共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
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《中国畜牧兽医》2020,(1)
随着养殖业的迅速发展,兽用抗菌药物的应用越来越广泛,但由于抗菌药物的不合理选择与滥用导致细菌对抗菌药物的耐药率在逐渐提高,几乎所有细菌都获得耐药基因。目前,细菌耐药已成为一个全球性问题,并且临床上,疾病病因复杂,常表现为多种病原菌的继发感染和混合感染,单一用药往往难以有效控制疾病,严重危害养殖业发展。抗菌药物的联合用药可以提升药物的治疗效果,缓解或减少不良反应,降低细菌耐药性发生率,对混合感染或不能进行细菌学诊断的病例,联合用药还可扩大抗菌范围。而药物代谢动力学(PK)与药效学(PD)结合模型可以有效综合药物、机体和致病菌之间的相互关系,为临床提供合理用药方案。因此,作者通过介绍联合用药的优势与问题,抗菌药物PK/PD的分类及PK/PD对联合用药给药方案的优化与指导,总结现阶段兽药抗菌药物联合用药的PK-PD研究进展,以期促进兽医临床抗菌药物的合理使用。 相似文献
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近年来关于兽用抗菌药物的药代动力学/药效学（Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics,PK/PD）同步模型的研究取得较大进展。了解PK/PD同步模型的基本概念，利用PK/PD同步模型优化给药方案，可以增强药物的抗菌效果，减少耐药性的发生。该文介绍了PK/PD同步模型的研究方法和应用进展，以及PK/PD同步模型在兽药领域面临的挑战和应用前景，以期提高对兽药PK/PD同步模型及其未来发展趋势的认识，为兽用抗菌药物PK/PD同步模型研究开展提供一定理论基础。 相似文献
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目前抗菌药物的不合理使用较为普遍,这给我国家禽养殖业的健康发展带来了不利的影响.为了避免抗菌药物在家禽养殖业中的不合理使用,生产实际中应在疾病正确诊断基础上、根据抗菌药物的性质和适应症、家禽特殊的生理特点、生理机能状态和感染疾病的类型选择合理的药物对细菌性感染疾病进行治疗,同时制定合理的给药途径、剂量、间隔和疗程,适当的联合用药和交叉用药,避免和减少毒副,乍用和细菌耐药性的产生,严格执行休药期,确保抗菌药物在家禽细菌性疾病治疗中的合理使用. 相似文献
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氟苯尼考是一种动物专用的新型酰胺醇类广谱抗菌药物,因其良好的药效学特征,在兽医临床上被广泛应用于预防或治疗细菌性感染。伴随着养殖业的大量使用,细菌对氟苯尼考耐药性日益严重,特别是部分细菌对酰胺醇类和人医临床治疗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)、耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus,VRE)等多重耐药病原菌的特效抗菌药物恶唑烷酮类存在交叉耐药现象,对人类健康和公共卫生安全造成巨大威胁。因此,本文对目前已报道的氟苯尼考耐药机制做一综述,为有效控制氟苯尼考耐药菌株的发生与流行提供理论指导,同时也为兽医临床合理用药及氟苯尼考耐药菌对人与动物健康的风险评估提供数据参考。 相似文献
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１抗生素联合疗法适应症１．１病因未明的严重感染如病因未查明的化脓性脑膜炎可用大剂量青霉素与氯霉素联合治疗，后根据细菌培养结果调整。１．２混合感染或单一药物不能控制的严重感染如化脓性脑膜炎、感染性心内膜炎及败血症宜采用抗菌联合治疗。严重混合感染如肠穿孔所致腹膜炎常为多种细菌的混合感染，有厌氧菌、兼性厌氧菌和需氧菌等，可应用克林霉素与β－内酰胺类的联合治疗。１．３长期用药有产生耐药可能者主要见于结核病的治疗，利福平联合其他抗生素药物治疗金色葡萄球菌或表面葡萄球菌感染时，可使细菌对抗结核药或利福平不致… 相似文献
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抗菌药仍是治疗病原菌引起的奶牛疾病的常用方法。抗菌药的不合理使用使得细菌产生耐药性已成为全球性的问题,应引起人们的足够重视。奶牛的主要病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、大肠杆菌等也显现出多重耐药的趋势,给奶牛疾病的临床治疗带来困难,同时也威胁人类健康。细菌产生耐药性的速度远超过人们研发抗菌药的速度,因此,保持现有抗菌药的疗效很有必要。一方面应该掌握细菌的耐药机制,如细菌分子耐药机制、抗菌药物外排机制或降低摄入机制、生物膜等,以便找到合适的治疗方法;另一方面采用不同措施减少耐药细菌的出现,如质粒消除、抗菌药替代品、开发高效安全的抗菌药物、临床合理用药（联合治疗）等。作者对奶牛主要病原菌的耐药情况、耐药机制、耐药控制技术进行综述,以期为减少耐药性、规范抗菌药的使用和提高治疗效果提供参考。 相似文献
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正食品安全监管,深入养殖业领域已经毫无悬念。"耐药性"防控,成为养殖业生产管理的重要问题和紧迫问题。国家卫生计生委等14部门联合制定了《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》,明确加强抗菌药物应用和耐药控制体系建设,完善抗菌药物临床应用和细菌耐药监测网络,建立健全养殖领域抗菌药物应用和细菌耐药监测网络,监 相似文献
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抗菌增效剂属于人工合成的二氨基嘧啶类药物，此类药物与抗菌药物联合使用时会以特定的机制来增强抗菌药的药物活性。近年来，由于抗生素的广泛使用甚至滥用导致细菌耐药的问题日益显现，通过加入抗菌增效剂而研制出的新制剂可以提高抗菌药在动物体内的利用率、降低药物用量、增强药物疗效、降低兽药残留及减少细菌耐药性。文章分析了近年来甲氧苄啶、二甲氧苄啶和艾地普林与各类抗生素的联合使用制备的制剂产品，发现其对疾病的治疗效果普遍优于单独使用抗生素。同时，配合中药的使用对细菌耐药的问题有显著改善，为后期抗菌增效剂的研究打开新的局面。随着对兽药制剂的研究，其不再局限于简单的剂型，通过运用新技术、新材料研制出的制剂，针对不同的给药部位和给药途径可以对病患进行更精准的治疗，减少药物达到靶部位的时间，增加患病部位的药量，此思路可为后续的研发方向提供支持和参考。文章将对抗菌药-抗菌增效剂联用制剂的研发情况进行综述。 相似文献
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猪呼吸道疾病综合征（PRDC）在养猪业中广泛流行,发病原因复杂,由多种细菌、病毒、寄生虫及环境应激等因素共同引发,普遍造成猪生长迟缓和猪肉品质下降,还有相当比例的病猪死亡,严重影响养猪业的发展。胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（APP）、副猪嗜血杆菌（Hps）、链球菌（SS）是常见的细菌性病原,而猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）、伪狂犬病毒（PRV）是常见的病毒性病原,合理用药防治PRDC十分关键。头孢喹肟、氟苯尼考及加米霉素等抗生素因抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、在猪体内药代动力学特征优良等优点被广泛用于防控细菌性感染的猪呼吸道疾病。对于病毒性感染的猪呼吸道疾病,常用的抗病毒药物有细胞因子及中药,尤其是中药,不仅可以抗病毒还可增强机体免疫力,应用前景非常广阔。文章系统地阐述了上述抗菌药物的抗菌机理、药效学及药动学,详细介绍了上述抗病毒药物的抗病毒机理及其在病毒性猪呼吸道疾病上的应用,以期为合理用药防控PRDC提供一定的建议。 相似文献
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Prescott JF 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2008,9(2):127-133
