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1.
H Stocker U B?ttig M Duss M Z?hner M Flückiger R Eicher P Rüsch 《Tier?rztliche Praxis》1989,17(3):251-256
Ultrasonography and radiography were used as an adjunct to clinical examination in the evaluation of 73 obstructed teats in 63 dairy cows. The images obtained with a 3.5 MHz and a 5 MHz linear array transducer were compared with radiographs and correlated with findings obtained at surgery. Ultrasonography and radiography allowed a correct assessment of the lesions in 68 respectively 58 teats. In five cases the obstructive lesions in the teat canal were not clearly discernible when ultrasonography was used. Radiography was the method of choice for the evaluation of the teat canal and small mucosal folds in the milk cistern. Ultrasonography was the method of choice for the detection of obstructive lesions at the base of the teat; all 14 of these cases were assessed correctly using ultrasonography versus three of 14 when radiography was used. Ultrasonography is a useful tool for the practitioner to evaluate obstructive teat lesions. 相似文献
2.
The udders of 100 heifers were examined for clinical changes during parturition. Of each quarter colostral samples were taken and analyzed bacteriologically. 35 heifers (13.5% of the quarters) showed clinical changes of the quarters and/or of colostral samples. 14 of these animals (4.75% of the quarters) suffered from cellulitis-like mastitis. 13 (5.25% of the quarters) had acute catarrhalic mastitis and eight heifers (3.5% of the quarters) showed acute galactophoritis. In all milk samples of animals with pathological changes of the udder or of colostrum the causing bacteria could be identified. Besides the group of 35 heifers with clinical lesions udder-pathogenic bacteria were found in samples of 24 apparently healthy animals (20.5% of the quarters) during parturition. However, these animals failed to show clinical signs of inflammation at least until the end of this study (10 days post partum). Isolated bacteria included facultative and obligate pathogenic species, 70% of which were gram-positive cocci (i.e. Streptococcus [Sc.] uberis, Sc. dysgalactiae, Sc. agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococci) versus 30% of gram-negative bacteria (i.e. Escherichia [E.] coli, Klebsiella and other coliform species. In-vitro-susceptibility tests showed best effectiveness of Penicillin against Sc., Cloxacillin against staphylococci and Gentamycin and Polymyxin B against coliform bacteria. Possible pathways, leading to bacterial infection of first lactating heifers during parturition, are discussed. Pathways of infection seem to be of lesser importance for the development of apparent, sometimes severe mastitis with coliform bacteria.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
3.
Lincomycin has a good influence on mastitis caused by gram positive bacteria especially streptococci and staphylococci. Applied parenterally lincomycin is very toxic. Therefore it is not a regular therapeutic drug. The tubes for intramammary application are completely non-toxic. Lincomycin is very useful for treating dairy herds with galt mastitis. 相似文献
4.
杂色鲍血细胞中一氧化氮合酶活性的鉴别 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一氧化氮合酶(Nitric oxide synthase,NOS)是催化L-精氨酸与O_2产生一氧化氮(Nitric ox- ide,NO)的一种合成酶,它广泛存在于生物体的各个器官和组织中,其活力大小可通过测定NO合成量的多少来决定。NO作为一种新型生物信使分子、效应分子和免疫调节分子,参与机体多种重要的生理病理活动,可以通过非特异性地杀伤细菌、真菌、寄生虫及病毒等。增强机体的非特异性免疫。本文采用生物化学法,以副溶血弧菌和脂多糖为刺激因子.并采用硝酸盐还原酶法测定了NO的水平,对杂色鲍血细胞中的NOS活性进行了初步鉴别。结果表明,加入副溶血弧菌组或LPS组NO水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),孵育4h后分别为对照组的1.84和1.92倍,孵育8h后分别为对照组的2.38和3.05倍,而且这一反应能被NOS抑制剂L-NAME所阻断,说明杂色鲍血细胞中存在NOS活性。 相似文献
5.
