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1.
From 2001 to 2003, tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) farms in Florida, California, and South Carolina experienced epizootics of a systemic disease causing mortality. The fish exhibited lethargy, occasional exophthalmia, and skin petechia. The gills were often necrotic, with a patchy white and red appearance. Grossly, the spleen and kidneys were granular with whitish irregular nodules throughout. Granulomatous infiltrates were observed in kidney, spleen, testes, and ovary tissues, but not in the liver. The granulomas contained pleomorphic coccoid bacteria, measuring 0.57 +/- 0.1 x 0.8 +/- 0.2 microm, that were Giemsa-positive, acid-fast-negative, and Gram-negative. The bacteria had a double cell wall, variable electron-dense and -lucent areas, and were present in the cytoplasm and within phagolysosomes. The syndrome was associated with cold stress and poor water conditions. These findings are consistent with an infectious process caused by a Piscirickettsia-like bacterium described previously in tilapia in Taiwan and Hawaii. This report involves the first identified cases of a piscirickettsiosis-like syndrome affecting tilapia in the continental United States.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Piscirickettsiosis is a disease observed in salmonids reared in net-pens in the North and South Pacific and in the North Atlantic oceans. Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiologic agent of piscirickettsiosis, is a gram-negative, obligate, intracellular pathogen that replicates within cytoplasmic vacuoles. We describe here the detection, by dot-blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis, of a 16S rDNA sequence that is 99.5–98.2% similar to the 16S rDNA sequences of known isolates of P. salmonis.  相似文献   

3.
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiologic agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), affects several species of salmonids. Previous reports using the appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE) as the criterion for susceptibility, showed that Piscirickettsia salmonis (ATCC strain) can be grown in vitro in some cells lines derived from salmonid fish, but not in BB cells from brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) and BF-2 cells from bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). In this study we describe growth of P. salmonis (ATCC strain VR 1361) in a cell line previously believed to be nonpermissive for this organism. CPE was first detected in chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214) and epithelioma papulosum ciprini (EPC) cell lines at 6 d postinfection (dpi). In contrast, using BB cell line, CPE was first detected 45 dpi and the monolayer completed CPE by 78 dpi. Electron microscopic examination of BB cells 78 dpi revealed free, intracytoplasmic and extracellular localization of the agent. P. salmonis was also observed within membrane-bounded vacuoles in BB cells, similar to that described in CHSE 214 cells. Contrary to earlier reports, results from the present study show that the BB cell line, is susceptible to Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. The delayed onset of CPE in BB cells in comparison to other permissive cell lines suggests that BB cells are not ideal hosts for P. salmonis. Interestingly, however, these results demonstrate that P. salmonis can infect non-salmonid cell lines, and raises the possibility that non-salmonid fish may play a role in the persistence and transmission of SRS in the natural environment.  相似文献   

4.
本试验旨在比较不同蛋白质源对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)及花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicas)体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸组成及鱼片质构特性的影响。设计草鱼和花鲈饲料各3种,分别等氮等能。3种草鱼试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的CI-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代80%鱼粉的CI-PPB80组及以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的CI-PPB100组。3种花鲈试验饲料分别为以鱼粉为唯一蛋白质源的LJ-FM组(对照组),以混合植物蛋白质(棉籽浓缩蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白)替代50%鱼粉的LJ-PPB50组和以混合植物蛋白质替代100%鱼粉的LJ-PPB100组。草鱼初始体重为(153.40±0.30)g,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼;花鲈初始体重为(12.97±0.03)g,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾鱼。饲喂8周后,检测2种试验鱼的体成分、肌肉游离氨基酸含量及鱼片质构特性、剪切力、滴水损失及胶原蛋白含量。结果表明:与CI-FM组相比,CI-PPB100组草鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05),粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);而花鲈肌肉粗脂肪含量则随替代水平的升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势,表现为LJ-PPB50组显著高于LJ-PPB100组(P0.05)。草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸及生物胺前体含量各组间无显著差异(P0.05);随着替代水平的升高,花鲈肌肉总游离氨基酸及呈味氨基酸含量显著降低(P0.05),生物胺前体含量显著升高(P0.05)。2种试验鱼肌肉中存在各自的特异性成分。2种试验鱼生、熟鱼片的质构特性差异较大。草鱼的CI-FM组和花鲈的LJ-FM组生鱼片的硬度、黏性、咀嚼力、回弹力及剪切力均分别显著高于同鱼种的其他2组(P0.05)。对于熟鱼片,草鱼的CI-PPB80组内聚力显著高于其他2组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05);花鲈的LJ-PPB100组硬度及黏附性显著高于LJ-FM组(P0.05),其他各项指标各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。根据结果,混合植物蛋白质替代鱼粉后降低了草鱼和花鲈鱼体脂肪的蓄积,对草鱼肌肉总游离氨基酸含量不造成影响,使花鲈肌肉呈味氨基酸含量下降,必需氨基酸含量减少,生物胺前体含量升高,货架期缩短;高植物蛋白质源饲料使得草鱼和花鲈的肉质均出现明显下降,而高鱼粉饲料可以保证2种试验鱼有较高的肉质。  相似文献   