The vast literature on antimicrobial drug use in animals has expanded considerably recently as the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis in human medicine leads to questions about all usage of antimicrobial drugs, including long-term usage in intensively managed food animals for growth promotion and disease prevention. Attention is also increasingly focusing on antimicrobial use and on bacterial resistance in companion animals, which are in intimate contact with the human population. They may share resistant bacteria with their owners, amplify resistant bacteria acquired from their owners, and act as a reservoir for human infection. Considerable effort is being made to describe the basis of AMR in bacterial pathogens of animals. Documentation of many aspects of use of antimicrobials in animals is, however, generally less developed and only a few countries can describe quantities of drugs used in animals to kg levels annually. In recent years, many national veterinary associations have produced 'prudent use guidelines' to try to improve antimicrobial drug use and decrease resistance, but the impact of guidelines is unknown. Within the evolving global movement for 'antimicrobial stewardship', there is considerable scope to improve many aspects of antimicrobial use in animals, including infection control and reduction of use, with a view to reducing resistance and its spread, and to preserving antimicrobial drugs for the future. 相似文献
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Justine A Johnson 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2002,32(5):1101-1126
Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance are topics that have been intensely studied in human medicine because of their significant impact on human health. In recent years, concerns have been raised that the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agriculture may be contributing to the development of resistance in common bacterial species affecting human beings. Although there is inadequate proof at this time that the resistance is transmitted from animals to people, if antibiotics continue to be used indiscriminately in veterinary medicine, veterinarians may find themselves facing regulations restricting the use of some antibiotics. Nosocomial infections have been reported in veterinary medicine and are likely to increase in prevalence with the increase in intensive care practices in many hospitals. Prolonged hospitalization and the use of invasive devices and procedures increase the risk of nosocomial disease. As in human medicine, organisms isolated in the nosocomial infections reported in veterinary patients have an increasingly broad spectrum of antimicrobial resistance. Despite these findings, the use of empiric and prophylactic antibiotic therapy is still widespread in veterinary medicine. Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance may have a serious impact on the future of [table: see text] veterinary medicine, because the cost and ability to treat our patients may be affected by the loss of access to or effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs. Despite the millions of dollars spent on research to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections in human patients, the strategies that have consistently proven successful are simple and inexpensive to implement. The most important factor in preventing nosocomial infections is improving the hygiene practices of health care providers. Hand-washing or the use of disposable gloves can dramatically reduce the transmission of bacteria between patients. Aseptic technique should be used in the placement and management of all invasive devices. All staff members should be educated on the risks and symptoms associated with nosocomial infections so that cases can be detected early and treated appropriately. We in the veterinary profession have the opportunity to learn from the experiences of the human medical profession and can take steps to prevent the escalation of nosocomial infections and their impact on our profession. 相似文献