S. R. Krupesha Sharma K. M. Shankar M. L. Sathyanarayana Raj Reddy Patil H. D. Narayana Swamy Suguna Rao 《Aquaculture International》2011,19(3):421-430
Biofilm (BF) of Vibrio alginolyticus was developed on chitin flakes. BF formation was studied at various nutrient concentrations and incubation time. Highest
colony-forming units of BF cells were obtained with 0.15% trypticase soya broth and at 3 days of incubation. The BF cells
could be completely inactivated at 80°C in 10 min and with 10% formalin in 24 h. SDS–PAGE profile of BF cells revealed repression
of four proteins and expression of three new proteins compared to free cells (FC). The preliminary immune response studies
showed that BF cells were superior to FC in stimulating the non-specific immune response of Penaeus monodon. 相似文献
6.
为探究河南华溪蟹副性腺的功能以及铅对副性腺功能的影响和毒性机理,首先采用钙离子载体A23187诱导法对河南华溪蟹进行精子顶体反应诱导实验,结果显示副性腺匀浆+A23187组合下的顶体反应诱导率最高,可达78%,这提示河南华溪蟹副性腺具有调节精子顶体反应的作用。在此基础上采用急性铅染毒的方法,设1个对照组和5个铅处理组(3.675、7.35、14.70、29.40和58.80 mg/L),染毒时间分别为3、5和7 d,检测了铅染毒后的副性腺对精子顶体反应诱导率的影响,以及染毒后副性腺中活性氧(ROS)含量、蛋白质羰基化(PCO)含量、DNA-蛋白质交联率(DPC)的变化。结果显示,随着铅染毒剂量的增加和染毒时间的延长,精子顶体反应诱导率明显下降,副性腺中ROS含量和PCO含量升高,但DPC无明显变化。研究表明,铅对河南华溪蟹副性腺有明显的生殖毒性,可降低其在精子顶体反应诱导过程中的作用,主要原因是铅诱导产生的ROS使副性腺中蛋白质发生了氧化损伤。 相似文献
7.
The influence of housing factors on udder diseases was investigated in 2156 tiestall barns with 41893 cows and in 98 loose housed herds with 4126 cows. In loose housed herds less teat injuries were observed and also less mastitis than in tiestall barns. Within the different tiestall systems there was a trend to more udder diseases in short standings with a dung grid than in other systems. The ordinary neck chain and the "Grabner"-tethering system showed better results than the horizontal chain and the yoke tying system. Stall partitions between the cows caused a marked reduction of udder diseases. The installation of a cow trainer showed advantages regarding udder diseases. Inaccurate standing measurements (length and width) caused more udder diseases. When the metal grid was in poor condition, the incidence of teat injuries as well as udder diseases of heifers increased. Teat injuries and udder infections were more frequent when limb or digit injuries were found. Regular hoof care twice a year reduced the udder disease rate. Bedding material influenced the incidence of udder diseases positively. On farms where the cows were on pasture, the incidence of udder infections was higher than on farms where the cows were permanently housed. Heifers that were tied as calves or as juveniles showed significantly less udder diseases than those that were raised in groups. Faults in milking, defects in milking machines and deficits in milking hygiene showed a negative effect on udder diseases. 相似文献
8.
F. Aranishi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1999,20(1):37-41
Cysteine proteases, cathepsins L and B, in Japanese eel epidermis are suspected bacteriolysins against aquatic pathogens. This work examines the lysis of three species of gram-negative pathogenic bacteria by the eel epidermal extract according to the assay method for cysteine proteases. The optimum pH for the lysis of the three species of bacteria were commonly determined to be 5.0, where both of eel epidermal cathepsins L and B caused active proteolysis. Four kinds of specific inhibitors for cysteine proteases strongly inhibited these catheptic proteolyses and bacteriolyses. The activities for the lysis of three types of bacteria were at a similar level, but the effects on the bacterium which infects predominantly eel skin largely varied with individual fish. These results suggest that epidermal cathepsins L and B are responsible for lysis of any pathogenic bacteria in the nonspecific defense of Japanese eel. 相似文献
9.
