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1.
辽河平原地区长期施肥水稻土氮素矿化及其模拟的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
采用长期淹水密闭——间歇淋洗培养方法和分析手段,研究了辽河平原地区连续16年长期不同施肥(不施氮肥、氮肥、氮肥+有机肥、氮肥+有机肥+放萍)水稻土氮素的矿化过程。结果表明长期不同施肥水稻土氮矿化量为N15.61～103.57mgkg-1,为全N的1.25%～5.66%;氮肥+有机肥处理土壤氮矿化量最高,占全氮比率最大,而氮肥处理土壤氮矿化量最低,占全氮的比率最小;氮矿化量与全氮、有机质、C/N之间呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。选择有效积温式(EATM);一级反应式(One-pool模型);带常数项的一级反应式(Special模型),对实验数据进行拟合。非线性拟合结果表明Special模型明显优于One-pool模型和有效积温式(EATM)。分析表明Special模型能更为准确地描述长期不同施肥措施下水稻土有机氮素的矿化。 相似文献
2.
旱地土壤氮素矿化参数与氮素形态的关系 总被引：41，自引：4，他引：37
应用间歇淋洗培养方法 ,以长期不同培肥定位试验土壤为研究对象 ,求得土壤氮素矿化参数 ,并探讨氮素矿化潜势 (N0)、碱解氮、微生物氮、可浸提易矿化氮、全氮之间的关系。结果表明 ,在 35℃和 20℃条件下培养 ,一级动力学模型能够很好的拟合试验数据 ,模拟方程和模拟参数均达到极显著水平。经过 15年的培肥和轮作 ,无论是单施氮肥区 ,还是氮肥与有机肥配合施用区 ,N0均有不同程度的增加 ,这标志着土壤活性有机氮库增加。k值变化范围在0.004628～0.013148d-1之间 ,说明可矿化氮以每天 0.46 %～1.31%的平均速率矿化释放。而且 ,在本试验条件下 ,淋洗液中均含有一定数量的可溶性有机态N ,因此进行氮素矿化研究时 ,同时测定NH4-N、NO3-N和Norg的含量是必要的。 35℃下 ,N0 占全氮的比例为 7.23%～17.36% ,变异系数30.4% ;易矿化有机态氮占全氮的比例为0.27%～0.48% ,变异系数 200% ;碱解氮占全氮的比例为 5.55%～6.54% ,变异系数仅 5.8% ;微生物氮占全氮的比例在 2.16%～5.18%之间 ,变异系数28.8%。从几种指标测得的平均值看 ,N0碱解氮 微生物氮 易矿化氮 ,而变异系数是N0微生物氮 易矿化氮 碱解氮。虽然N0的绝对值远高于田间实际矿化量 , 相似文献
3.
不同利用方式下土壤有机氮素矿化特征的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用长期淹水密闭培养-间歇淋洗法(30℃),测定了长期(16年)定位的水田、旱地和林地土壤有机氮素的矿化氮数量,利用一级反应动力学模型对有机氮素的矿化过程进行了拟合,并探讨了不同利用方式下土壤有机氮素的矿化特征。结果表明,3种利用方式下土壤有机氮素的矿化过程均可用一级反应动力学模型很好地拟合;任意两种土壤利用方式之间的N0值差异均达1%显著水平,水田与旱地、林地之间的k值差异均达1%显著水平,而旱地与林地之间的k值差异则达5%显著水平,林地土壤氮素矿化势最大(72.96 mg kg-1),约为旱地和水田土壤的1.3倍和7.4倍,水田土壤氮素矿化速率最大(0.0908 d-1),约为旱地和林地土壤的4.1倍和2.3倍;旱地和林地土壤供氮能力大小相接近,分别为88.24 mg kg-1和89.11 mg kg-1,约为水田土壤的2倍左右。由此可见,长期(16年)不同利用方式对土壤有机氮素矿化特征影响显著,水田土壤可供矿化的有机氮数量最少且矿化时间最为短暂,旱地土壤可供矿化的有机氮数量较多且矿化时间最为缓慢持久,林地土壤可供矿化的有机氮数量最多且矿化时间较为缓慢持久。 相似文献
4.