5.
This is the first report of an intestinal Eimeria infection in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) at the histopathological and ultrastructural levels. The Eimeria infection was often associated with severe pathology and significant mortality in the absence of other pathogens. This showed that it is an important disease of juvenile L. calcarifer in small scale nurseries in Vietnam. Heavy infection and high prevalence levels of the Eimeria infection are suspected to be linked to the low daily water exchange rates practised in these nurseries. Although systemic iridovirus infection was concurrently observed in some of the fish examined, it was not as consistently present in diseased fish as the Eimeria infection.  相似文献   

6.
应用以葡萄球菌Ａ蛋白协同凝集试验（ＳＰＡ－ＣＯＡ）为主要检测手段的鱼病诊断箱，于１９９５￣１９９７年在吉林，辽宁等７省进行现场检测试验。结果，６１个渔场１１个品种的５１６尾病鱼有菌生长的２８５尾，经ＳＰＡ－ＣＯＡ鉴定阳性数为２３９尾，占有菌生长的８３．８６％，１２个渔场５个品种１２１６尾假定健康鱼有菌生长的为２８尾，经ＳＰＡ－ＣＯＡ鉴定阳性数为２２尾，占有菌生长的７８．５７％，认为本诊断箱适用于基  相似文献   

7.
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiologic agent of piscirickettsiosis, an economically significant disease of fish. Isolation of P. salmonis by culturing on fish cell lines has been the standard technique since the initial isolation of the organism. The ability to grow P. salmonis on artificial media would relieve facilities of the cost of maintaining cell lines, permit isolation at fish culture sites with fewer contamination problems, and allow easier transport of isolates to diagnostic facilities for confirmation assays. This report describes the successful culture of P. salmonis on enriched blood agar.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT: Over the last 10 years or so, infections caused by bacteria belonging to a particular branch of the genus Francisella have become increasingly recognised in farmed fish and molluscs worldwide. While the increasing incidence of diagnoses may in part be due to the development and widespread availability of molecular detection techniques, the domestication of new organisms has undoubtedly instigated emergence of clinical disease in some species. Francisellosis in fish develops in a similar fashion independent of host species and is commonly characterised by the presence of multi-organ granuloma and high morbidity, with varying associated mortality levels. A number of fish species are affected including Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua; tilapia, Oreochromis sp.; Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar; hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis and three-lined grunt, Parapristipoma trilinineatum. The disease is highly infectious and often prevalent in affected stocks. Most, if not all strains isolated from teleost fish belong to either F. noatunensis subsp. orientalis in warm water fish species or Francisella noatunensis subsp. noatunensis in coldwater fish species. The disease is quite readily diagnosed following histological examination and identification of the aetiological bacterium by culture on cysteine rich media or PCR. The available evidence may indicate a degree of host specificity for the various Francisella strains, although this area requires further study. No effective vaccine is currently available. Investigation of the virulence mechanisms and host response shows similarity to those known from Francisella tularensis infection in mammals. However, no evidence exists for zoonotic potential amongst the fish pathogenic Francisella.  相似文献   

