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1.
A mechanistic model for predicting the nutrient requirements and feed biological values for sheep 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS), a mechanistic model that predicts nutrient requirements and biological values of feeds for cattle, was modified for use with sheep. Published equations were added for predicting the energy and protein requirements of sheep, with a special emphasis on dairy sheep, whose specific needs are not considered by most sheep-feeding systems. The CNCPS for cattle equations that are used to predict the supply of nutrients from each feed were modified to include new solid and liquid ruminal passage rates for sheep, and revised equations were inserted to predict metabolic fecal N. Equations were added to predict fluxes in body energy and protein reserves from BW and condition score. When evaluated with data from seven published studies (19 treatments), for which the CNCPS for sheep predicted positive ruminal N balance, the CNCPS for sheep predicted OM digestibility, which is used to predict feed ME values, with no mean bias (1.1 g/100 g of OM; P > 0.10) and a low root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE; 3.6 g/100 g of OM). Crude protein digestibility, which is used to predict N excretion, was evaluated with eight published studies (23 treatments). The model predicted CP digestibility with no mean bias (-1.9 g/100 g of CP; P > 0.10) but with a large RMSPE (7.2 g/100 g of CP). Evaluation with a data set of published studies in which the CNCPS for sheep predicted negative ruminal N balance indicated that the model tended to underpredict OM digestibility (mean bias of -3.3 g/100 g of OM, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 6.5 g/100 g of OM; n = 12) and to overpredict CP digestibility (mean bias of 2.7 g/100 g of CP, P > 0.10; RMSPE = 12.8 g/100 g of CP; n = 7). The ability of the CNCPS for sheep to predict gains and losses in shrunk BW was evaluated using data from six studies with adult sheep (13 treatments with lactating ewes and 16 with dry ewes). It accurately predicted variations in shrunk BW when diets had positive N balance (mean bias of 5.8 g/d; P > 0.10; RMSPE of 30.0 g/d; n = 15), whereas it markedly overpredicted the variations in shrunk BW when ruminal balance was negative (mean bias of 53.4 g/d, P < 0.05; RMSPE = 84.1 g/d; n = 14). These evaluations indicated that the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System for Sheep can be used to predict energy and protein requirements, feed biological values, and BW gains and losses in adult sheep. 相似文献
2.
Performance, DMI, diet composition, and slaughter data from 9,683 pens of steers and 5,009 pens of heifers that were fed high-concentrate diets for 90 d or more were obtained from 15 feedlots from the western United States and Canada. The data set included pen means for more than 3.1 million cattle fed between 1998 and 2004. Performance measurements assessed included ADG, DMI, dietary NE, shrunk initial weight (SIW), and shrunk final weight. Mature final weight (MFW) for cattle in each pen was estimated based on regression of slaughter weight against SIW and ADG across all pens. Equations were developed to standardize performance projections (ADG, MFW, and break-even values) and analyze feedlot cattle close-outs. Generally, as diet NE concentration increased, DMI was decreased but G:F, dressing percentage, and yield grade all increased. Pens of cattle with greater SIW had greater ADG, DMI, and shrunk final weight but a lower G:F and dressing percentage. Dressing percentage and yield grade were correlated positively. Equations of the NRC relating gain to NE intake explained 85 and 80% of the variation in DMI of steers and heifers, respectively, with mean ratios of predicted to observed DMI (DMIratio) at 1.000 +/- 0.0506 and 0.974 +/- 0.0490. However, a significant (P < 0.001) bias in the NRC estimate of DMI was detected (r(2) = 0.10 and 0.05, for steers and heifers) between the DMIratio and ADG in which DMIratio increased as ADG increased. This was due to inherent confounding of ADG and MFW in