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1.
Summary The intereropping of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) is a common practice in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In this experiment, 25 populations of bush bean were evaluated for nutritional and culinary traits of dry seed and immature pod in sole crop and in intercrop in two years and in two locations, in order to determine whether selection of bush bean in sole crop can result in genetic progress for intercrop.There were no differences in the population means between cropping systems. Significant differences were detected among populations for all traits tudied except starch content, crude ash, water absorption and coat proportion. Population x environment interaction was significant for pod thickness. Bean populations did not interact with cropping systems for any trait, although there were differences between cropping systems for crude protein. These results suggest that a sole crop system provides sufficient information to select bean populations efficiently for the bush bean-maize intercropping system, although the advanced generations of the breeding program should be tested for quantitative traits such as protein content in the appropriate cropping system (intercropping) to know the competitive ability with the associated species. This would permit to choose bush bean populations which complement more efficiently and would be less competitive with the maize population. 相似文献
2.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an important food crop in Europe, America, Africa and Asia, is thought to fix only small amounts of atmospheric nitrogen.
It contributes significantly to the sustainability of traditional cropping systems because of the predominance of small-scale
farmers who cultivate beans in those areas. The objectives of this work were to evaluate bush bean varieties under common
agronomic cropping systems and to evaluate breeding lines under low N-fertility sole cropping and intercropping systems. The
purpose of the study was to characterize the genotype and cropping system's variability in symbiotic and plant characters
and to identify the most suitable genotypes to establish an effective symbiosis with indigenous strains of Rhizobium. No significant differences among the bush bean varieties evaluated under typical fertilization practices were observed for
N2-fixation and plant traits except for seed nitrogen. Significant differences among the bean lines studied under low N-fertilization
conditions were detected for plant growth,plant component and N2-fixation traits. A significant interaction of bean genotype x cropping system was found for number of nodules per plant and
nodule moisture on the bush bean varieties studied, and for days to emergence, days to flowering, end of flowering, shoot
length, root dry weight and shoot nitrogen on the bean lines evaluated. Nodulation parameters were correlated positively with
the yield components, shoot and root parts and duration of flowering, and correlated negatively with seed crude protein, pod
and seed dimensions and seed dry weight. These observations indicate that it may be possible to increase both the symbiotic
N2-fixation and seed yield through plant breeding.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food in the northwest of Spain where it is consumed as either green pods or dry seeds after cooking. Quality properties play a major role in cultivar acceptance by processors and consumers. To determine if sufficient variation in important culinary and nutritional traits exists within common bean, fifty-nine populations (plus five commercial cultivars) were grown in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in three different environments and evaluated for sixteen fresh pod and dry seed quality traits. Populations showed significant differences for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, pod and seed texture, volume, hardness, seed coat percentage and water absorption of seed, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, toal sugars and starch content. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for fresh pod traits such as curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios, and texture, and for dry seed traits such as length/width and width/thickness ratios, volume, hardness and water absorption. Estimates of heritabilities and constancies (genotypic/environmental variance) were higher than 0.5 and 1.0 respectively for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, seed volume and seed water absorption. There were high correlations of pod texture with seed length/width and width-thickness ratios, seed coat percentage, seed water absorption, crude fat, total sugars, starch content and crude fiber. Pod texture could be used as an important parameter for evaluating both seed culinary and nutritional quality. In addition, 17 populations showed promise as parental material in a breeding program for pod and seed culinary quality and protein content. The culinary and nutritional quality potential of the accessions such as PHA-0171, PHA-0253 and PHA-0257 which are known as Alubias de riñón could be the base material in a breeding program to obtain accessions with a good seed quality. 相似文献
4.
White runner bean landraces are greatly appreciated in the North highlands of Spain due to their excellent culinary seed quality.
Runner bean cultivars are grown like pole beans. Diversity within a runner bean collection of 31 accessions from the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) was examined using morphological, agronomical and seed quality traits. Landraces showed significant
differences for most of the agronomical and seed quality traits studied except for seeds per pod, water absorption, seed coat
tenderness and floury texture. Runner bean landraces showed sufficient variability to select inbred lines for future breeding.