为了更加了解草鱼B淋巴细胞吞噬活性,本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRTPCR)检测了IgM在胚胎发育中的表达量,并且检测了IgM在不同组织中的分布以及细菌刺激下IgM的转录情况。结果显示,IgM在卵裂期到出膜前期的表达量变化不明显,在出膜后开始显著增加;IgM在检测的组织中均有分布,在头肾中表达量最高,并且其表达量在不同细菌的刺激下均显著上调。从草鱼外周血中分离纯化得到B淋巴细胞,并通过吉姆萨染色、qRT-PCR和间接免疫荧光进行了验证。细菌吞噬实验结果显示,B淋巴细胞对嗜水气单胞菌具有一定的吞噬能力,并随孵育时间增加而逐渐增强。细菌刺激B淋巴细胞后活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)释放量显著上升;血清调理实验结果显示,通过血清调理可以显著促进B淋巴细胞ROS的释放,然而对NO的释放水平没有显著影响。研究表明,草鱼B淋巴细胞对细菌具有一定的吞噬能力,并且可以通过呼吸爆发等非特异性免疫的方式直接参与抗菌免疫。 相似文献
10.
蛋白酶抑制因子是极其多样的蛋白质或多肽,能抑制蛋白酶的水解活性。研究发现蛋白酶抑制因子能通过抑制病原蛋白酶活性,从而抑制病原的入侵。I84蛋白酶抑制因子家族是MEROPS数据库中新增的一个家族,其部分成员在免疫防御过程中的作用得到了一定的揭示。为探究I84蛋白酶抑制因子家族在长牡蛎中的分布和功能状况,实验鉴定了长牡蛎中23个潜在的I84家族基因,根据系统进化树分析,挑选了5个同源基因进行时空表达和功能分析。首先,利用克隆技术验证了长牡蛎中5个I84家族同源基因CgSi3、CgSi5、CgSi6、CgSi16和CgSi19可表达性。结果显示,5个基因在外套膜、闭壳肌、性腺、血淋巴细胞、肝胰腺和鳃等6个组织中均表达,但肝胰腺中表达量显著高于其他组织。同时,5个基因在长牡蛎幼体不同发育阶段表达模式不同,其中各基因在受精卵时期均不表达,CgSi3表达量则在眼点幼虫期显著上升后下降,而CgSi6在壳顶幼虫期开始表达后,表达量随长牡蛎发育而持续增加。另外,对牡蛎进行病原相关模式分子(PAMPs)注射后,5个基因也表现出不同的表达模式,其中LPS和PGN注射后CgSi6表达量变化明显,而poly (... 相似文献
11.
皮肤黏液是鱼类免疫防御的第一道防线。大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液对其免疫防御、渗透压维持以及适应水陆生活等方面具有重要意义。为深入了解大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液的蛋白质分子组成,对其皮肤黏液开展了抑菌活性分析和蛋白质组学分析。通过电刺激法收集大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液,采用打孔法比较了皮肤黏液和血清的抑菌活性差异;进一步利用鳗弧菌对大弹涂鱼进行诱导,采用生长曲线抑制法分析和比较了诱导前后皮肤黏液的抑菌活性差异。利用Shotgun质谱技术,结合大弹涂鱼皮肤转录组数据库,对大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液开展了蛋白质组学分析;进一步利用String软件对所鉴定的蛋白质开展了蛋白质相互作用预测。大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液具有广谱抑菌活性,鳗弧菌诱导后的大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液与诱导前相比,对部分革兰氏阴性菌的抑菌活性明显上升,但对其他菌株的抑菌活性差异不明显。从大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液中共鉴定各类蛋白质分子97种,基本分子组成与其他硬骨鱼类皮肤黏液蛋白相似,但也有少数蛋白如泛素蛋白、胸腺素蛋白等未在其他鱼类皮肤黏液中报道。此外,其他鱼类中所鉴定到的部分蛋白如热休克蛋白、抗菌肽等在大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液中未能鉴定到。大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液中已鉴定的蛋白多数具有与免疫功能相关的结构域,且存在一个以肌动蛋白为核心的相互作用网络。大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液具有明显的广谱抑菌活性,其蛋白质组成与其他鱼类皮肤黏液具有一定的相似性。本研究为深入了解大弹涂鱼皮肤黏液的分子多样性及功能机制奠定了基础。 相似文献
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13.
