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1.
盐酸诺氟沙星在奥尼罗非鱼体内的药动学研究   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
按照鱼的体重,以10 mg/kg的单剂量,分别给奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)水剂口灌和混饲口灌盐酸诺氟沙星,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测给药后各个时间点的血药浓度。结果显示:水剂口灌组和混饲口灌组的药时数据符合开放性二室模型,水剂口灌组药物的吸收、消除都明显快于混饲组,水剂口灌组主要药动学参数为:t1/2ka=0.269 h,t1/2α=0.588 h,t1/2β=16.42 h,Tmax=0.745 h,Cmax=0.123μg/mL,AUC=1.83 h;混饲口灌组主要药代动力学参数:t1/2ka=0.428 h,t1/2α=1.85 h,t1/2β=21.77 h,Tmax=1.63 h,Cmax=0.099μg/mL,AUC=2.42 h。  相似文献   

2.
研究了不同水温(16℃、25℃)、不同给药剂量(10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg)和不同给药方式(肌注、口灌)等条件下,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内的药代动力学,比较了不同条件下药物在蟹血淋巴中的吸收、分布和代谢的差异。结果表明,恩诺沙星在蟹血淋巴中的药-时数据符合开放式二室模型。16℃时以10 mg/kg剂量肌注给药后,恩诺沙星在蟹血淋巴的主要药代动力学参数为:AUC96.818 mg/(L.h),Cmax6.54μg/mL,t1/2α0.851 h,t1/2β95.415 h;25℃时以10 mg/kg剂量肌注给药后,恩诺沙星的主要药代动力学参数为:AUC168.457 mg/(L.h),Cmax7.12μg/mL,t1/2α0.58h,t1/2β88.833 h;25℃时以20 mg/kg剂量肌注给药后,恩诺沙星的主要药代动力学参数为:AUC155.612 mg/(L.h),Cmax11.045μg/mL,t1/2α5.239h,t1/2β88.378 h;25℃时以10 mg/kg剂量口灌给药后,恩诺沙星的主要药代动力学参数为:AUC86.525 mg/(L.h),Cmax3.469μg/mL,t1/2α8.071h,t1/2β61.842 h。不同条件下,恩诺沙星在蟹血淋巴中的主要药代动力学参数差异较大。恩诺沙星的活性代谢产物环丙沙星在各种给药条件下的蟹血淋巴中均能检出,但含量均处于较低值,且药-时数据不能用房室模型拟合,表明恩诺沙星在蟹体内只有极少部分代谢为环丙沙星。  相似文献   

3.
土霉素在奥尼罗非鱼体内的药动学研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在(21±1)℃的水温条件下,以50 mg/kg的单剂量,分别给奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×O.niloticus)水剂口灌和混饲口灌土霉素,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测给药后各个时间点的血药浓度。结果显示:最低检测限为0.005μg/mL,线性范围为0.005~4μg/mL。水剂口灌组和混饲口灌组的药时数据均符合具时滞的二室开放动力学模型,水剂口灌组的动力学方程为:Ct=0.231e-0.028(t-0.010)+0.353e-0.011(t-0.010)-0.584e-0.468(t-0.010),混饲口灌组动力学方程:Ct=0.839e-0.057(t-0.459)+0.442e-0.013(t-0.459)-1.281e-0.282(t-0.459)。水剂口灌组及混饲口灌组主要药动学参数分别为:吸收半衰期(t1/2ka)为1.481 h,2.458 h;分布半衰期(t1/2α)为24.834 h,12.193 h;消除半衰期(t1/2β)为60.312 h,51.533 h;达峰时间(Tmax)为7.230 h,8.221 h;最大血药浓度(Cmax)为0.494μg/mL,0.796μg/mL;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)=37.74μg.h/mL,43.075μg.h/mL。这些参数表明,水剂口灌比混饲口灌吸收快,分布和消除慢,在血液中达到峰浓度的时间更短,但峰浓度值比混饲口灌低。  相似文献   

