexamethasone (1 microM) was used to maximally stimulate protein breakdown. Leptin (50 ng/mL leptin) decreased dexamethasone-induced 3H-tyrosine release by 32% (P < 0.05). The inhibition of 3H-tyrosine release in C2C12 myotubes suggests that leptin produces a protein-sparing effect in vitro by inhibiting protein breakdown. Fatty acid metabolism also was investigated because fatty acids are a major energy source for muscle during periods of reduced intake, as occurs with leptin treatment. Acute (4 h) and chronic (24 h) exposures to porcine leptin (0 to 500 ng/mL) were used to evaluate 14C-palmitate oxidation. Acute leptin treatment had no effect (P > 0.05) on palmitate metabolism. Chronic leptin exposure resulted in up to a 26% increase in palmitate oxidation (P < 0.05). The stimulation of fatty acid oxidation with chronic leptin treatment suggests that leptin spares other energy sources in muscle from oxidation during periods of a leptin-induced decrease in feed intake.  相似文献   

14.
Cell‐cell fusion has been a great technology to generate valuable hybrid cells and organisms such as hybridomas. In this study, skeletal muscle myoblasts were utilized to establish a novel method for autonomous xenogenic cell fusion. Myoblasts are mononuclear myogenic precursor cells and fuse mutually to form multinuclear myotubes. We generated murine myoblasts (mMBs) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) termed mMB‐GFP, and the chick myoblasts (chMBs) expressing Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed) termed chMB‐DsRed. mMB‐GFP and chMB‐DsRed were cocultured and induced to differentiate. After 24 h, the multinuclear myotubes expressing both GFP and DsRed were observed, indicating that mMBs and chMBs interspecifically fuse. These GFP+/DsRed+ hybrid myotubes were able to survive and grew to hyper‐multinucleated mature form. We also found that undifferentiated mMB‐GFP efficiently fuse to the chMB‐DsRed‐derived myotubes. This is the first evidence for the autonomous xenogenic fusion of mammalian and avian cells. Myoblast‐based fusogenic technique will open up an alternative direction to create novel hybrid products.  相似文献   

15.
1. Unusually high early embryonic mortality (EEM) was observed in hatching eggs from broiler compared with white or brown table‐egg breeders in Atlantic Canada. Broiler breeder EEM in Atlantic Canada was twice the EEM in broiler breeders from other areas of North America.

2. Comparisons of holding temperatures (18 and 30°C) for 24 h after egg collection, in combination with a storage time of 0 or 7 d at 18°C prior to incubation, were made using the criteria: embryo development (stage), and size at 0, 3, 6 and 9 d incubation, EEM, late embryonic mortality (LEM) and hatchability (HAT).

3. Stage of development of embryos, at 0 d incubation, was highest for eggs held for 24 h at 30°C and stored for 7 d. Embryo stage, weight and length at 3, 6 and 9 d incubation were positively correlated.

4. Hatchability of fertile eggs was lowest (66.5%) for eggs held for 24 h at 30°C and stored for 7 d and highest (87.2%) for eggs held for 24 h at 18°C and stored for 0 d. Holding temperature and storage time significantly influenced EEM and LEM.

5. EEM classification differed for strain of breeder. In broiler breeders the majority of the EEM was at a relatively late stage of development (exhibiting an obvious blood ring with a visible embryo). In comparison, EEM from table egg breeders was distributed equally among three categories.  相似文献   


16.
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17.
The solubility of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins in water was examined. The solubility of the proteins was found to be sensitive to ionic strength and pH of the solution. At the ionic strength of less than 12 mM and neutral pH, more than 80% of myofibrillar proteins were solubilized. Heating at a temperature of more than 70°C was required for the proteins to retain their solubility. The solubility of freeze‐dried protein powder prepared from water‐soluble myofibrillar proteins was also examined, and it was found that addition of trehalose and heating were essential for re‐solubilization in water. Amino acid composition of water‐soluble myofibrillar proteins was found to be almost the same as that of myofibrillar proteins.  相似文献   