Genotype × environment interaction was significant for days to first flowering, days to first dry pod, seeds per pod and seed
length. The majority of physical and nutritional seed quality traits studied which are important to determine the commercial
value of a variety were not subject to environmental influences. Different selection pressures affecting to the runner bean
genetic material could have occurred in several regions of the Iberian Peninsula. Extra-large and high yielding runner bean
germplasm was identified and represents a valuable source of genetic diversity that has potential for development of improved
cultivars to be chosen for commercialisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Jutta Krüger 《Euphytica》1994,77(1-2):1-6
Fifty-six populations of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were grown in Pontevedra (Northwestern Spain) in four different environments in order to study their genetic diversity in 18 agronomical traits. All characters showed significant differences among populations, and most of them had significant genotype-environment interactions. Broad-sense heritability for this pool of characters ranged from 0.87 (seed length) to 0.12 (seed yield). Sixteen populations which deserve special attention because of their breeding value for earliness, yield, pod and seed size have been identified. 相似文献
6.
Summary A knowledge of the biological and functional relationships among traits would be of benefit to plant breeders in the choice of traits to use for increasing efficiency of selection in a breeding program. Principal factor analysis was used to identify biological and functional relationships among dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) traits in segregating populations of a phenotypic recurrent selection program designed to introduce upright architecture into medium-sized dry bean.Two biological interpretations were assigned to factors extracted in the analysis of four seed/pod traits. The first was a size factor, loaded with seed weight and pod width, and the second a number factor, which was loaded with number of seeds per pod and pod length. Similarly, three factors were extracted from the analysis of fifteen architectural traits. The first factor was interpreted as an elongation factor, and was loaded with internode length measurements, while the second factor was interpreted as a structural factor, and was further divided into two subclasses namely, sturdiness factor and profile factor. The sturdiness factor comprised hypocotyl diameter and hypocotyl length, while the profile factor comprised branch angle and number of basal branches. The third factor which was called a reproductive factor was loaded with pod distribution traits and the number and location of nodes on which pods were borne. 相似文献
7.
The selection of cultivars for the predominant cropping systems of small farms in the tropics depends to a large extent on the information obtained by testing their performance across the different systems. The main objective of this experiment was to measure the genotype × cropping system (G × CS) interaction for yield and selected agronomic traits of climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown as sole crop and intercropped with two morphologically contrasting maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. A secondary objective was to identify the most efficient and productive bean–maize intercrop combinations. Seven climbing bean genotypes were grown as sole crop and intercropped with two maize varieties, BH 140 (Mix. 1) and Guto (Mix. 2), in a factorial arranged Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Bako Agricultural Research Center in western Ethiopia. Main effects due to genotype and cropping system (except days to flowering) were significant for all bean traits considered. The genotypes × cropping system interaction terms were also significant for the number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, harvest index and seed yield. While bean seed yield significantly correlated with the number of seeds per pod (in Mix. 1) and with harvest index (in both mixtures), positive and significant correlations occurred with the number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight under sole cropping system. The correlation between bean seed yields of Mix. 1 and Mix. 2 and between Mix. 2 and sole crop were positive and significant. No such relationship was found between Mix. 1 and sole crop. The results suggest that selection of suitable climbing bean cultivars for intercropping with maize varieties predominantly grown in the area should be made under the associated culture of the two crops. Intercropping contributed to a significant reduction in seed yield of the bean genotypes due mainly to its adverse effects on the numbers of pods per plant and seeds per pod. The index tLER1 identified most bean–maize genotype combinations of Mix. 2 as biologically more efficient system than Mix. 1. On the other hand, tLER2 values of more than 1.00 for all treatments of Mix. 2 demonstrated higher overall productivity of the intercrop system when the bean genotypes were grown in association with a late-maturing and high yielding maize hybrid BH 140. 相似文献
8.