9.
Over 1 billion ornamental fish comprising more than 4000 freshwater and 1400 marine species are traded internationally each year, with 8-10 million imported into Australia alone. Compared to other commodities, the pathogens and disease translocation risks associated with this pattern of trade have been poorly documented. The aim of this study was to conduct an appraisal of the effectiveness of risk analysis and quarantine controls as they are applied according to the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement in Australia. Ornamental fish originate from about 100 countries and hazards are mostly unknown; since 2000 there have been 16-fold fewer scientific publications on ornamental fish disease compared to farmed fish disease, and 470 fewer compared to disease in terrestrial species (cattle). The import quarantine policies of a range of countries were reviewed and classified as stringent or non-stringent based on the levels of pre-border and border controls. Australia has a stringent policy which includes pre-border health certification and a mandatory quarantine period at border of 1-3 weeks in registered quarantine premises supervised by government quarantine staff. Despite these measures there have been many disease incursions as well as establishment of significant exotic viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal and metazoan pathogens from ornamental fish in farmed native Australian fish and free-living introduced species. Recent examples include Megalocytivirus and Aeromonas salmonicida atypical strain. In 2006, there were 22 species of alien ornamental fish with established breeding populations in waterways in Australia and freshwater plants and molluscs have also been introduced, proving a direct transmission pathway for establishment of pathogens in native fish species. Australia's stringent quarantine policies for imported ornamental fish are based on import risk analysis under the SPS agreement but have not provided an acceptable level of protection (ALOP) consistent with government objectives to prevent introduction of pests and diseases, promote development of future aquaculture industries or maintain biodiversity. It is concluded that the risk analysis process described by the Office International des Epizooties under the SPS agreement cannot be used in a meaningful way for current patterns of ornamental fish trade. Transboundary disease incursions will continue and exotic pathogens will become established in new regions as a result of the ornamental fish trade, and this will be an international phenomenon. Ornamental fish represent a special case in live animal trade where OIE guidelines for risk analysis need to be revised. Alternatively, for countries such as Australia with implied very high ALOP, the number of species traded and the number of sources permitted need to be dramatically reduced to facilitate hazard identification, risk assessment and import quarantine controls.  相似文献   

10.
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiologic agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), or piscirickettsiosis, causes substantial economic losses to the salmon industry. The pathogenesis of the disease has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study is to describe the hepatic lesions associated with experimental P. salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon juveniles. Fish were maintained in fresh water and inoculated intraperitoneally (IP), orally, or on the gill surface with P. salmonis. A group of uninfected fish was kept as control. Liver samples from 5 fish in each inoculated group and 3 controls were collected weekly and processed for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Thickening of the liver capsule by inflammatory cells was a characteristic histologic feature of IP inoculated fish. Three weeks post-IP inoculation, 8 fish had died and 2 fish were sampled. Histological changes at this time consisted of vasculitis, presence of fibrin thrombi, vacuolated hepatocytes and focal areas of necrosis. Leukocytes containing intracytoplasmic basophilic microorganisms were seen within hepatic sinusoids. Vasculitis and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were prominent features in fish inoculated orally and on the gill surface. The presence of P. salmonis within hepatocellular vacuoles, endothelial cells, and leucocytes was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The intracellular location of P. salmonis and the vascular damage seen in infected fish are characteristic of rickettsial infections. Histological lesions induced by experimental infection with P. salmonis using the oral and gill surface routes were similar to those observed in natural outbreaks of piscirickettsiosis. The tropism of P. salmonis for endothelial cells explains the vascular lesions observed in SRS, whereas hepatic lesions are due to ischemic necrosis and direct injury by intracytoplasmic organisms.  相似文献   

11.
Public aquaria evaluate coliform indicator bacteria levels in fish systems, but the purpose of testing, testing methods, and management responses are not standardized, unlike with the coliform bacteria testing for marine mammal enclosures required by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. An online survey was sent to selected aquaria to document current testing and management practices in fish systems without marine mammals. The information collected included indicator bacteria species, the size and type of systems monitored, the primary purpose of testing, sampling frequency, test methods, the criteria for interpreting results, corrective actions, and management changes to limit human exposure. Of the 25 institutions to which surveys were sent, 19 (76%) responded. Fourteen reported testing for fecal indicator bacteria in fish systems. The most commonly tested indicator species were total (86%) and fecal (79%) coliform bacteria, which were detected by means of the membrane filtration method (64%). Multiple types and sizes of systems were tested, and the guidelines for testing and corrective actions were highly variable. Only three institutions performed additional tests to confirm the identification of indicator organisms. The results from this study can be used to compare bacterial monitoring practices and protocols in fish systems, as an aid to discussions relating to the accuracy and reliability of test results, and to help implement appropriate management responses.