18.
This study assessed the effect of different semen storage temperatures and the influence of semen pooling in semen viability. In experiment 1, semen samples (n = 30) of five Majorera bucks were individually processed [Individual semen (IS)] and after the first dilution (Tris‐yolk extender), semen‐diluted aliquots from each male were pooled semen (PS). Thereafter, semen samples (IS and PS) were preserved as fresh semen (37 and 20°C), chilled semen (4°C) and frozen semen. Sperm motility and the percentage of abnormal sperm cells and intact membrane acrosomes were defined. Semen preservation at 20 and 4°C did not modify the quality of spermatozoa for the first 24 h, but the conservation at 37°C caused a dramatic fall in the semen motility from 12 h onwards. Furthermore, the longevity of frozen‐thawed semen was limited to 4–6 h. No differences were observed in semen parameters when PS was compared with semen from individual males in any of the preservation protocols assessed. In experiment 2, 120 goats were distributed in four experimental groups: in group fresh individual semen (FIS, n = 30) and group frozen‐thawed individual semen (FTIS, n = 30), does were transcervically inseminated with fresh semen and frozen‐thawed semen from each individual male, respectively, and in group fresh pooled semen (FPS, n = 30) and group frozen‐thawed pooled semen (FTPS, n = 30), goats were transcervically inseminated with FPS and FTPS, respectively. The kidding rate was very close in the FIS and FPS groups (70.0% and 73.7%, respectively), and no significant differences were observed in the fertility rate between FTIS and FTPS. The results of this study confirmed that semen samples may be preserved satisfactorily for 24 h both at 20 and 4°C. In addition, the mixture of semen of different bucks did not significantly modify the semen parameters when compared with semen from individual males.  相似文献   

19.
Gassericin A (GA) is a circular bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus gasseri LA39. In this study, GA‐containing concentrate was prepared using a cross‐flow membrane filtration device (30 kDa cut‐off) from the culture supernatant of Lb. gasseri LA39 cultivated in a cheese whey‐based food‐grade medium. The bacteriocin activity titer in the concentrate was 16 times as high as that of the culture supernatant and was completely maintained through each incubation at 4°C for 3 months, 37°C for 2 months, 60°C for 5 h, and 100°C for 30 min. The GA‐containing concentrate was used with glycine powder to make custard creams, and then four representative strains of custard cream spoilage bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Achromobacter denitrificans and Pseudomonas fluorescens) were individually inoculated at c. 103 colony forming units/g in the custard creams. Throughout 30 days of incubation at 30°C, all of the inoculated bacteria were completely inhibited by the combination of 5% (w/w) of the GA‐containing concentrate and 0.5% (w/w) glycine. This is the first highly practical application of GA to foods as a biopreservative, and the concentration method and the bacteriocin concentrate would contribute to biopreservation of several foods.  相似文献   

20.
Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of high ambient temperature and feed restrictions on urinary 3‐methylhistidine (3MH) excretion and plasma 3MH concentrations as a marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating Holstein cows. In a crossover design, four cows were maintained during two 14‐day treatment periods with ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate (18°C) or high (28°C) ambient temperature (Experiment 1), with ad libitum or 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate temperature (Experiment 2), and with 70% ad libitum feed intake under constant moderate or high ambient temperature (Experiment 3). The total digestible nutrients intake was decreased (P < 0.01) under high ambient temperature (Experiment 1) or feed restriction (Experiment 2). Across experiments, urinary 3MH excretion during days 10–14 of each treatment period was not different among treatments. However, the plasma 3MH concentrations at day 14 of treatment were increased significantly under high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding (P < 0.01) or moderate temperature with feed restriction (P < 0.05), and were increased slightly (P = 0.11) under high ambient temperature alone. These results show that the plasma marker of myofibrillar proteolysis in lactating dairy cows was increased at day 14 of treatments of high ambient temperature with subsequent reduced feeding, moderate temperature with feed restriction, or high ambient temperature alone.  相似文献   

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