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研究了不同叶位、不同品种和不同茶类茶叶中有机酸的含量,以及不同冲泡时间、冲泡温度和pH条件下有机酸的浸出特性。结果表明:有机酸中奎尼酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸和草酸的含量要高于酒石酸和L-抗坏血酸的含量,有机酸总量随着鲜叶嫩度的下降而减少,其中草酸的含量下降明显,第4叶的含量仅为一芽一叶的49.5℅;不同茶叶品种对有机酸含量有较大影响,福鼎种的含量最低,黄金桂的含量最高;不同茶类间茶叶有机酸含量变化显著,依次为:红茶>乌龙茶>绿茶>普洱茶;另外有机酸的浸出随着冲泡温度的提高和冲泡时间的延长而增加,但随着pH值的提高却呈减少趋势。 相似文献
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茶叶的风味品质是茶叶中化学成分通过冲泡而在茶叶的色、香、味上体现出来的。迄今为止,已有较多文献报道冲泡时间对茶叶化学成分浸出的影响,研究表明随着冲泡时间的延长,茶汤中的水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸的浸出率亦随之增加。温润泡是指在冲泡第一道茶之前,先将茶叶用沸水淋湿后即将水倒干,温润泡对茶叶感官品质产生影响。本试验以茉莉毛峰、茉莉春螺、白牡丹、铁观音、肉桂、政和工夫红茶等不同茶类为试验材料,探讨温润泡(短时冲泡)对不同茶类主要品质成分浸出的影响,以期为不同茶类的泡饮方式提供参考。 相似文献
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以传统白茶中的白牡丹为原料,采用响应面法研究了不同冲泡要素对茶汤主要滋味成分浸出率的影响,优化并建立了白茶茶汤感官评价与冲泡温度、冲泡时间和茶叶用量的回归方程。结果表明,白茶茶汤中茶多酚、游离氨基酸和咖啡碱的浸出率随着茶叶用量、冲泡温度、冲泡时间的增加而增大,各冲泡要素对茶多酚、游离氨基酸的影响均达到显著水平,而对咖啡碱浸出率的影响不显著,茶叶用量对游离氨基酸浸出率影响最大,温度对茶多酚浸出率影响最大。以茶汤感官品质为评价,优化冲泡白牡丹的最优条件为茶叶用量3.05 g(茶水比约1∶50)、冲泡温度100℃、冲泡时间5.03 min,该条件下冲泡的白茶感官评分为92.40分,其茶汤香气清纯、滋味醇爽、汤色橙黄,回归方程模型验证值与预测值接近,拟合度好。 相似文献
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食品安全是旅游安全的重要部分,"食"是旅游业中六个基本要素,通过不同冲泡时间、温度对白牡丹主要内含物质浸出规律进行研究,结果表明:用4益和30益水冲泡12h,白牡丹的三种主要呈味物质的浸出含量均十分接近100益水冲泡1h时的含量;低温冲泡时茶叶主要内含物质的浸出速率随时间的变化规律同高温冲泡的规律相似,都随时间的增长而减慢。建议常温(25-30益)下冲泡6h以上,冰水(保存在冰箱中)冲泡10h以上为宜,从而保证茶叶中的有效物质浸出浓度达到饮用要求,使茶叶的保健功效达到最佳。 相似文献
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茶叶中稀土氧化物总量现状及其溶出特性研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为明确当前我国茶叶中稀土氧化物总量（∑REOs）的现状及其溶出特性,分析了2007~2010年全国各地1245只茶叶中∑REOs的现状,并对不同含量及不同加工方式的茶叶进行溶出特性研究,结果表明：我国的茶叶中∑REOs中值约为2mg/kg,含量范围介于未检出至13.80mg/kg之间;90%以上的茶叶∑REOs小于5mg/kg,∑REOs残留量小于2mg/kg的茶叶比例为45%~65%;乌龙茶∑REOs残留量小于2mg/kg的茶叶比例低于50%,其他茶类如绿茶、花茶等,其∑REOs残留量小于2mg/kg的茶叶比例均在70%以上。当茶叶磨碎后其稀土浸出率均显著高于原样。茶叶加工过程中对芽叶的挤压程度可能是影响稀土浸出率的一个主要因素,各类茶的稀土浸出率为：针形茶<扁形茶<卷曲形茶<粉茶。茶汤中∑REOs以第1次冲泡最高,随着冲泡次数增加而递减。3次冲泡的总浸出率以乌龙茶粉最高,约为60%;其次是乌龙整茶,约为50%;针形绿茶的稀土浸出率最低,仅为5%。即使对总浸出率最高的乌龙茶粉而言,当乌龙茶粉干物质中的∑REOs达到6mg/kg,茶汤中的∑REOs也仍低于饮用水的限量指标。 相似文献
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茶汤浓度对绿茶水浸出物含量及其感官审评的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
本文对采用不同的加工方法和嫩度所加工出来的且其外形有较大差异的绿茶进行不同冲泡方法试验,测定其水浸出物的浸出速度和浸出总量,以及水浸出物含量对感官品质审评的影响。结果表明：茶水浸出物的浸出速度和总量与茶叶的加工方法、嫩度、造型及冲泡时间、冲泡温度有关。感官审评时感觉茶汤最为适宜的浓度在0．45g／ml左右。 相似文献
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典型造型名优绿茶茶多酚浸出规律的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文研究了冲泡时间与水温对不同典型造型名优绿茶茶汤中茶多酚浸出浓度与浸出速率的影响,结果表明,随着冲泡时间的延长与冲泡水温的升高,茶多酚的浸出浓度不断上升,浸出速率逐步降低;造型、冲泡水温、冲泡时间对茶汤中茶多酚的浸出浓度与浸出比率的影响达到了极显著水平.各造型名优绿茶茶多酚的浸出浓度与速率快慢顺序为:卷曲形(以碧螺春为代表)>针形(以雨花茶为代表)>直条形(以信阳毛尖为代表)>单芽形(以竹叶青为代表)>扁形(以西湖龙井为代表)>朵形(以黄山毛峰为代表). 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
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Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
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Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献