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近年来,玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在河南驻马店、周口、漯河、南阳等地市发生日趋严重,已严重阻碍了当地玉米生产发展,一般减产15%~20%,发生严重的减产50%以上。1玉米弯孢菌叶斑病发病特点与危害状1.1发病晚,蔓延迅速据在驻马店、周口、漯河等市农业科学研究所玉米试验地和玉米大田的调查,玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在玉米抽雄散粉后的8月初开始发病,然后迅速蔓延,到8月中下旬达到高峰,许多感病品种叶片布满病斑,严重的到8月下旬即枯死。1.2病害相互交织发生在玉米成株中后期的两大病害—玉米弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米锈病几乎同时发病,相互交织在一起,在玉米试验田… 相似文献
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葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法及品种抗病性测定 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文通过对葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法进行优化,建立了一种更为快捷、方便、可靠的鉴定方法,并对32个葡萄品种对霜霉病抗病性进行了鉴定,为葡萄抗病品种的选育和应用提供依据。结果显示:以田间混合的霜霉病菌为接种体采用叶盘法鉴定葡萄品种的抗病性更加快捷、方便。供试的32个葡萄品种对葡萄霜霉病的抗性存在显著差异。其中免疫品种有‘康拜尔早生';高抗的有‘阳光玫瑰'、‘美乐'、‘Ms27-31'等5个品种;中抗的有‘贝达'、‘小芒森'、‘2E-16-2'等6个品种;低抗的有‘瑞都红玉'、‘早黑宝'、‘摩尔多瓦'等10个品种;感病的有‘里扎马特'、‘玫瑰香'、‘香妃'等10个品种。 相似文献
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玉米病害发生现状与推广品种抗性对未来病害发展的影响 总被引：105，自引：2，他引：103
随着全球气候变化、耕作方式改变和新品种推广,我国玉米病害的发生也有所改变。在春玉米区,丝黑穗病仍然持续严重为害,大斑病呈加重趋势;在夏玉米区,局部地区小斑病发生较重,而矮花叶病普遍发生较轻;以往的次要病害已成为重要病害:如,南方锈病在夏玉米区南部严重发生,瘤黑粉病成为生产中的突出问题,土传病害日益加重,细菌性病害发生渐多。对玉米主要推广品种、近年国家和主产省份审定品种的抗病性分析表明,在北方春玉米区,由于品种抗性水平降低、个别感病品种的推广及病原菌致病力变异,大斑病在近年仍将呈现较重发生趋势;丝黑穗病的发生则由于推广抗病品种和种子包衣技术而有所减轻,但局部地区仍会严重发生;由于缺乏抗病品种,灰斑病和弯孢菌叶斑病的发生将主要取决于气候因素。在北方夏玉米区,小斑病暴发的可能性较小,但已有强致病力菌株出现;由于推广品种普遍对茎腐病抗性水平较低并受耕作制度的影响,茎腐病和苗枯病将成为主要病害;多数品种对南方锈病缺乏抗性,南方锈病发生面积将继续扩大,发病程度也将增加。 相似文献
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1982年在美国路州大学水稻试验站进行本试验。流行学研究结果表明,品种抗病性、接种体数量是影响纹枯病发展的重要因素。Mars、Melrose 等品种具有中等抗病性,Lebonnet、Belmont 和 Labelle 等品种最感病,Saturn、Le-ah 和 Brazos 则属中等感病。从品种抗病性和接种量的相互作用关系中看出,品种抗病性在决定病害严重度上作用更大。病害系统观察发现,水稻不同生育期的感病率与成熟期病害严重度呈高度正相关。据此建立了不同抗病水平品种的病害严重度预测模式。纹枯病对不同抗病水平品种的为害损失测定结果表明,感病品种损失率为29%,中等感病种为22%,中等抗痫种为9%。试验发现,水稻拔节期及孕穗期的稻秆感病率与产量损失有中度至高度正相关。据此,亦建立了产量损失预测模式。结论认为防治水稻纹枯病的根本途径是选育和推广抗病高产品种;中抗以上的品种能满足生产防治需要,不必施行其他防治措施。 相似文献
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玉米灰斑病发生流行规律及品种抗病性 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
玉米灰斑病近年来发生严重,对玉米生产造成很大危害。玉米灰斑病病原菌主要在病残体上越冬,病残体上的分生孢子在7月中下旬有较高的萌发率。玉米灰斑病于7月上旬开始发病,在8月中下旬至9月上旬为发病盛期。田间温度、相对湿度和7月份降雨量都影响病害的发生和发展。降雨量大、相对湿度高、气温较低的环境条件有利于病害的发生和流行。玉米杂交品种和自交系对玉米灰斑病表现的抗性差异较大,感病的杂交品种有掖单13、丹605和丹2181,抗病杂交品种有丹中试61、辽9505、沈9728、辽306、丹3079、丹3034;抗病的自交系有9046、冲72、J599-2、齐319、丹黄25、79532、598,凡具有热带血缘的自交系都是抗病的。 相似文献
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不同葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
葡萄霜霉病是葡萄生产上重要的病害之一,通过对辽宁省不同葡萄品种进行室内离体叶片接种和田间自然发病情况调查,以期为葡萄抗性品种的选育和葡萄霜霉病的防治提供科学依据。结果表明,在供试品种中,没有对霜霉病完全免疫的品种,室内离体叶片接种和田间调查结果基本一致,不同品种间霜霉病的抗性存在差异。供试的65个品种中,室内离体叶片接种评价高抗品种3个,抗病品种23个,感病品种24个,高感品种15个;田间自然发病调查评价高抗品种1个,抗病品种19个,感病品种35个,高感品种10个。欧美杂交品种(系)相对欧亚杂交品种(系)较抗病。 相似文献
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2019年在新疆葡萄上发现一种新病害,主要危害成熟葡萄果实。感病果实病部产生橄榄绿色霉层,导致葡萄产量和品质严重下降。为明确该病害病原菌种类及其生物学特性,从南北疆11个葡萄园采集80个病样,用常规稀释分离法和单孢分离法对病原菌进行分离和纯化,根据采集地点、葡萄品种、菌落生长速度等特征选取21个代表性菌株进行形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定以明确病原菌种类;并研究了温度、光照、培养基、pH对病原菌生长及产孢的影响。结果表明,引起新疆葡萄果腐病的病原菌为枝孢菌,有两个种,即枝状枝孢Cladosporium cladosporioides和柠檬形枝孢Cladosporium limoniforme,其中枝状枝孢为优势种。两种病原菌的适宜生长和产孢的温度均为25℃,适宜生长和产孢的培养基是PDA,不同光照条件下都可大量产生分生孢子,最适宜生长和产孢的pH为7。明确了新疆葡萄枝孢果腐病病原菌及其生物学特性,为今后该病害的预测预报、发生规律和防治方法的研究打下基础。 相似文献