the original NE equation of Lofgreen and Garrett. Based on iterative optimization to minimize the difference between expected and observed DMI, revised equations for retained energy (RE, Mcal/kg) were developed for steers and for heifers: RE(steer) = 0.0606 x (LW x 478/MFW(steer))(0.75)ADG(0.905); RE(heifer) = 0.0618 x (LW x 478/MFW(heifer))(0.75)ADG(0.905), where LW = mean shrunk live weight. The revised equations decreased the SD of the DMIratio by 5.4% (from 0.0496 to 0.0469) and eliminated the bias in DMIratio that was related to ADG (r(2) = 0.0006). The similarity between the 2 equations derived for steers and for heifers for estimation of RE from ADG supports the concept that scaling by MFW accounts for energy utilization differences between sexes. 相似文献
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Intake prediction equations of NRC based on initial BW and dietary NE(m) concentration were evaluated with a commercial feedlot database consisting of 3,363 pen means collected from 3 feedlots over a 4-yr period. The DMI predicted by NRC equations had significant (P < 0.01) mean and linear biases across the range of observed DMI in the database. In general, DMI was overpredicted by the NRC equations. Adjustment of the NE(m)-based prediction by use of a 12% increase in NE(m) concentration and a 4% decrease in predicted DMI associated with the feeding of monensin decreased bias. Dry matter intake predicted by the NE(m)-based monensin-adjusted, NE(m)- based, and initial BW equations explained 67, 66, and 64% of the variation in observed DMI, respectively. Relationships between ADG and G:F with DMI as a percentage of BW and NE(g) intake also were examined in the same data set. Across the wide range of average shrunk BW in the database (334.4 to 548.0 kg), ADG was positively related to DMI as a percentage of BW (P < 0.01); however, this relationship was not strong (r(2) = 0.17). Likewise, G:F showed little relationship with DMI as a percentage of BW (P < 0.01; r(2) = 0.05). By accounting for differences in maintenance energy requirements of pens with varying average BW, NE(g) intake was strongly and positively related to ADG (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01; R(2) = 0.70); however, G:F showed little relationship with NE(g) intake (P = 0.02; r(2) = 0.01). Our evaluations with measurements of DMI by cattle in commercial feedlots indicated the shortcomings of current published equations for predicting DMI and suggest the need for development of new equations with improved accuracy and precision. Furthermore, our data indicate that increasing NE(g) in- take increased ADG in a quadratic manner but did not affect G:F by pens of cattle in feedlots. These findings suggest a diminishing returns effect of energy intake on energy retention. 相似文献
4.
通过两个动物试验(子试验1和子试验2)比较了CNCPS模型预测的我国杂种肉牛干物质采食量(DMI)与实际观察值间的吻合程度,目的在于评估该模型是否适合于预测我国杂种肉牛生产性能。结果表明:①子试验1中3个处理组分别有93%、80%和73%的点落在-0.4至0.4kg/d的范围内,子试验2的4个处理组分别有87%、73%、73%和80%的点落在-0.4至0.4kg/d的范围内,说明CNCPS较好地预测了我国杂种肉牛的DMI。②经线性回归分析,两个子试验中观察和预测的DMI间相关系数分别为0.83和0.79,具有较高的可信度;所有处理组的DMI误差均方根(RMSE)都很小。以上结果说明,CNCPS对中国杂种肉牛DMI具有较好的预测能力。 相似文献
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本试验旨在建立奶牛饲料的康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system,CNCPS)预测小肠可消化粗蛋白质(uCP)含量的数学模型.采用CNCPS体系对13种饲料蛋白质组分进行划分,采用移动尼龙袋法测定13种饲料小肠uCP含量,试验动物为3头带有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因素试验设计.结果表明:1)豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、葵花籽粕、芝麻粕、玉米胚芽粕、米糠、米糠饼、米糠粕、大麦、麦麸、玉米和玉米麸质饲料的uCP含量分别为390.32、321.90、297.21、230.50、388.62、177.49、85.53、116.78、134.74、80.47、128.26、70.28和66.65g/kg.2)所有试验饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=-4.11+6.48PA+7.73PB1+5.72PB2+8.26PB3+5.11PC(R2=0.9972,P＜0.01);蛋白质饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=12.79+5.47PA+7.04PB1+9.74PB2+8.14PB3(R2=0.9987,P＜0.01);能量饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的回归方程为:uCP=14.80+8.55PA+6.27PB2+17.64PB3(R2=0.9874,P＜0.01).3)蛋白质饲料、能量饲料及所有试验饲料的实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的相关系数均高于0.95,蛋白质饲料实测uCP含量与CNCPS各蛋白质组分含量的相关系数高于能量饲料.结果提示,利用CNCPS体系划分的各蛋白质组分含量预测饲料uCP含量是可行的,且预测蛋白质饲料的uCP含量比预测能量饲料的uCP含量更准确. 相似文献
6.