将奥尼罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus× O. areus）幼鱼暴露于不同质量浓度（0、2.5 mg·L -1、5 mg·L -1、10 mg ·L -1和20 mg·L -1）的氨氮溶液中,于第0、第12、第24、第48和第72小时测定其非特异性免疫相关指标。结果表明,试验幼鱼经氨氮胁迫后各试验组血清溶菌酶活力随着胁迫时间的延长下降显著（P ﹤0.05）。氨氮胁迫明显影响鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）及相关抗氧化酶活力。与对照组相比,随胁迫时间增加各试验组肝脏 T-AOC 及总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活力均先下降后上升（P ﹤0.05）。过氧化氢酶（CAT）及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活力变化还与胁迫溶液浓度相关。低浓度组（2.5 mg·L -1和5 mg·L -1）,CAT 活力在胁迫24 h 后显著下降（P ﹤0.05）;高浓度组（10 mg·L -1和20 mg·L -1）,CAT 活力却出现先升高后降低的变化。除最高浓度组,各试验组 GSH-Px 活力表现为诱导效应（P ﹤0.05）。试验条件下氨氮胁迫对罗非鱼非特异性免疫产生明显影响,且随浓度增加及时间延长影响程度加大。 相似文献
14.
Christopher Marlowe A. Caipang 《Aquaculture International》2013,21(3):591-603
The gastro-intestinal tract serves as the route of infection of most bacterial pathogens in fish, and the immune response genes in the gut produce substances that provide an initial defense during pathogen invasion. The expression of some genes involved in antibacterial defense, cell-mediated immunity and inflammation in the distal intestine of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., was investigated following intraperitoneal vaccination with heat-killed Vibrio anguillarum. Tissue samples of the distal intestine were collected at 0, 1, 3, 7 and 10 days post-vaccination (dpv) and processed for semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses. Expression of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein/lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (BPI/LBP), g-type lysozyme, non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor protein-1 (NCCRP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) significantly increased during the early stages post-vaccination, that is, 1–3 dpv, followed by a decrease in their expression returning to their initial levels. Transferrin and apolipoprotein A-I, although weakly expressed in the distal intestine, also increased in the vaccinated fish. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was significantly decreased in its expression level relative to the PBS-injected fish at 3 and 7 dpv. The expression of these immune-related genes in the distal intestine as a result of vaccination provides valuable information on the mechanisms of gut immunity in the fish against pathogenic bacteria, particularly during the early stages of infection. 相似文献
15.
Positive correlation between Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine antigen concentration and protection in vaccinated rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss evaluated by a tail fin infection model 
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下载免费PDF全文 M H Marana J Skov J K Chettri B Krossøy I Dalsgaard P W Kania K Buchmann 《Journal of fish diseases》2017,40(4):507-516
Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), are able to raise a protective immune response against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (AS) following injection vaccination with commercial vaccines containing formalin‐killed bacteria, but the protection is often suboptimal under Danish mariculture conditions. We elucidated whether protection can be improved by increasing the concentration of antigen (formalin‐killed bacteria) in the vaccine. Rainbow trout juveniles were vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with a bacterin of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain 090710‐1/23 in combination with Vibrio anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2a supplemented with an oil adjuvant. Three concentrations of AS antigens were applied. Fish were subsequently challenged with the homologous bacterial strain administered by perforation of the tail fin epidermis and 60‐s contact with live A. salmonicida bacteria. The infection method proved to be efficient and could differentiate efficacies of different vaccines. It was shown that protection and antibody production in exposed fish were positively correlated to the AS antigen concentration in the vaccine. 相似文献
16.