Received August 23, 2015; accepted December 29, 2015  相似文献   


12.
Multiple, discrete, nodular foci of cartilaginous metaplasia were found in the spleens and kidneys of rockfishes taken from the northeastern Pacific Ocean during a survey to determine the incidence and the nature of diseases in these animals. These nodules sometimes occurred in association with granulomatous inflammation and distinct granulomas. Many of these fish were infected by Ichythophonus spp. or acid-fact bacteria (presumably Mycobacteria spp.). Some of the metaplastic foci contained encapsulated accumulations of eosinophilic vesicles and basophilic granular debris, described by other authors as "cysts of unknown etiology," which have been observed at different sites in a variety of temperate and tropical fish species.  相似文献   

13.
Fungal diseases of fish have become increasingly important over the past 20 years. The traditional "fungi" are comprised of members from several different taxonomic kingdoms. Saprolegnia and other typical water molds are the "classic" secondary invaders, infecting more superficial areas of the body and requiring compromise of the exterior of the fish, poor water quality, or general immunosuppression. An increasing number of other environmental fungi are being reported from diseased fish, further testament to the opportunistic nature of many fungi. Common procedures such as air bladder deflation for many marine species collected at depth under nonsterile conditions may result in fungal infections of the swim bladder. Some fungi such as Aphanomyces and Fusarium can cause more invasive or systemic disease, often associated with changes in environmental factors such as temperature and salinity. Other fungi such as I. hoferi can be even more insidious and chronic, mimicking mycobacteriosis to a degree. Fungal diseases, in general, are very difficult to control or treat once they have taken hold. Prevention is, as always, the best medicine. Increased knowledge of basic biology will help guide treatment and control methods. Further research on general predisposing factors, species susceptibilities, immune system effects and other protective mechanisms in fish and more effective chemotherapeutics for external and systemic infections are needed.  相似文献   

14.
Four commercial producers of discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) were found to have fish infested with the flagellate Cryptobia iubilans. Affected fish had granulomatous gastritis, and many also had granulomatous disease of other organs. The parasite had to be differentiated from the related flagellates Spironucleus spp, which induce different lesions. Transmission electron microscopy was found to be useful in detecting and identifying the parasite. Morbidity and mortality rates in the various fish populations appeared to be linked to a number of variables, including water quality, presence of other parasites and bacteria, diet, species, size, and age of the fish, and optimization of husbandry appeared to be important in alleviating the severity of disease. Metronidazole was not effective for treatment of C iubilans, but bath treatments with dimetridazole (80 mg/L for 24 hours, repeated daily for 3 days) or 2-amino-5-nitrothiazol (10 mg/L for 24 hours, repeated daily for 3 days) may be useful in decreasing the prevalence of infestation.  相似文献   

15.
Oral vaccines for finfish: academic theory or commercial reality?   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, providing an acceptable supplement to and substitute for wild fish and plants. Increased production intensification, particularly in high-value species, involves substantial stress, which, as in other captive livestock species, has resulted in outbreaks of major diseases and related mortalities. Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the accumulation of antibiotics in the environment and the flesh of fish. Thus, recently effort has been dedicated to vaccine development. Vaccination in fish is complicated by their aquatic environment. Individual injections are labor-intensive and stressful, since fish have to be removed from the water and anaesthetized. Some vaccines offer a limited duration of protection, and thus booster applications are required. In salmonid species, many commercial vaccines use oil-based adjuvants, resulting in a greatly improved duration of protection. However, oil-based adjuvants have been related to significant growth depression, internal adhesions and injection site melanization, resulting in carcass downgrading. Oral administration to aquatic species is by far the most appealing method of vaccine delivery: there is no handling of the fish, which reduces stress; and administration is easy and suitable for mass immunization. However, few oral vaccines have been commercialized, due in part to the increased quantity of antigen required to provoke an immune response, and the lack of an adequate duration of protection. For effective oral delivery, protective antigens must avoid digestive hydrolysis and be taken up in the hindgut in order to induce an effective protective immune response. Antigen encapsulation technologies have been used to protect antigen; however, such strategies can be expensive and are not always effective. Alternative approaches, currently under development, are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria were isolated from fish, both salmonid and non-salmonid, from selected river systems in Natal. Pasteurella pisicida was isolated for the first time from fish in South Africa. The isolation of Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas salmonicida, and Edwardsiella tarda were recorded for the first time from fish in Natal. A. hydrophila and Flexibacter columnaris were found to be widespread throughout the river systems in Natal. The Streptococcus species which caused serious disease problems in trout in the Cape Province and Transvaal was not isolated from any of the fish examined in Natal.  相似文献   