Summary Narrow-leafed lupin or lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) is one of the three species of the genus Lupinus that grows naturally in Galicia (northwestern Spain). In this region, with more than one million of cattle heads, almost
20% of Spanish total, there is no cultivation of any protein legume for feed. Lupins are widely used as a source of protein
and energy in livestock feed and would contribute to the supply of vegetable protein at low cost. A 2-year study of natural
narrow-leafed lupin germplasm was conducted under winter Mediterranean conditions in northwestern Spain. Fifty-nine wild populations
and two cultivars developed in Poland were evaluated for major morphological, phenological, and agronomical characteristics.
The objectives were to assess the agronomic potential of this germplasm for the future production and breeding, and to know
the relationships among populations studied. Lupin populations showed significant differences for most of the traits studied.
Genotype × environment interaction was significant for plant height, green and dry mass, pod length, seeds per pod, seed length
and width, and water permeability of seed coat, indicating that some genotypes were better fitted to a specific environment
than others.
Three narrow-leafed lupin populations (LUP-0098, LUP-0138 and LUP-0200) were identified with suitable agronomical characteristics
for their possible future cultivation in the region and breeding purposes. The accession LUP-0138 presented the best behaviour
for seed production. These results open the way for the winter narrow-leafed lupin to become a promising crop in the future
for the northwestern Spain. 相似文献
9.
M. Santalla M. Lema A. P. Rodiño A. M. González A. B. Monteagudo A. M. De Ron 《Euphytica》2005,142(1-2):85-95
Approaches are needed to broaden the genetic base and improve earliness and yield potential of large-seeded beans under sustainable cropping systems. The objective of this research was to develop adapted dwarf bean populations having a commercial seed quality and yield suitable for the production in the South of Europe. The original base populations were produced from crosses between genotypes within each Mesoamerica, Nueva Granada and Peru races, and between Peru and Nueva Granada, and Mesoamerica and Nueva Granada races. Visual mass selection for plant performance was practised in the F2 and F3 generations. In the F4 and F5, single plants were harvested under two cropping systems (sole cropping and intercropping with maize). From F4, selection was based on precocity, combined with seed yield and seed commercial type. The F4:7 selected lines from each original population were compared with their parents and five checks at four environments and two cropping systems. Differences among environments, populations, parents and checks were observed for all traits. Under intercropping with maize, there was a 50% reduction in seed yield. Yield of parents and checks belonging to Andean South American races, intraracial (Nueva Granada × Nueva Granada) and interracial (Nueva Granada × Peru) populations, was higher than that of those of Middle American origin. Intraracial crosses within large-seeded Andean South American (Peru race) and Middle American gene pools (Mesoamerica race) did not produce lines yielding more than the highest yielding parent. Only two large-seeded lines selected from crosses between small- and large-seeded gene pools out-yielded the best parent and check cultivar. 相似文献
10.
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an important legume crop in the semi-arid tropics, and pod fly [Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch)] is an important emerging constraint to increase the production and productivity of this crop under subsistence
farming conditions. Host plant resistance can be used as an important tool for the management of this pest. Therefore, a set
of ten pigeonpea genotypes from a diverse array of plant growth types and maturity groups including two appropriate commercial
checks, was evaluated for resistance to pod fly under field conditions, and characterized for physico-chemical pod traits.
The non-determinate type GP 75 (extra early maturing) and GP 118 (early maturing), and determinate type GP 233 (extra early
maturing) and GP 253 (early maturing) genotypes had significantly lower pod and seed damage as compared to determinate (Prabhat) and non-determinate (Manak) early maturing checks, suggesting that resistance to pod fly is not linked to plant growth type and maturity period of the
genotype in pigeonpea. Pod wall thickness, trichome density, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total phenols, tannins, and
crude fiber were found to be negatively associated (r = −0.83** to −0.97**), while total protein positively associated (r = 0.88** to 0.97**) with pod fly infestation. Therefore, these traits particularly total phenols, tannins, crude fiber, trichome
density, and pod wall thickness, can be used as physico-chemical markers to identify pigeonpea genotypes with resistance to
M. obtusa, and use in pod fly resistant breeding program in pigeonpea. 相似文献
11.