4.
为了探明混饲对吡喹酮在草鱼体内药动学参数的影响,分别采用口灌和静注不同的给药方式,在合适的时间点采集样品,经样品处理,采用超高效液相色谱仪进行检测,利用3P97药代动力学软件计算参数。结果显示:口灌吡喹酮原药时符合一级吸收二室开放模型,分布半衰期(t1/2α)、消除半衰期(t1/2β)、达峰时间(Tmax)、药时曲线下面积(AUC)和生物利用度(F)分别为1.2 h、18.1 h、0.4 h、19 885.8μg·h/L和47.0%。口灌吡喹酮和饲料混合物,其相应参数t1/2α、t1/2β、AUC和F分别为0.4 h、8.6 h、0.6 h、14 671.7μg·h/L和34.7%。通过比较发现口灌吡喹酮原型药物分布半衰期、消除半衰期、药时曲线下面积和生物利用度显著高于混饲,混饲吡喹酮达峰时间要明显高于口灌原形药物。  相似文献   

5.
为了探明混饲对吡喹酮在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)体内药动学参数的影响,分别采用口灌和静注不同的给药方式,在合适的时间点采集样品,经样品处理,采用超高效液相色谱仪进行检测,利用3P97药代动力学软件计算参数。结果显示:口灌吡喹酮原药时符合一级吸收二室开放模型,分布半衰期(t1/2α)、消除半衰期(t_(1/2β))、达峰时间(T_(max))、药时曲线下面积(AUC)和生物利用度(F)分别为1.2 h、18.1 h、0.4 h、19 885.8μg·h/L和47.0%。口灌吡喹酮和饲料混合物,其相应参数t_(1/2α)、t_(1/2β)、AUC和F分别为0.4 h、8.6 h、0.6 h、14671.7μg·h/L和34.7%。通过比较发现口灌吡喹酮原型药物分布半衰期、消除半衰期、药时曲线下面积和生物利用度显著高于混饲,混饲吡喹酮达峰时间要明显高于口灌原形药物。  相似文献   

6.
研究了单剂量肌肉注射和多剂量混饲口灌给药方式下,诺氟沙星在鲫(Carassius auratus)体内的药物动力学和残留情况。结果显示:在(25.4±0.3)℃水温条件下,以每千克鱼体重10 mg的剂量单次给鲫肌肉注射诺氟沙星后,药物几乎在瞬间吸收,0.0333 h时血液中达到6.6708μg/mL,其血药浓度-时间数据用一级吸收二室模型描述较为合适,主要的药动学参数为:t1/2α、t1/2β、AUC和C l(s)分别为:0.4231 h、9.1613 h、17.8619μg.h/mL和0.5727 L/(kg.h)。在(23±1)℃水温条件下,以每千克鱼体重10 mg的剂量多次连续5 d混饲后,鲫停药后第8天肌肉、血清和肝脏中未检测到药物,此时肾脏中药物浓度已降到(0.0463±0.0134)μg/g,低于0.05μg/g。建议在(23±1)℃水温条件下,按每千克体重10 mg的剂量连续5 d混饲给鲫诺氟沙星,休药期至少为最后一次给药后的8 d。  相似文献   

7.
氟苯尼考在猪体内混饲给药药动学研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
陈进 《畜禽业》2011,(7):32-35
选取保育舍25日龄仔猪6头,一次性混饲给药66mg/kg氟苯尼考后,进行药物代谢动力学研究,所得数据经PKS药动学分析软件进行处理。结果表明:混饲给药氟苯尼考后,血药浓度与时间关系均符合二室开放模型,其主要药代动力学参数如下:T1/2β为(25.54±6.66)h,CL/F为(3.87×10-3±9.98×10-5)L/(kg.h),Vd/f为(1.4206±0.3349)L/kg,AUC为(230.878±5.955)mg/(h.L),LagTime为(0.1777±0.2514)h,Tmax为(1.3828±0.6463)h,Cmax为(7.4419±0.1207)μg/mL。从以上参数可以看出,保育舍仔猪一次性混饲给药后,氟苯尼考仍表现出吸收迅速、广泛和消除较慢的特点,与直接口灌给药方式比较,混饲给药的最高血药浓度较低,但消除半衰期明显延长,二者的生物利用度相当。  相似文献   

