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M. Cerquetella G. Rossi J. S. Suchodolski S. Salavati Schmitz K. Allenspach F. Rodríguez-Franco T. Furlanello A. Gavazza A. Marchegiani S. Unterer I. A. Burgener G. Pengo A. E. Jergens 《The Journal of small animal practice》2020,61(4):211-215
Chronic diarrhoea is a frequent complaint in canine practice and the diagnostic path is often characterised by numerous diagnostic tests and stepwise empirical treatments, often applied before gastrointestinal endoscopy/mucosal biopsies. These include dietary interventions (novel protein, hydrolysed protein diet), parasiticides and still, in many cases, antibacterials. Indiscriminate use of antibacterial drugs risks detrimental consequences for both the individual patient (antimicrobial resistance, long-term disruption of intestinal bacterial populations, potential worsening of gastrointestinal signs) and the general public. For that reason, in this Perspective essay we advocate use of antibacterials only after histopathologic evaluation of gastrointestinal biopsies or, for those cases in which endoscopy is not possible, after other therapeutic trials, such as diet/pre-probiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs have proven unsuccessful. They should be reserved, after appropriate dietary trials, for those canine chronic diarrhoeic patients with signs of true primary infection (i.e. signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or evidence of adherent-invasive bacteria) that justify antibacterial use. 相似文献
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在抗菌软膏中按一定浓度加入蛋白水解酶, 酶对抗生素和抗菌药物的抑菌效力没有影响, 抗生素和抗菌药物对酶的蛋白水解活力也没有影响, 蛋白酶在软膏中可以保持活力接近1 年。动物污染创治疗试验表明含酶抗菌软膏具有与酶和抗菌软膏先后使用相同的创伤治疗效果, 且比后者更为方便。本研究中使用了木瓜、菠萝蛋白酶, 抗生素庆大霉素, 抗菌药物诺氟沙星。 相似文献
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《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(2):135-141
Abstract Two new quinolone antibacterials, difloxacin (A-56619) and Sarafloxacin (A-56620), were compared with oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, and ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine in vitro for their activities against common bacterial pathogens of fish. The objectives were to determine (1) the frequencies of in vitro resistance to antibacterials at eight times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), (2) the rates and extents of decrease in antibacterial susceptibility when organisms were serially transferred to increasing concentrations of drug, (3) the stability of the decreased susceptibility, and (4) cross-resistance to other antibacterials by organisms with developed resistance. The frequency of spontaneous resistance to all antibacterials at eight times the MIC was low, 10-7-10-10. Quinolone-selected mutants that showed low-level resistance would be inhibited by achievable in vivo levels of difloxacin or Sarafloxacin. Oxolinic acid would not inhibit such mutants. The rate of susceptibility decrease during serial transfer was gradual and stepwise for all organism-drug combinations. In contrast to difloxacin and Sarafloxacin, MICs of oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline, and ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine for some final transfer cultures were above achievable serum levels. Developed resistance was stable for all antibacterials. Cross-resistance was seen among the three quinolones but was not seen with the other antibacterials, except for oxytetracycline. Based on results, resistance to difloxacin and Sarafloxacin by fish pathogens will not develop easily during proper therapeutic use. 相似文献
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K Grave C Greko L Nilsson K Odensvik T M?rk M R?nning 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1999,42(1):45-55
