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概述了风险评估基础理论,从危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估、风险描述四个阶段介绍了畜禽产品中化学药物残留风险评估流程,分析了畜禽产品中化学药物残留风险评估在风险评估实施方案的制订、风险评估实施初期、风险评估的调研与取样、风险评估报告的起草等四个方面的特殊性,以期为进一步开展风险评估提供参考。 相似文献
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本文在阐述国外重大动物疫病防治数字化监控与预警体系规划研究的概况,国内应用研究现状及对策的同时,指出动物疫病预警研究是公共卫生应急及城市预警应急系统的重要组成部分。风险预警是风险分析的重要内容,风险分析是WTO等协定的构成部分,是技术性贸易措施的重要内容之一,是WTO各成员方检验检疫决策的主要技术支持。风险分析可保持检验检疫的正当技术壁垒作用,充分发挥检验检疫的保护功能,能强化检验检疫贸易的促进作用。针对重大动物疫病严重影响中国畜禽生产产业发展,由于疫病控制不及时,造成重大经济损失。同时,也影响中国畜禽(生猪、牛、禽)活体和胴体出口。为此,研究重大动物疫病风险评估及预警体系的框架构建,形成风险评估及预警决策模型;以及采用基于GIS的数字化监控系统,将流行病学数据库、地理图形、非空间应用模型和空间应用模型有机地结合,实现图形和数据资源共享。系统可及时跟踪疾病的蔓延,通过动物疫病流行病学图分析,可提出适宜的防治措施,达到重大动物疫病的预警预报目的。借鉴国外成功经验,提出适合国情的风险预警的研究内容,指出GIS系统与风险分析在预警体系中应用的注意点,为开展风险评估工作提供更多的素材,奠定风险管理基础。 相似文献
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近年来,食源性致病微生物引起的食品安全问题已成为世界各国面临的重大公共卫生问题。国际组织以及欧盟、美国等发达国家已纷纷针对食源性致病微生物展开了系统、科学的风险评估,并建立了快速信息共享、紧急预防、快速反应的风险预警体系。我国在食源性致病微生物风险预警方面引入了微生物预测模型,并在此基础上开展了多种食源性致病微生物风险评估研究;利用农产品质量安全风险监测与评估大数据,建立了基于风险评估要求的地理信息系统(GIS)可视化平台,用以探索风险预警与交流机制等。我国食品微生物预警研究已开展多年,但仍存在数据缺乏标准化、预警技术不完善等问题。未来需要加强部门协作,实现数据共享,并深入开展预警技术研究。本文为完善我国食品安全体系和开展风险预警工作提供了参考。 相似文献
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本研究欲通过改进数据存取方式、增加矩阵运算以提高雪灾监测与预警系统对数据的更新效率和对矩阵的处理能力。使用Tomcat Web服务、GeoServer地图服务、PostgreSQL数据库、OpenLayers地图数据访问框架、J2EE技术架构、雪灾风险评估Logistic线性回归模型、雪灾家畜死亡率估测BP-ANN模型以及MATLAB矩阵运算功能设计开发青海省牧区雪灾监测与预警系统,以实现雪灾监测与预警数据、区域属性信息的web页面展示及查询,雪灾风险概率运算,雪灾家畜死亡率运算以及数据导入等功能,解决以往雪灾风险监测系统对数据资料更新不及时的问题,提高风险监测与预警系统的矩阵运算能力,同时减少重复的数据操作,方便用户对青海省牧区雪灾监测及预警数据的管理。 相似文献
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半定量风险评估是采用定量与定性分析相结合方式进行的风险评估。为规范福建省奶牛场和各级动物疫病防控机构开展奶牛场布鲁氏菌病（简称“布病”）风险评估,提供一套科学、规范、操作性强的奶牛场布病风险评估方法,参照世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）风险评估的原则和步骤,通过文献查阅,收集专家经验,拟定各种奶牛场布病传入和场内传播风险因素,生成电子问卷后,邀请国内44位兽医流行病学领域或实践管理经验丰富的专家,采用改良的德尔菲专家咨询法,对风险因素进行风险赋值,并确定传入风险与场内传播风险的权重,同时征求修改意见和建议,经综合分析后建立了一套实用的奶牛场布病半定量风险评估方法,以期为福建省控制和净化布病,建立奶牛布病无疫小区提供规范性的技术依据和实用工具。 相似文献
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为探明小型屠宰场生产牛肉中产气荚膜梭菌的消费风险及其生产链中的关键风险防控点,以北京市某小型肉牛屠宰场不同样品的产气荚膜梭菌污染监测数据和调研数据为基础,构建了牛肉中产气荚膜梭菌定量风险评估模型,并通过@Risk软件模拟运行分析。通过模型模拟的屠宰后单头牛胴体表面产气荚膜梭菌污染量90%的可能分布在102.00～563.00 CFU,平均值为280.84 CFU,而实际监测数据拟合为291.17 CFU,说明模型可信。根据屠宰过程中各环节的模拟数据,构建了牛胴体表面携带产气荚膜梭菌消长变化图,发现产气荚膜梭菌携带量从剥皮后的122.31 CFU/头上升至屠宰后的280.00 CFU/头,屠宰环节携带量为0.11 CFU/100 g,而销售环节升至4.95 CFU/100 g。通过模型对各变量参数进行敏感性分析,发现胴体表面产气荚膜梭菌污染对牛肉产气荚膜梭菌污染的风险贡献最大(R=0.69),其次是空气中的带菌量,而销售环节100 g牛肉携带产气荚膜梭菌的风险主要与从屠宰到销售过程中牛肉带菌量变化有关(R=0.96)。可见,屠宰过程中肉牛的本底携带、空气中带菌量以及储运销售过程中的交叉污染是牛肉中产气荚膜梭菌污染的关键控制点。结合剂量-反应关系和膳食数据,模型评估的本屠宰场生产牛肉中产气荚膜梭菌引发的感染风险每年不足1例,风险极低。本研究构建了小型肉牛屠宰场屠宰过程中产气荚膜梭菌定量风险评估模型,可为牛屠宰场产气荚膜梭菌污染的风险管理提供参考。 相似文献
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阐述了动物及动物产品的质量安全风险及预警的作用、现状及解决问题的措施,旨在为促进动物及动物产品风险评估的正常开展,进一步促进中国畜牧业的可持续健康发展。 相似文献
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Beran GW 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,86(3-4):198-207
When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures. 相似文献
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Dekker A Dercksen D Snoep J van Wuyjckhuise L 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2007,132(18):695-701
On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures. 相似文献
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在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。 相似文献
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近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。 相似文献
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