长期施肥水稻土氮素剖面分布及温度对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
利用太湖地区26a的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素分布和C/N的影响,分析了10℃和30℃下不同施肥处理土壤氮素矿化过程的差异,拟合了30℃下土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的方程式。结果表明:(1)长期施肥使表层土壤氮素累积量明显增加,0～20cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理。20～30cm土层,化肥氮+磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮+磷+钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆+氮处理(CRN)及不施肥对照CK的含氮量高于有机肥+氮+磷处理(MNP)、有机肥+氮+磷+钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆+有机肥+氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40～50cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)施有机肥或秸秆还田使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0～10cm表层土壤的C/N,CNPK>MNPK,CK>M0,而施秸秆处理MRN的C/N最低。20～50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。(3)在30℃下,土壤矿化过程达到稳定状态需要时间较短,且累积矿化量较高。在10℃下,培养后期的矿化速率高于30℃下的速率,但累积矿化量较低,低温条件引起了土壤氮素矿化率的降低。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式(p<0·01),K值较接近反应矿化初期各处理的矿化潜力,n值的差异反应MRN、MNP以及CNPK、CNP处理在矿化后期有更高潜力。 相似文献
5.
温度对不同年限日光温室土壤氮素矿化特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
【目的】日光温室作为具有我国特色的一种高强度的栽培方式,过量施肥问题突出。随着温室栽培在我国北方地区规模的不断扩大,由此带来的土壤退化和地下水污染问题值得关注。不少研究表明,随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质含量不断增加;且温室栽培中的土壤温度与露地存在很大差异,其土壤氮素矿化特性如何,尚缺乏研究。【方法】本研究以位于黄土高原南部陕西省杨凌示范区不同栽培年限的日光温室土壤为研究对象,采用室内好气培养法(84 d)测定不同培养温度(20℃和30℃)对不同年限温室(0 3年)土壤0—20 cm及20—40cm土层氮素矿化量,采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮素矿化曲线,根据土壤氮矿化势(N0)评价不同栽培年限温室土壤氮素矿化特性。【结果】1)随着日光温室栽培年限的增加,土壤有机质、全氮含量和氮素累积矿化量随之显著增加。2)30℃的土壤氮素累积矿化量高于20℃的矿化累积量;栽培年限长的日光温室矿化作用对温度的敏感程度高于年限短的温室。3)若温度和栽培年限同时增加,土壤氮素累积矿化量随之增加,说明温度和栽培年限对土壤氮素净矿化量有一定的交互作用,但差异不显著(P0.05)。4)日光温室栽培年限越长,土壤氮矿化势(N0)越大;与种植前相比,第2a、3a温室土壤氮矿化势增加了5.59和11.48倍。5)回归分析表明,0—20 cm土层土壤有机质含量每增加1 g/kg,20℃和30℃条件下土壤氮矿化势(No)分别增加2.70及3.18 mg/kg;土壤全氮含量每增加1g/kg,No分别增加37.28及43.12 mg/kg。【结论】日光温室土壤氮素矿化量随其栽培年限的增加显著增加;培养温度由20℃增加到30℃,土壤氮素矿化量也明显增加,日光温室栽培年限和温度对土壤氮矿化有一定的正交互效应。因此,在日光温室氮素管理中应考虑栽培年限和温度对土壤氮素矿化的影响,以采取针对性的氮素管理措施。 相似文献
6.