The prescribing patterns and annual incidence of use of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of mastitis in cattle in Norway and Sweden during the period 1990-1997 were estimated from drug wholesaler statistics. Although the drugs included in this study are also used in other species and/or other indications, mastitis in cattle is by far the most-common indication for their use. We used these sales figures to evaluate trends in the use of antibacterial drugs and changes in the incidence of treatment in bovine mastitis in Norway and Sweden. To facilitate comparisons (correcting for differences in activity and dosage) between the relative proportions of antibacterial drugs used in bovine mastitis, we introduced defined daily dose cow (DDDcow) as unit of measurement. Tentative DDDcow for the various injectable drugs were derived from doses recommended in Norway and Sweden. For intramammary drugs administered in the form of single-dose applicators, one applicator was defined as the DDDcow. The prescribing patterns of antibacterial drugs in bovine mastitis in Norway and Sweden during the study period seemed to be influenced by treatment policies, substances and formulations approved and treatment cost; length of the withdrawal period also seemed to play a role. 相似文献
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Potency of antibacterial drugs in milk as analysed by β-glucuronidase-based fluorometry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The potency of selected antibacterials on mastitis-causing Escherichta coli, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis in milk, whey and Iso-sensitest broth (ISB) was compared, based on the suppression of bacterial β-glucuronidase production. The β-glucuronidase activity in the samples was analysed by substrate-defined fluorometry where the turbidity of milk does not disturb the assay. In ISB, all four E. coli strains were susceptible to enrofloxacin and gentamicin, sulfadoxintrimethoprim and tetracycline. S. agalactiae and S. uberis strains were susceptible in ISB to most of the antibacterials tested. The antibacterial potency of sulfadoxintrimethoprim, tetracycline, novobiocin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin on E. coli and S. agalactiae were considerably decreased in milk as compared with that in ISB. However, S. uberis seemed to be more susceptible to antibacterials in milk or whey than in ISB. Regression analysis of the sigmoidal dose-response curves of sulfadoxin-trimethoprim showed that slopes of the linearized lines seemed to become less steep in milk than in the artificial broth medium, indicating a shift of the bactericidic effect in ISB towards a bacteriostatic effect in milk. 相似文献
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当今养殖业,兽用抗菌药在防治疾病和保障动物产品安全方面发挥着巨大作用,但不合理、不规范的使用甚至滥用也会造成极大危害。基于兽用抗菌药使用过程中存在的问题,从兽用抗菌药的作用、使用现状、危害,以及如何在减抗替抗的背景下合理使用兽用抗菌药等方面进行综述,以期为养殖者在减抗替抗背景下合理使用兽用抗菌药提供参考。 相似文献
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为切实维护动物源性食品安全、公共卫生安全和生态环境安全，贵州省根据农业农村部相关要求，结合自身实际，研究制定了本省兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案。本文对贵州省兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动的实施举措进行了详细阐述，旨在为进一步推进兽用抗菌药减量化行动提供参考，助推贵州畜牧业高质量发展。 相似文献
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高密市被确定为山东省第二批兽用抗菌药使用减量化试点县以来，严格按照评价标准开展工作，认真指导养殖企业开展抗菌药减量化使用，以点带面推进各项措施落实，减少使用抗菌药类药物，建立了政府主导、企业参与、社会共治的科学管理工作机制，“减抗”省级试点工作推进稳妥有序，兽用抗菌药使用量实现逐年减少，减量工作取得实效。 相似文献
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为了选择敏感药物以避免抗药性的产生,选用新霉素、头孢噻肟钠、甲磺酸培氟沙星等8种抗菌药对东北地区主要养鸡场分离出的优势血清型致病性大肠埃希菌进行药敏试验.结果8种抗菌药的抑菌圈直径分别是氟苯尼考30 mm,头孢噻污钠28 mm,新霉素27 mm,甲磺酸培氟沙星21 mm,丁胺卡那25 mm ,磷霉素钙19 mm,庆大霉素6 mm,阿莫西林15 mm.根据药物敏感试验结果表明,抑菌作用较强的为氟苯尼考、头孢噻肟钠和新霉素. 相似文献
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为研究蒲公英提取物联合多种药物对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的体外协同抑菌效果,以期应用于临床,减少抗菌药的使用量,降低细菌耐药性和兽药残留。试验选取3种来源(河北,东北,北京)的蒲公英提取物,通过高效液相色谱仪对3种不同来源的蒲公英提取物的主成分及含量进行测定并分析,选取后期试验所需的蒲公英提取物来源。并应用微量肉汤稀释法测定多种抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值(最小抑菌浓度),随后测试蒲公英提取物与抗菌药物联合用药,是否对金黄色葡萄球菌具有协同效果。试验结果表明,不同来源的蒲公英提取物主成分含量差异较大,含有单咖啡酰酒石酸、咖啡酸、菊苣酸、绿原酸,但含量比例不同。随之测得不同来源蒲公英提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的敏感程度也有差异,临床用药前有必要进行药敏试验科学精准的选择更合适的药物。蒲公英提取物与金霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻呋、头孢喹肟等联合用药,对金葡菌的体外抑菌实验有良好的协同作用,体外能显著降低抗菌药物的用量。 相似文献