Summary The larva of the bean pod weevil (BPW), Apion godmani Wagner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), causes serious yield losses in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Mexico and Central America, by consuming the seed as it develops in the immature pod. Resistance to the BPW was identified in bean germplasm of highland Mexican origin, and these sources of resistance were incorporated into a pedigree breeding program to recover locally adapted lines resistant to Bean Common Mosaic Virus and BPW, with commercial grain for Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. These lines yielded as well as or better than local cultivars in the absence of the insect, and better than local cultivars when the BPW was present. Resistance appeared to be governed by several genes, and was stable across geographic areas, seasons and planting systems. 相似文献
12.
Tadanori Nozaki Akira Kumazaki Takato Koba Keiko Ishikawa Hiroshi Ikehashi 《Euphytica》1997,96(1):115-123
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. is intercropped or relay cropped with maize in many Andean highlands of Colombia and Peru.
Breeding beans for the target multiple cropping systems is essential for the development of productive and sustainable agriculture
for the Andean smallholders. Outline of the breeding programme should follow the farming system approach with the establishment
of on-farm trials and early farmers involvement. Bean breeding is oriented to minimize intercrop competition and to stabilize
complementarity with maize. Genetic traits needed for improved varieties are divided as follows : traits not interacting with
the cropping systems, traits specific to intercrops and traits related with socioeconomic and seed quality aspects. Screening,
prebreeding and recombination nursery are better made under sole cropping while varietal improvement and on-farm trials are
conducted under the target multiple cropping systems. Breeding schemes may involve recurrent, pedigree and bulk hybrid selection.
The given application concerns the genetic improvement of P. coccineus, P. polyanthus and interspecific hybrids of P. vulgaris
for both simultaneous and relay intercropping in Colombia and Peru. Earliness, cold tolerance, resistance to fungus diseases
(mainly Ascochyta leaf blight and anthracnosis) and seed yield potential were the major objectives of the bean improvement
programme. Priority has been given to the exploitation of the large diversity available in the secondary gene pool of common
bean.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Robert J. Lebowitz 《Euphytica》1989,43(1-2):113-116
Summary The repeatabilities of six traits; peduncle, pod, beak, and total siliqua length, seed number/siliqua and seed mass/siliqua were estimated for the random-mating CrGC-1 Brassica campestris L. population. All length measurements were made using a fast digital image analysis technique. Beak, pod, and total siliqua length showed the highest repeatabilities of all six traits (0.73, 0.63, and 0.63, respectively). Both pod and total siliqua length were highly correlated with both seed number and seed mass/siliqua. These results suggest that these siliqua-related morphological traits could be used as indirect indices of selection in breeding for improved seed yields in Brassica campestris L. 相似文献
14.
对122份国外普通菜豆资源的熟性、生育日数、生长习性、出土子叶色、叶形、花旗瓣色、花翼瓣色、株高、株型、主茎节数、单株分枝数、结荚习性、单株荚数、每果节荚数、荚色、荚形、荚面、荚长、荚宽、单荚粒数、粒形、种皮光泽、种皮斑纹、粒色、百粒重、单株产量、小区产量15个质量性状和12个数量性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明,122份国外普通菜豆资源聚为四类,其中来自葡萄牙的91号资源单独为一类。主成分分析结果表明,26个性状提取了8个主成分,累计贡献率为74.37%,包括颜色因子、百粒重因子、产量因子、形态因子等主要因子。该研究旨在充分挖掘国外菜豆种质资源特性,为资源利用提供依据。 相似文献
15.