本试验旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)和NRC模型评价4种粮食加工副产物的营养价值。从东北地区4个不同牧场采集了玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮、甜菜粕和豆渣4种粮食加工副产物,测定其营养成分,应用CNCPS模型对蛋白质和碳水化合物组分进行剖分,并预测其潜在营养价值供给量,应用NRC模型估测可消化养分和能值。结果表明:1)中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的含量由高到低依次为大豆皮、甜菜粕、玉米纤维饲料和豆渣;非蛋白氮(NPN)的含量由高到低依次为玉米纤维饲料、豆渣、甜菜粕和大豆皮;甜菜粕的酸性洗涤不溶粗蛋白质(ADICP)含量最高,其余依次为大豆皮、豆渣和玉米纤维饲料,其中玉米纤维饲料和豆渣的ADICP含量差异不显著(P0.05)。2)非蛋白氮(PA,即NPN)含量由高到低依次为玉米纤维饲料、豆渣、甜菜粕和大豆皮;真蛋白质(PB)含量由高到低依次为大豆皮、甜菜粕、豆渣和玉米纤维饲料;不可降解氮(PC)的含量由高到低依次为豆渣、甜菜粕、大豆皮和玉米纤维饲料。3)可代谢蛋白质(MP)含量由高到低依次为豆渣、大豆皮、甜菜粕和玉米纤维饲料。4)玉米纤维饲料和豆渣的维持水平总可消化养分(TDNm)含量较高,二者差异不显著(P0.05);生产水平泌乳净能(NELP)值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮和甜菜粕,其中玉米纤维饲料的NELP值与豆渣、大豆皮差异均不显著(P0.05);生产水平代谢能(MEP)值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、甜菜粕和大豆皮。由此可见,玉米纤维饲料和大豆皮可以作为奶牛的纤维源饲料;豆渣的过瘤胃蛋白质(RUP)、MP含量最高,可以作为奶牛的蛋白质源饲料。4种粮食加工副产物的能值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮、甜菜粕。 相似文献
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8.
A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
C J Sniffen J D O'Connor P J Van Soest D G Fox J B Russell 《Journal of animal science》1992,70(11):3562-3577
The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) has a submodel that predicts rates of feedstuff degradation in the rumen, the passage of undegraded feed to the lower gut, and the amount of ME and protein that is available to the animal. In the CNCPS, structural carbohydrate (SC) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) are estimated from sequential NDF analyses of the feed. Data from the literature are used to predict fractional rates of SC and NSC degradation. Crude protein is partitioned into five fractions. Fraction A is NPN, which is trichloroacetic (TCA) acid-soluble N. Unavailable or protein bound to cell wall (Fraction C) is derived from acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIP), and slowly degraded true protein (Fraction B3) is neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIP) minus Fraction C. Rapidly degraded true protein (Fraction B1) is TCA-precipitable protein from the buffer-soluble protein minus NPN. True protein with an intermediate degradation rate (Fraction B2) is the remaining N. Protein degradation rates are estimated by an in vitro procedure that uses Streptomyces griseus protease, and a curve-peeling technique is used to identify rates for each fraction. The amount of carbohydrate or N that is digested in the rumen is determined by the relative rates of degradation and passage. Ruminal passage rates are a function of DMI, particle size, bulk density, and the type of feed that is consumed (e.g., forage vs cereal grain). 相似文献
9.
试验旨在运用康奈尔净碳水化合物—蛋白质体系(CNCPS)和NRC模型分析比较发酵湿玉米纤维饲料(FWCGF)、湿玉米纤维饲料(WCGF)、苜蓿和青贮玉米(CS)的营养价值,预测FWCGF替代或部分替代反刍动物常用粗饲料的可行性。从黑龙江省不同牧场采集饲料样品,测出4种原料的常规营养成分,然后利用CNCPS模型剖分4种原料的蛋白质和碳水化合物组分,再通过NRC模型估测待测饲料的可消化养分和能值。结果表明:FWCGF的粗蛋白质含量高于其他3种饲料(P<0.05),FWCGF的酸性洗涤纤维含量最低(P<0.05);FWCGF的真蛋白质最高(P<0.05),FWCGF的瘤胃可降解蛋白质、可代谢蛋白质、总可消化养分和净能最高(P<0.05)。由此可见,相对于其他原料,FWCGF的可利用蛋白和纤维含量丰富,是奶牛日粮中纤维类、蛋白类粗饲料的有效替代品。 相似文献
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为了预测奶牛常用饲料中可利用氨基酸(u AA)的含量,本试验采集了21个奶牛饲料原料样品,测定了饲料样品的粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(ash)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、可溶性粗蛋白质(SCP)、非蛋白氮(NPN)、中性洗涤剂不溶粗蛋白质(NDIP)、酸性洗涤剂不溶粗蛋白质(ADIP)含量,并根据康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对饲料含氮化合物组分的划分方法,计算出饲料样品的含氮化合物组分非蛋白氮(PA)、快速降解真蛋白质(PB1)、中速降解真蛋白质(PB2)、慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)和不可利用蛋白质(PC)的含量,测定了饲料的氨基酸含量,同时利用饲料氨基酸含量与u AA含量之间的关系估测出饲料的u AA含量。结果表明,奶牛常用饲料的CNCPS含氮化合物组分(PA、PB1、PB2、PB3、PC)含量(%DM)与u AA、可利用蛋氨酸(utilizable methionine,u Met)、可利用赖氨酸(utilizable lysine,u Lys)、可利用亮氨酸(utilizable leucine,u Leu)含量(%DM)存在显著的相关关系,回归方程如下:u AA=0.171PA+0.134PB1+0.364PB2+0.370PB3+0.148PC+7.785,R2=0.99,P0.01;u M et=0.019PA-0.031PB1+0.024PB2+0.078PB3-0.004PC-0.071,R2=0.93,P0.01;u Lys=-0.045PA-0.020PB1+0.072PB2+0.038PB3-0.011PC+0.780,R2=0.92,P0.01;u Leu=0.071PA+0.033PB1+0.093PB2+0.189PB3+0.003PC+0.006,R2=0.94,P0.01。结果显示,根据CNCPS含氮化合物组分和本试验所建立的方程,可以准确地预测奶牛饲料的u AA、u M et、u Lys和u Leu含量。 相似文献