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为研究蒲公英提取物联合多种药物对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的体外协同抑菌效果,以期应用于临床,减少抗菌药的使用量,降低细菌耐药性和兽药残留。试验选取3种来源(河北,东北,北京)的蒲公英提取物,通过高效液相色谱仪对3种不同来源的蒲公英提取物的主成分及含量进行测定并分析,选取后期试验所需的蒲公英提取物来源。并应用微量肉汤稀释法测定多种抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值(最小抑菌浓度),随后测试蒲公英提取物与抗菌药物联合用药,是否对金黄色葡萄球菌具有协同效果。试验结果表明,不同来源的蒲公英提取物主成分含量差异较大,含有单咖啡酰酒石酸、咖啡酸、菊苣酸、绿原酸,但含量比例不同。随之测得不同来源蒲公英提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的敏感程度也有差异,临床用药前有必要进行药敏试验科学精准的选择更合适的药物。蒲公英提取物与金霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢噻呋、头孢喹肟等联合用药,对金葡菌的体外抑菌实验有良好的协同作用,体外能显著降低抗菌药物的用量。 相似文献
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McKellar QA Sanchez Bruni SF Jones DG 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2004,27(6):503-514
The rise in incidence of antimicrobial resistance, consumer demands and improved understanding of antimicrobial action has encouraged international agencies to review the use of antimicrobial drugs. More detailed understanding of relationships between the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antimicrobial drugs in target animal species and their action on target pathogens [pharmacodynamics (PD)] has led to greater sophistication in design of dosage schedules which improve the activity and reduce the selection pressure for resistance in antimicrobial therapy. This, in turn, may be informative in the pharmaceutical development of antimicrobial drugs and in their selection and clinical utility. PK/PD relationships between area under the concentration time curve from zero to 24 h (AUC(0-24)) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and MIC and time during which plasma concentrations exceed the MIC have been particularly useful in optimizing efficacy and minimizing resistance. Antimicrobial drugs have been classified as concentration-dependent where increasing concentrations at the locus of infection improve bacterial kill, or time-dependent where exceeding the MIC for a prolonged percentage of the inter-dosing interval correlates with improved efficacy. For the latter group increasing the absolute concentration obtained above a threshold does not improve efficacy. The PK/PD relationship for each group of antimicrobial drugs is 'bug and drug' specific, although ratios of 125 for AUC(0-24):MIC and 10 for C(max):MIC have been recommended to achieve high efficacy for concentration-dependent antimicrobial drugs, and exceeding MIC by 1-5 multiples for between 40 and 100% of the inter-dosing interval is appropriate for most time-dependent agents. Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and metronidazole are concentration-dependent and beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides and glycopeptides are time-dependent. For drugs of other classes there is limited and conflicting information on their classification. Resistance selection may be reduced for concentration-dependent antimicrobials by achieving an AUC(0-24):MIC ratio of greater than 100 or a C(max):MIC ratio of greater than 8. The relationships between time greater than MIC and resistance selection for time-dependent antimicrobials have not been well characterized. 相似文献
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细菌耐药性产生的原因、机制及防治措施 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
20世纪40年代青霉素的问世将人类带入了抗生素时代,抗感染治疗由此进入了新纪元,感染性疾病的病死率大大降低。半个世纪以来,人类一直把抗菌药物作为抗感染治疗最有力的武器。然而随着抗菌药物的广泛应用,感染性疾病的治疗又遇到了新的挑战——细菌对抗生素产生了耐药性,而此种耐药性表现为抗菌药物使用得越多耐药性亦变得越严重。目前已发现某些细菌对现有的几乎全部抗菌药物产生耐药,超级细菌的出现使人类有可能再次回到面临感染而无药可医的困境,控制细菌耐药性的增长已成为医学界乃至全人类的当务之急。正在逐渐建立自己的细菌耐药监测网络,监测细菌耐药的流行状况和规律,研究细菌产生耐药性的机制。 相似文献