The present study was conducted toinvestigate the genetic inheritance of podcomponents in spring-sown white lupin. Ananalysis of the genetic parameters ofproportion of pod walls and related podcomponents should be helpful to define aselection strategy in the future lupinbreeding programs. Two mating designs wereused, a complete diallel, and a halfdiallel, without reciprocals and withoutselfing. The parental lines covered therange of genetic variation for theproportion of the pod walls available inthe white lupin collection from INRA,France. Diallel analyses were carried outvia Griffing (model I and II) andHayman methods. Proportion of pod walls,seed weight per pod and mean seed weightshowed a mainly additive inheritance.Narrow sense heritability was higher forthe proportion of pod walls than for theother pod components. The correlationbetween general combining ability (GCA) andparental phenotypic values was high forproportion of pod walls. This suggestedthat mean parental performance could be auseful indicator of mean cross performancefor the proportion of pod walls in whitelupin. For pure line breeding, theestimates of GCA values showed thatEgyptian accessions would be valuableparents. Breeding for reduced proportion ofpod walls may be a way of improving seedyield. 相似文献
16.
Common bean breeding for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses: From classical to MAS breeding 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Summary Breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of global importance in common bean is reviewed with emphasis on development
and application of marker-assisted selection (MAS). The implementation and adoption of MAS in breeding for disease resistance
is advanced compared to the implementation of MAS for insect and abiotic stress resistance. Highlighted examples of breeding
in common bean using molecular markers reveal the role and success of MAS in gene pyramiding, rapidly deploying resistance
genes via marker-assisted backcrossing, enabling simpler detection and selection of resistance genes in absence of the pathogen,
and contributing to simplified breeding of complex traits by detection and indirect selection of quantitative trait loci (QTL)
with major effects. The current status of MAS in breeding for resistance to angular leaf spot, anthracnose, Bean common mosaic and Bean common mosaic necrosis viruses, Beet curly top virus, Bean golden yellow mosaic virus, common bacterial blight, halo bacterial blight, rust, root rots, and white mold is reviewed in detail. Cumulative mapping
of disease resistance traits has revealed new resistance gene clusters while adding to others, and reinforces the co-location
of QTL conditioning resistance with specific resistance genes and defense-related genes. Breeding for resistance to insect
pests is updated for bean pod weevil (Apion), bruchid seed weevils, leafhopper, thrips, bean fly, and whitefly, including
the use of arcelin proteins as selectable markers for resistance to bruchid seed weevils. Breeding for resistance to abiotic
stresses concentrates on drought, low soil phosphorus, and improved symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The combination of root growth
and morphology traits, phosphorus uptake mechanisms, root acid exudation, and other traits in alleviating phosphorus deficiency,
and identification of numerous QTL of relatively minor effect associated with each trait, reveals the complexity to be addressed
in breeding for abiotic stress resistance in common bean. 相似文献
17.
A core collection of common bean from the Iberian peninsula 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Characterization of crop germplasm from specific regions helps understand the patterns of genetic variation that facilitates
further germplasm collection, characterization, management and their more efficient utilization in genetics, breeding and
other studies. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a traditional crop in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) where subsistence farmers have been growing and maintaining
their own cultivars since their introductions from the Americas in the sixteenth century. Our objectives were to: (i) characterize
diversity in the landraces collected from the Iberian Peninsula and (ii) form a core collection. Of 388 landraces from the
major production regions characterized for 34quantitative and 13 qualitative characters, including morphological, agronomic
and biochemical traits, 74.7% had an Andean origin, 16.8% a Mesoamerican origin and 8.4% had seed mixtures or were recombinants
between the two gene pools. Landraces of indeterminate climbing growth habit Type IV(47.2%) and bush determinate Type I(26.4%)
with large (52.9%) and medium(27.4%) seeds of white (38.8%) and cream(25.9%) colour were predominant. Similarly, the ‘T’ phaseolin
pattern and common bean race Nueva Granada were the most frequent(51%). Some exceptionally large-seeded landraces of Andean
(e.g., PHA-0917 with119 g 100-seed weight-1) and Mesoamerican (e.g., PHA-0399 with 66 g100-seed weight-1) were found. These and other possible recombinants between the two gene pools merit further investigation. Fifty two landraces
(13%) were chosen to form a core collection representing the genetic diversity in the Iberian Peninsula.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Combining ability analysis and association of yield and yield components among selected cowpea lines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The study was carried out to determine combining ability and association of yield and yield components among crosses derived
from seven selected cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) parents. Twenty-one hybrids were generated from diallel crosses excluding reciprocals. Hybrids along with seven
parents were studied for combining ability and phenotypic correlations for seed yield and eight yield components. The result
indicated that the general combining ability (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) were significant for most characters indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive genetic components. Additive
gene action was important for eight characters except pod number, whereas non-additive gene action was not important for nodule
number and grain yield. Parental lines IT86D-716 and IT81D-985 were found to be good general combiners for grain yield and
other traits. The most promising specific combiners for yield and yield components were from crosses including IT87D-697-2 × IT86D-716,
IT88D-867-11 × IT86D-716, IT93K-624 × IT87D-697-2, and IT87D-697-2 × IT92KD-405-1. Significant positive phenotypic correlations
were observed between seed yield with pod length (POL), number of pods per plant (PON), and number of seeds per pod (SPD).