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宁夏葡萄苗圃根结线虫病发病症状、为害程度及种类 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为有效防治葡萄苗圃根结线虫病,采用拔根百分法和直接解剖法调查宁夏永宁县玉泉营镇葡萄苗圃葡萄苗木根结线虫病的发病症状、为害程度,并通过形态学和分子生物学对其种类进行鉴定。结果表明:15个葡萄品种的病害症状之间有一定差异。除抗砧3号外,其余14个葡萄品种均受根结线虫侵染,且不同葡萄品种受根结线虫为害的严重度差异明显,其中西拉、红芭拉蒂、爱神玫瑰、阳光玫瑰、马瑟兰、贝达和黑比诺上根结线虫病较严重,病情指数介于51.67～78.33之间,大青的病情指数最低,为21.67。不同葡萄品种的每根段雌成虫数量之间、每根段根结数量之间差异明显,其中葡萄品种贝达的每根段雌成虫数量和每根段根结数量最多,分别为12.47条和4.27个,葡萄品种黑比诺的每根段雌成虫数量和每根段根结数量较少,分别为3.60条和1.73个;每根段雌成虫数量随着每根段根结数量的增加而增加。根据根结线虫2龄幼虫、雌成虫和会阴花纹的形态学特征及分子生物学鉴定结果确定为害葡萄苗圃的根结线虫主要为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita和花生根结线虫M. arenaria。除抗砧3号外,其它14个葡萄品种均不同程度的感染了南方根结线虫和花生根结线虫,且所有葡萄品种感染南方根结线虫的比例均较高。 相似文献
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R. Pezet K. Gindro O. Viret J.-L. Spring 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2004,65(6):297-303
Levels of resistance to Plasmopara viticola, from susceptible to highly resistant, of different grapevine cultivars were observed in vineyards and confirmed by the symptoms developed after inoculations. On the abaxial surface of infected leaves, P. viticola developed abundant sporangiophores on susceptible cultivars (Chasselas, Gamay, Gamaret and Pinot Noir), whereas on less susceptible cultivars (Seyval Blanc and Johanniter) the parasite produced few sporangiophores and some necrotic spots at the site of infection. On resistant cultivars (Bronner, Solaris, IRAC 2091), P. viticola induced a hypersensitive response and only necrotic spots were visible and the disease ceased to develop. Stilbenes were analyzed 4, 7, 24, 48 h post-infection (hpi) on small leaf samples cut from the site of infection. Large differences were observed between the cultivars at 24 and 48 hpi. Susceptible grapevines produced resveratrol and its glycoside, piceide. In contrast, resistant plants produced high concentration of ε- and δ-viniferin. Resveratrol and piceide have little or no toxicity activity against P. viticola, whereas δ-viniferin is highly toxic and can be considered an important marker for resistance of grapevine to downy mildew. The importance of oxidative dimerization of resveratrol in comparison to the extent of its glycosylation in defense reaction of grapevines against P. viticola is discussed. 相似文献
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C. Roggia P. Caciagli L. Galetto D. Pacifico F. Veratti D. Bosco C. Marzachì 《Plant pathology》2014,63(1):31-41
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP) titre in two red grapevine cultivars, Barbera and Nebbiolo, was measured over the vegetative seasons of two consecutive years in two vineyards of the Piemonte Region (northwestern Italy), with a double absolute quantification of FDP cells and grapevine DNA in real‐time PCR. The relationships of pathogen concentration to cultivar susceptibility and symptom severity were investigated. FDP titre was always higher in cv. Barbera than in cv. Nebbiolo infected vines, and this difference was significant at early and late summer samplings of 2008 and at early summer sampling of 2009. A seasonal trend in FDP concentration (low in spring, high in early summer and intermediate in late summer) was conserved for cvs Barbera and Nebbiolo in both years and vineyards. Considering both cultivars and years from both vineyards, a significant positive correlation between FDP concentration and symptom severity was found in the spring samples. Regarding the FDP strains (‐C or ‐D), no differences in pathogen titres were detected for either cultivar. Similarly, the presence of another grapevine yellows phytoplasma, bois noir, a subgroup 16SrXII‐A phytoplasma, in mixed infection with FDP strains had no effect on FDP concentration. These results demonstrate for the first time that grapevine cultivars with different susceptibility to FDP support different pathogen titres. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Agrobacterium vitis is the causal agent of crown gall disease in grapevine, which can be severe in many regions worldwide. Vitis vinifera cultivars are highly susceptible to freeze injury, providing the wounds necessary for infection by A. vitis. Wound position in relation to the uppermost bud of cuttings was determined to be important in tumor development. Inoculated wounds below buds developed tumors, whereas wounds opposite the bud did not, implying that indole-3-aectic acid flow contributes to tumor formation. If auxin was applied to wounds prior to inoculation with a tumorigenic A. vitis strain, all sites of inoculation developed tumors, accompanied by an increased amount of callus in the cambium. Wounds inoculated with an A. vitis biological control strain F2/5 prior to application of the pathogen did not develop galls. A closer examination of these wounds determined that callus cells formed in the cambium during wound healing are susceptible to transformation by the pathogen. Although the mechanism by which F2/5 prevents transformation is unknown, our observations suggest that F2/5 inhibits normal wound healing by inducing necrosis in the cambium. 相似文献
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Stilbene phytoalexins are identified as defence response in pathogen–grapevine interactions, but little information is available on the role of stilbenes on Erysiphe necator, causal agent of grapevine powdery mildew. Analysis of stilbenes in artificially infected leaf discs from susceptible to highly resistant cultivars was performed and compared to the development of the pathogen. Results indicate that stilbene synthesis is confined in infected cells, penetrated by an appressorium–peg. Stilbene amounts expressed by infection site allow discriminating susceptible and resistant cultivars. Highest viniferins concentrations on resistant cultivars are in correspondence with the observed inhibition of the pathogen growth. The analysis of stilbenes at the infection site and viniferins accumulation in grapevine defence reaction is discussed. 相似文献
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Botryosphaeria dieback is one of the important grapevine trunk diseases in the world. In this study, two grapevine trunk disease samples were collected from two grape vineyards in Miyun District of Beijing, where grapevine trunk disease was very severe. The potential pathogens were isolated, purified and identified. Meanwhile this study conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity by Koch’s Postulate, and the effects of temperature and light on the growth of pathogens. According to morphological characteristics and a multi-gene phylogenetic analysis with sequences of ITS, EF-1α and TUB, four isolates were identified as Lasiodiplodia citricola, which was the causal organism of grapevine Botryosphaeria dieback. Moreover, the pathogen was able to grow between 10-40 ℃. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30 ℃, and it grew rapidly under full light. This is the first report of grapevine Botryosphaeria dieback disease on grapes caused by L. citricola in China. 相似文献