旱作水稻与花生间作系统中的氮素固定与转移及其对土壤肥力的影响 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
以花生和旱作水稻为材料 ,采用分隔方法和15N同位素示踪法 ,在不同氮素水平下研究了水稻与花生间作复合体的氮素营养优势、间作花生的生物固氮效率、花生体内氮素向水稻的转移。并在田间条件下研究了花生单作、水稻单作、水稻 /花生间作 3种栽培方式下对土壤氮素肥力的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )水稻和花生间作有产量优势和氮素营养优势 ,在N 0kghm- 2 、N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 三个氮素水平下 ,根系不分隔的水稻生物量分别比分隔处理的高 3 0 0 3 %、1 0 1 %和 2 2 % ;水稻氮素吸收量分别比分隔处理的高 74 0 3 %、1 6 93 %和 2 3 2 % ;( 2 )花生在N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 氮素水平下 ,分隔处理和不分隔花生固氮量分别为 3 8 1 1 %、40 97%和 1 4 81 %、2 0 49% ,间作能提高花生固氮效率 ;( 3 )花生体内氮素在共生期内可以转移到水稻体内 ,花生固氮量和氮素转移没有相关 ;( 4 )与水稻单作比较 ,花生 /水稻间作可以改善土壤的氮素营养。 相似文献
7.
无机氮与蔬菜废弃物耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明有机废弃物添加量与不同无机氮水平耦合对土壤氮矿化的影响,设计了3个甘蓝废弃叶添加量[B1:200 g.kg 1(土),B2:400 g.kg 1(土),B3:550 g.kg 1(土)]和4个无机氮水平[N0:0 mg.kg 1(土),N1:25mg.kg 1(土),N2:50 mg.kg 1(土),N3:100 mg.kg 1(土)]交互的控制培养试验(25℃,65%的田间持水量)。试验结果显示:各氮处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的4～5倍,N1水平下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于其他氮水平。各甘蓝废弃叶添加量处理下土壤净累积氮矿化量是空白对照的3～5倍,且B2添加量下土壤净累积氮矿化量显著高于B1和B3。统计分析表明,氮处理和甘蓝废弃叶添加量之间的交互效应不显著(P=0.275),甘蓝废弃叶的添加是影响氮矿化的主要因素(Eta2=0.16),而供氮水平为次要因素(Eta2=0.07)。B1添加量下,培养前期(0～20 d)土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高,后期保持稳定水平;但B2和B3添加量下,培养前期(30 d)土壤呈现矿化、固持、再矿化现象,后期土壤净累积矿化量逐渐升高。氮矿化速率结果说明,甘蓝废弃叶添加后氮素矿化主要发生在培养前30 d。对培养期间土壤净累积氮矿化量随时间变化做一级动力方程模拟,拟合效果良好(R2=0.62～0.89)。 相似文献
8.
温度和水分对典型香型烟区植烟土壤氮素矿化的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探究典型香型烟区植烟土壤氮素矿化特征及其与温度和水分的关系,采用室内培养试验研究了土壤温度(15、28、37℃)和土壤相对含水量(50%、65%、80%田间持水量)对云南大理、贵州毕节、河南许昌3个典型香型产区植烟土壤氮素矿化的影响。结果表明:不同地区植烟土壤矿质氮和矿化速率变化规律与温度和水分密切相关。3个产区植烟土壤的矿质氮含量和矿化速率均随着温度的升高而升高,在同一温度条件下,以土壤有机质含量较高的云南大理土壤矿化量较大,有机质含量较低的河南许昌土壤矿化量较小。不同地区植烟土壤含水量与氮素矿化的关系不尽相同,土壤相对黏重的贵州毕节土壤以50%田间持水量处理土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率最大,以80%田间持水量处理最不利于氮素矿化;而质地相对较轻的河南许昌土壤和云南大理土壤均为在65%田间持水量条件下最有利于氮素矿化,以50%田间持水量处理氮素矿化量较小。基于一级动力学方程的模拟,3个植烟土壤的潜在矿化氮库(N0)都随温度的增加而提高,总体以28～37℃的培养温度较为适宜,低于15℃不利于土壤有机氮的矿化,3个植烟土壤的N0以云南大理最高,河南许昌最低;土壤矿化速率常数(K)以云南大理最大。土壤相对含水量也对N0有一定影响,且土壤温度和含水量对不同土壤氮素矿化量和矿化速率均存在显著的互作影响,合理调控土壤温度和土壤相对含水量,可以有效调节不同生态烟区土壤氮素矿化动态变化。 相似文献
9.