POL, pod number per plant, SPD, and grain yield were identified as the best selection criteria that could be used in cowpea
breeding programs. 相似文献
19.
The aim of this study was to identify promising genotypes in the International Cocoa Gene bank, Trinidad (ICG,T) for use in
cacao breeding. Subsets of the germ plasm collection were evaluated for bean number, bean weight, pod index (581 genotypes)
and resistance to Phytophthora pod rot(500 genotypes). Among three groups of cacao assessed (For astero, Refractario and Trinitario), Trinitario had the
highest percentage of genotypes (36.9%) with large bean weight (> 1.2 g), while For astero possessed the highest proportion
of genotypes (22.6%) with a large number of beans (> 45). The ICS population had the highest percentage (44.1%) of genotypes
with heavy beans, and IMC the highest percentage of genotypes with large bean number (68.6%). A low, but significant negative
correlation (r = –0.19, p≤ 0.001) between bean number and bean weight suggests that an increase in bean number may repress an increase in bean weight
and vice versa. However, inten genotypes good values of bean weight and number were combined demonstrating that selection for both large
bean number and bean weight is possible. The highest percentage (28.1%) of genotypes with low pod index (< 20.1) was observed
in the Trinitario group (mainly ICS). The Forastero group had the highest percentage of Phytophthora resistant accessions(18.0%). The PA population had the highest proportion of resistant (24.0%) and moderately resistant (38.0%)genotypes.
Sixty-five and 99 genotypes were categorised with large bean weight and high bean number, respectively, and 60 genotypes were
found with a low pod index. Seventy-eight genotypes were identified with resistance to Phytophthora podrot. A significant relationship was observed between resistance to Phytophthora pod rot (measured as the frequency of localised lesions) and bean number (r = –0.45, p ≤ 0.001)showing that the two traits may complement each other. The combination of low to intermediate pod index with moderate
to high resistance to Phytophthora podrot was found in 87 genotypes, 12 of which were also reported to have resistance to witches’ broom disease. These genotypes
are of high potential value in cacao breeding and their inclusion in working and corecollections would be justified.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Maria Jose de Oliveira Zimmermann 《Euphytica》1996,92(1-2):129-134
Summary Despite the growing industrialization, technification and transformation that is happening in the agriculture around the world, and despite that agricultural research has always concentrated its effort on sole crops, multiple cropping systems have historically been important for common bean production in tropical countries. The reasons for this fact, are economical and social, as well as biological. Bean breeders have always been questioned on their work, because the development of new varieties is usually done in sole crop, but the varieties are grown in either systems. This paper addresses a set of questions that are usually presented to the breeders, in light of the evidence obtained from many trials conducted in Brazil and in the U.S.A.: Will the genotypes bred for sole crop conditions, perform well when grown in intercrop; How different should a genotype be, for cultivation in intercropping compared to genotypes developed for sole crop conditions; Is there a need for special breeding programs for intercropping and How could a breeding program focus the question of multiple (associated) cropping? 相似文献