8.
利用高效液相色谱法分别测定了单次和多次混饲口灌大菱鲆诺氟沙星(NFLX)后鱼体主要组织中的NFLX含量。通过MCP-KP药动学程序对NFLX在大菱鲆体内的药代动力学及残留消除规律进行了分析研究。结果表明,以30mg/kg的剂量单次混饲口灌大菱鲆,NFLX在大菱鲆体内的达峰时间(Tmax)为2h,血、鳃、肾脏、肝脏、肌肉的达峰浓度(Cmax)分别为:8.365、7.519、1.871、6.485和4.060μg/g;NFLX在组织中的消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肝脏8.18h<肌肉12.39h<鳃丝15.29h<血液23.22h<肾脏23.25h。连续5d以30mg/kg的剂量混饲口灌大菱鲆,消除半衰期(T1/2)由小到大依次为:肌肉74.88h<血液98.16h<肝脏186.43h<鳃192.12h<肾脏200.45h。以上研究表明,诺氟沙星在大菱鲆体内的吸收较为迅速,有利于疾病的预防和治疗用药。在组织中以肾脏中的残留最为显著。使用诺氟沙星进行大菱鲆疾病的预防和治疗时,至少停药30d后方可上市销售。  相似文献   

9.
伊维菌素在鲫体内的药代动力学   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
彭章晓  江敏  吴昊  何琳  杨李 《水产学报》2012,36(3):422-428
以0.4 mg/kg的给药剂量进行口灌和肌肉注射给药,研究伊维菌素(IVM)在鲫体内的药代动力学。两种给药方式下,鲫组织中的IVM药—时曲线大都呈现多峰现象。肌肉注射给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.445 mg/L、Tmax=48 h、t1/2z=524.2 h、MRT(0-∞)=788 h、AUC(0-∞)=289.2(mg/L).h;口灌给药后,药动学统计矩参数为Cmax=0.264 mg/L、Tmax=8 h、t1/2z=153.9h、MRT(0-∞)=269.78 h、AUC(0-∞)=83.77(mg/L).h。两种给药方式相比,口灌组鲫对药物的吸收和清除均较快,而肌肉注射组鲫各组织中的药物浓度高,AUC值也较大。两种给药方式下,IVM在鲫各组织中AUC(0-600)值呈现相同的排列顺序,由大到小分别为性腺、血液、肾脏、肝胰脏、肌肉。IVM在鲫性腺和肾脏中均具有一定的蓄积作用,其主要表现为药物浓度高,MRT值大,且清除率低于血药的清除率,其中卵巢的积蓄作用最为明显。25℃的水温条件下,肌肉注射给药后,鲫休药期应不低于25 d;口灌给药后,鲫的休药期应不低于15 d。休药期与水温条件和给药剂量有关,因此在养殖生产过程中的休药期要根据实际情况适当调整。  相似文献   

10.
为给大菱鲆临床安全用药提供依据,对二氟沙星在健康大菱鲆体内的药代动力学特征进行了研究。在水温为14–17℃条件下,以20 mg/kg体重剂量静脉注射和口服二氟沙星,分别于给药后的15、30 min和1、2、4、6、8、12、16、24、36、48、72、96 h采血及各组织,利用高效液相色谱测定各组织和血浆中的二氟沙星含量,采用DAS 2.0自动药动学软件分析药代动力学参数。结果显示,静注给药后,血浆中二氟沙星的药-时曲线符合零级吸收二室开放模型,消除半衰期(t1/2β)和药时曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为30.02 h和440.37 h·μg/ml;口服给药后,血浆中二氟沙星的药-时曲线符合一级吸收二室开放模型,4 h时血药浓度达到最大值(Cmax)6.32μg/ml,t1/2β和AUC0-t分别为94.72 h和246.66 h·μg/ml,生物利用度(F)为56.01%,肾脏和肌肉内的药物浓度较高,而肝脏内相对较低。拟合的最佳口服给药方案为:按鱼体重每次给药11.94 mg/kg,每日1次。  相似文献   

11.
The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.  相似文献   

12.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.  相似文献   

15.
Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.  相似文献   

16.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

17.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

18.
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.  相似文献   

19.
The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg–1 fish·h–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g–1·ml–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min–1·g–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min–1·g–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.  相似文献   

20.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.  相似文献   

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