17.
The distribution of red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) antigens was examined by immunohistochemistry in the nervous and non-nervous organs of juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) during the course of an intramuscular infection. Histological changes resulting from the infection were evaluated from 3 days to 2 months post-infection. The specific antibody response was also studied 2 months post-challenge. Viral proteins were present throughout the experimental period in the retina (inner nuclear layer, ganglion layer, outer limiting membrane, and outer plexiform layer), brain (cerebellum and tectum opticum), and liver (hepatocytes and endothelial cells). These proteins were also observed in the renal tubular cells, white pulp of spleen, and in fibroblasts and cartilage of caudal fin. This is the first report of RGNNV proteins appearing in these organs, where the immunostaining was only detected at certain sampling times after the onset of mortality. Brain and retina of virus-exposed fish showed high levels of vacuolation, while accumulation of fat vacuoles was observed in the liver. RGNNV infection also induced a specific antibody response as measured by an ELISA. In summary, this is the first study demonstrating the presence of viral proteins in cells of caudal fin, kidney and spleen of European seabass.  相似文献   

18.
Between 1984 and 2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses throughout the world. Six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and later found to be pathogenic to humans. The most recent example is Rickettsia parkeri, recognized as a human pathogen more than 60 years after its initial isolation from ticks. A new spotted fever rickettsia, R. felis was also found to be associated with fleas and to be a human pathogen. Similarly, bacteria within the family Anaplasmataceae have been considered to be of veterinary importance only, yet three species have been implicated in human diseases in recent years, including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis (formerly known as "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent", E. equi and E. phagocytophila), and finally Ehrlichia ewingii, which causes granulocytic ehrlichiosis in humans. We present here an overview of the various tick- and flea-borne rickettsial zoonoses described in the last 20 years, focusing on the ecological, epidemiological and clinical aspects.  相似文献   

19.
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria, are reported to stimulate the immunity of different vertebrates including fish. However, their potency and spectrum of actions often differ among different bacteria. In this study, effect of crude LPS, derived from three species of smooth Gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens viz. Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas fluorescens, on certain innate immune parameters of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita was studied. L. rohita yearlings, when injected intraperitoneally with crude LPS extracted from these bacteria showed little variations in different innate immune parameters. Furthermore, LPS injected fish were protected against a virulent E. tarda challenge. Although, no significant difference (p>0.05) in most of the immune parameters were found with LPS of different bacteria, the E. coli LPS injected fish elucidated high resistivity during challenge study. Hence, there could be some variations in LPS with respect to the bacterial type which needs to be further explored.  相似文献   

20.
Freshwater fish are of minor importance as vectors of food-borne disease in humans. These diseases can only rarely be traced back to bacterial pathogens. However, there is a number of bacteria with facultative pathogenicity for man, which are part of the natural aquatic environment. Among these bacteria, the motile aeromonads (A. sp.) have become more and more important. A review is presented on A. sp. infections which have been traced back to contact with fish or water. Critical discussion of these cases reveals that the etiological relevance of A. sp. remains unclarified. However, bacteria of this group can be associated with sometimes fatal infections in humans after contact with fish or water. As A. sp. are ubiquitous in water and can survive even in chlorinated tap water, infections are not necessarily restricted to contact with fish. Persons at risk (patients with chronic or malignant diseases, immunocompromised hosts, children, people with frequent contact with water) should be informed about the perceived risks of aeromonads and how to avoid infection. Preventive measures are the wearing of gloves for work which may easily lead to skin abrasions (f. i. gutting of fish) and total abstinence of raw seafood. As their occurrence is independent of the common indicator bacteria, A. sp. are to be included in hygienic monitoring programmes for any water.  相似文献   

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