土壤有机氮的矿化是土壤氮素肥力的重要指标之一,也是影响作物产量至关重要的因素。以33年长期定位试验为依托,对红壤性双季稻田土壤氮累积、矿化动力学特征等进行系统研究。定位试验始于1984年,选取其中5个施肥处理:不施肥(CK),施氮磷钾肥(NPK),施50%化肥+50%有机肥(50F+50M),施30%化肥+70%有机肥(30F+70M),施70%化肥+30%有机肥(70F+30M),于2017年早稻种植前采集耕层(0～20 cm)土壤样品,采用淹水密闭间歇淋洗法,对土壤氮矿化量和速率进行测定,并采用一级动力学方程拟合土壤氮矿化势(N_0)、矿化速率常数(k)等。结果表明,长期施肥显著提高土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮含量,以有机无机肥配施提升效果最为显著,且随有机肥投入量增加而递增,30F+70M处理较NPK处理显著提高铵态氮、硝态氮及总矿质氮含量,分别提高了47.0%、64.6%和49.7%。连续施肥33年后,施肥显著提高了土壤净矿化速率和土壤矿化氮释放量,排序为30F+70M50F+50M70F+30MNPKCK,配施有机肥较施化肥处理显著提高了土壤矿化氮累积释放量和土壤氮素矿化率,分别是化肥处理的2.70和1.41倍。长期施肥均显著提高了土壤氮素矿化势(N_0),提高幅度为65.9%～196.0%,配施30%有机肥(70F+30M)较施化肥处理(NPK)可显著增加水稻土氮素矿化势,降低氮矿化速率常数。土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮及铵态氮含量显著影响N_0、N_0/N、累积矿化量及矿化率,土壤氮矿化速率常数(k)与C/N呈现极显著负相关。长期化学氮肥与低比例有机肥配施,使水稻土供氮缓慢而持久,在水稻的生长发育过程中能够不断地补充氮素。 相似文献
10.
基于已持续26年的水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,不同施肥方式下土壤氮素矿化曲线和硝化强度变化,以及累积矿化量与有效积温的关系,结果表明:(1)长期施肥使土壤表层氮素累积量明显增加,土壤剖面含氮量分布曲线呈"S"形。0-20 cm土层,施有机肥处理的含氮量普遍高于施化肥处理,20-30 cm土层,化肥氮 磷处理(CNP)、化肥氮 磷 钾处理(CNPK)、秸秆 化肥氮处理(CRN)和不施肥对照C0的含氮量高于有机肥 氮 磷处理(MNP)、有机肥 氮 磷 钾处理(MNPK)、秸秆 有机肥 氮处理(MRN)和仅施有机肥处理(M0),而40-50 cm土层含氮量差异较小;(2)土壤矿化曲线在前期差异明显,7 d后的矿化量普遍达最大,28 d后趋于稳定,施有机肥处理7 d后的矿化量明显高于施化肥处理。土壤累积矿化量与有效积温的关系符合有效积温方程式,矿化常数K和n值反映了施有机肥土壤氮素的矿化潜力较大,而施化肥土壤的矿化过程达稳定状态需更长时间;(3)长期施肥使土壤的硝化强度明显提高,施有机肥处理普遍高于施化肥处理。MNPK最高,比C0提高了6.44倍,秸秆还田处理CRN高于CNP和CNPK;(4)施有机肥或秸秆使表层土C/N值有降低趋势。0-10 cm表层土壤的C/N值,CNPK>MNPK,C0>M0,而秸秆还田处理MRN的C/N值最低。20-50cm土层,施有机肥处理的C/N普遍高于化肥处理,施化肥土壤下层的有机质分解程度较高。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献