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随着养殖业的迅速发展，兽用抗菌药物的应用越来越广泛，但由于抗菌药物的不合理选择与滥用导致细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率在逐渐提高，几乎所有细菌都获得耐药基因。目前，细菌耐药已成为一个全球性问题，并且临床上，疾病病因复杂，常表现为多种病原菌的继发感染和混合感染，单一用药往往难以有效控制疾病，严重危害养殖业发展。抗菌药物的联合用药可以提升药物的治疗效果，缓解或减少不良反应，降低细菌耐药性发生率，对混合感染或不能进行细菌学诊断的病例，联合用药还可扩大抗菌范围。而药物代谢动力学（PK）与药效学（PD）结合模型可以有效综合药物、机体和致病菌之间的相互关系，为临床提供合理用药方案。因此，作者通过介绍联合用药的优势与问题，抗菌药物PK/PD的分类及PK/PD对联合用药给药方案的优化与指导，总结现阶段兽药抗菌药物联合用药的PK-PD研究进展，以期促进兽医临床抗菌药物的合理使用。 相似文献
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S.C. MacDiarmid 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(12):290-295
The veterinarian in clinical practice is often confronted with cases of mastitis that require systemic antibacterial treatment in addition to local treatment. This paper reviews the suitability of drugs available in New Zealand, taking into account their anti-staphylococcal activity, routes of administration, and their ability to attain and maintain therapeutic levels in the udder following systemic administration. The drugs considered include the more common penicillins, aminoglycosides and macrolides; oxytetracyline, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, and several sulphonamides. The success of systemic therapy against mastitis depends to a large extent on the concentration of antibacterial drug achieved at foci of infection. Passage of drugs across the blood-milk barrier takes place by passive diffusion, and the factors influencing this diffusion are discussed. Whe mastitis is associated with sensitive organisms, penicillin is recommended, although, as with all other antibacterials discussed, the dose used must be higher than normal. For penicillin, doses of the order of 16,500 iu/kg are recommended. The intramuscular injection of oxytetracycline will not produce therapeutic levels in milk but, after intravenous injection of high doses (10 mg/kg), this antibiotic is likely to maintain therapeutic levels in milk over a 24-hour period. As a first choice for the systemic treatment of mastitis, either tylosin or erythromycin is recommended. At a dose rate of 12.5 mg/kg, either will maintain for 24 hours milk levels in excess of the average MICs for staphylococci. Of the sulphonamides, sulphanilamide and sulphadimidine produce the highest milk levels. After intravenous administration at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg, sulphadimidine will maintain therapeutic levels in milk for 12 hours. Although trimethoprim has a very short half-life in cattle which limits its usefulness, it readily enters the milk and a combination of trimethoprim (as a suspension) with sulphadiazine, at a dose rate of 48 mg/kg, might be expected to maintain therapeutic levels in the milk for 12 hours. It is concluded that dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol, and the combination sulphadoxine/trimethoprim, are not suitable for the systemic treatment of bovine mastitis. 相似文献
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本试验旨在调查新疆石河子地区奶牛乳房炎源大肠杆菌的某些生物学特性及其耐药状况,以提高药物疗效,减少牛奶中药物的残留。试验从新疆石河子地区患乳房炎奶牛的乳样中分离纯化并鉴定出21株大肠杆菌,并对大肠杆菌分离株进行抗菌药物敏感性分析。结果表明,21株大肠杆菌对21种抗菌药物中的6种药物耐药率超过50%,其中最多的耐药15种,最少的耐药5种,耐药6及6种以上的菌株共占到76.19%。提示,该地区奶牛乳房炎源大肠杆菌对多种药物已产生了不同程度的耐药性,且存在严重的多重耐药情况。 相似文献
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报道了饲料用抗菌药物的使用现状,并对使用饲料用抗菌药物引起的微生态失衡、耐药性、抗生素残留、机体免疫力低下等负效应进行了调查,还提出了开发替代品解决饲用抗菌药物负效应问题的观点。 相似文献
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B.S. Cooper 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2013,61(11)
Extract Veterinarians who began practising before the second world war had available a vast array of drugs, including some synthetic antibacterials, but medicines were mostly of natural origin and had to be correctly treated, prepared, formulated and packaged for use. The research findings of Fleming, Florey, Selye and others who discovered the biological activity of whole new families of chemicals, changed the face of medicine seemingly within a decade or two, and this dramatic shift, from what was essentially materia medica to the new pharmacology, resulted in the rapid development of the pharmaceutical industry. Some companies just expanded from their powders and potions style of business whereas others, strong in chemical engineering, became involved in vaccine and antibiotic production through the application of fermentation technology. 相似文献