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Regulation of defense-related enzymes associated with bacterial spot resistance in Tomato 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Twenty tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) cultivars were screened for resistance against bacterial spot disease incited byXanthomonas axonopodis pv.vesicatoria under field conditions with and without pathogen infection. Screening was done by artificially inoculating aX. axonopodis pv.vesicatoria suspension to 4-week-old tomato seedlings and observing them for typical symptoms of the disease. Seedlings were categorized
into highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars on the basis of disease incidence. Tomato cultivars
were screened for defense-related enzymes, total phenols and lignin contents. The temporal patterns of all these enzymes were
estimated with a moderately susceptible tomato cultivar. Native PAGE analysis of both peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase
(PPO) was carried out for the time course of enzyme activities and also by selecting three different tomato cultivars, following
infection with the pathogen. Based on the inducible amounts of these enzymes upon pathogen infection, the tomato cultivars
were correlated with the disease incidence under field conditions. A significant (P≤0.05) correlation was observed between the degree of host resistance and the enzyme levels. In highly resistant tomato cultivars
the enzyme levels, total phenols and lignin contents were increased in comparison with highly susceptible tomato cultivars.
Isoform analysis of POX and PPO enzymes indicated a clear difference between resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars in
the number of isoforms and also in the intensity of each isoform in the presence of pathogen infection. The possible regulation
of defense-related enzymes in imparting host resistance is discussed.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting March 11, 2008. 相似文献
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月季根癌病病原菌分离及抗病资源初步筛选 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从月季品种金玛丽、曼海姆、杏花村、梅郎口红的根部肿瘤组织中纯化了9株分离物,根据其在MW选择性培养基上的单菌落形态初步判断其为根癌土壤杆菌。以根癌土壤杆菌高度保守的virD2和ipt基因的部分序列设计引物对分离的菌株进行PCR检测,其中有6株菌株能扩增出virD2和ipt基因片段,为根癌土壤杆菌毒性菌株。采用针刺涂抹法接种向日葵、荷花蔷薇幼茎,6株菌株均能在供试植株上形成肿瘤,一个月后肿瘤大小有显著差异,说明分离获得的根癌土壤杆菌株毒性有差异。以强毒性菌株J-5-1在田间接种了部分蔷薇属野生资源,以鉴定其对根癌病的抗性。根据发病率、肿瘤大小、肿瘤干质量以及感病后植株生长状况将植物的根癌病抗性分为高度抗病、中度抗病、中度感病、高度感病4个类型。 相似文献
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A nonpathogenic strain of Agrobacterium vitis VAR03-1 was tested as a biological control agent for crown gall of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). When roots of grapevine, rose (Rose multiflora), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) were soaked in a cell suspension of antagonists before planting in soil infested with tumorigenic A. vitis, A. rhizogenes, and A. tumefaciens, respectively, treatment with VAR03-1 significantly reduced the number of plants with tumors and disease severity in the three plant species. The inhibitory effects of treatment with VAR03-1 and the nonpathogenic A. rhizogenes strain K84 on crown gall of rose and tomato were almost identical, and the inhibitory effect of VAR03-1 on grapevine was superior to that of K84. Moreover, VAR03-1 greatly controlled crown gall of grapevine due to tumorigenic A. vitis in the field. VAR03-1 established populations averaging 10(6) colony forming units (CFU)/g of root in the rhizosphere of grapevine and persisted on roots for 2 years. VAR03-1 was bacteriocinogenic, producing a halo of inhibition against those three species of Agrobacterium. This is the first report that a nonpathogenic strain, VAR03-1, can effectively control crown gall caused by tumorigenic A. vitis, A. rhizogenes, and A. tumefaciens. 相似文献