虾蛄消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
虾蛄（ Ｓｑｕｉｌｌａ ｏｒａｔｏｒｉａ） 的消化系统由消化道和中肠腺组成,前者包括口、食道、贲门胃、幽门胃、中肠和中肠盲囊、后肠以及肛门。中肠腺甚为发达,为复管状腺,腺管上皮由分泌细胞、储存细胞、吸收细胞和胚细胞４ 种类型细胞组成。分泌细胞的顶端有一明显的分泌囊泡,呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性,可通过分泌囊泡外排或顶端细胞质崩解而向腺腔分泌水解酶类,后者进入消化道对食物进行细胞外消化。吸收细胞细胞质内含丰富的ＲＮＡ 和蛋白质,表明该细胞具有旺盛的蛋白质合成功能。储存细胞含有糖原和脂类,其基部质膜显示碱性磷酶酶活性,表明储存细胞可将细胞内的营养物质转运至腺管间的血窦。胚细胞体积较小,胞质嗜碱性,但细胞核大而圆。消化道粘膜上皮主要为柱状细胞,贲门胃和幽门胃上皮细胞表面有几丁质层覆盖。贲门胃肌层发达,主要起机械研磨食物的作用。幽门胃的几丁质层特化形成间壶腹脊和壶腹上脊,两者相互配合而起过滤作用。中肠粘膜上皮细胞表面无几丁质层,上皮细胞呈现蛋白酶、非特异性酯酶和脂酶活性,表明中肠也能分泌消化水解酶。中肠上皮细胞具有微绒毛,亦表明中肠可能参与食物的吸收。后肠肠腔虽宽大,但其上皮细胞仅呈现较弱的非特异性酯酶活性,故后 相似文献
17.
Thomas L. Welker Chhorn Lim Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy Phillip H. Klesius 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2007,262(1):156-162
Juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed nutritionally complete, practical basal diets supplemented with bovine lactoferrin (Lf) at 0, 200, 400, 800, or 1600 mg/kg diet to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, the effect of dietary Lf on growth performance, immune function, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae challenge and low-water stress was determined. Dietary Lf did not affect growth performance (weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio, or survival) or haematological parameters (haemoglobin, white and red blood cell counts, or haematocrit) (P > 0.05). Crowding stress produced significant increases in plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, and osmolality from baseline values (P ≤ 0.001), but dietary Lf did not affect plasma glucose, osmolality, or cortisol concentrations (P > 0.05). The level of Lf in diet had a significant impact on survival following S. iniae challenge with fish fed the 800 mg/kg Lf diet having significantly higher survival than control fish (P ≤ 0.05). There was not a corresponding increase in activity of non-specific or specific immune parameters (plasma lysozyme and spontaneous haemolytic complement activities or agglutination antibody titer against S. iniae) with addition of Lf to diets (P > 0.05), but plasma iron decreased and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) increased significantly with increasing concentration of Lf in diet (P ≤ 0.05). The ability of Lf to sequester iron, an essential nutrient required for the growth of bacteria, is regarded as one of its key antibacterial properties. The increased survival with increasing dietary concentration of Lf seemed to correspond with a decrease in plasma iron concentration and not enhancement of non-specific or specific immune functions. 相似文献
18.
用组织学、组织化学和电镜技术对单环刺螠（Urechis unicinctus）消化道的发生及分化进行研究。结果表明，单环刺螠消化道起源于原肠胚期内陷而成的原肠腔；至早期担轮幼虫时期，消化道连通，开始摄食，此时据管腔直径不同消化道可分为口、食道、胃、中肠及后肠。附着变态后，其消化道在结构及功能上都有了明显的发育与分化。至蠕虫状幼虫时期。食道、胃及后肠已出现黏膜下层及肌层。嗉囊与砂囊可明显区分。中肠已产生肌纤维的分化，呼吸肠由中肠分化而来，其胞体细长，且核质比较小，可与中肠明显区分。至幼螠时期，食道前端产生了咽部的分化，至此消化道各部位在结构及功能上都与成体有了很大的相似性。即由口、咽、食道、嗉囊、砂囊、胃、中肠、呼吸肠、后肠和肛门组成。组织化学研究结果表明，随着发育，消化道各部位分别呈现不同的碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、脂酶、ATP酶、非特异性酯酶及多糖类物质活性。 相似文献
19.
A case of intersexuality in an arabo-haflinger horse is described. The external genitalia consisted of mammary gland, vulva and hypertrophic clitoris; the inner genitalia of rudimental testes. The sexual behaviour was typically male-like. The chromosome analysis showed the female karyotype 64,XX. The presence of testes in a genetically female animal is explained by translocation of an Y-chromosome fragment bearing the gene for the H-Y-antigen. 相似文献