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S Fernandez-Rivera M Lewis T J Klopfenstein T L Thompson 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(2):581-589
A simulation model was developed to predict corn crop residue yield and quality and intake and performance of growing cattle grazing cornstalks. The model is wholly deterministic and integrates the effects of weather, residue supply and animal components. Low temperatures increase animal energy requirements, whereas snow cover decreases residue available. Residual grain and leaf are calculated from grain yield. Residue quantity and quality are reduced daily by environmental losses and animal consumption. Daily performance is predicted based on the nutrients obtained from residue and supplemental feed. Under unlimited roughage supply, leaf, husk and grain are primary diet components. Grain consumption decreases as the supply diminishes and forage quality decreases with time. Intake is calculated based on digestibility and fecal output = .0365 W.75. Forage availability affects intake in a curvilinear fashion. Energy gain is predicted by NRC equations and protein gain from metabolizable protein supply. The model underestimated intake of calves measured with chromic oxide and in vitro DM disappearance. Simulated daily gain (y, kg) of calves grazing at several stocking rates was related to observed daily gain (x, kg) by the equation y = .012 + .853 x (R2 = .71, Sy.x = .077). The model overestimated response to protein supplementation. Severe cold weather was predicted to reduce gains or cause weight loss due to increased energy requirements for maintenance. The model can be used as an aid in both research planning and cattle management. 相似文献
13.
Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of oleamide on feed intake and ruminal fatty acids when the oleamide was introduced in the feed vs through a ruminal fistula (Exp. 1) or the oleamide was fed for an extended (9-wk) length of time (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, four nonlactating Holstein cows, each fitted with a ruminal cannula, were fed four diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 2 wk. Diets consisted of 48% corn silage and 52% concentrate on a DM basis. One diet contained no added fat (control) and a second diet contained 4.2% oleic acid. The remaining two diets were designed to expose cows to 4.2% amide (as oleamide) either through the feed (AF) or by administering oleamide into the rumen (AR) each day through the ruminal cannula. The AF diet reduced DMI similarly to results reported previously for lactating dairy cows and sheep. Intake of the oleic acid diet was intermediate between the control and AF diets. Dry matter intake was reduced by AR similarly to the AF diet. The acetate:propionate ratio in samples of ruminal contents was reduced by oleic acid but not by AF or AR. In Exp. 2, 12 steers were divided into three equal groups of two Angus and two Simmental x Angus crosses, and each group was assigned a diet containing either no added fat (control), 4% oleamide, or 4% high-oleic canola oil. All steers had ad libitum access to feed and water. Dry matter intake by steers fed the canola oil diet was not different from that by steers fed the control diet when averaged over the first 3 wk, the last 3 wk, or over the entire 9-wk study. Oleamide reduced DMI 4 kg/d over the first 3 wk of the study. However, DMI of the oleamide diet consistently increased over the 9-wk study, resulting in wk 7 to 9 DMI that was not different from that of steers fed the control diet. These results show that the reduction in feed intake when oleamide is added to cattle rations can be attributed more to physiological responses than to an undesirable unique taste or odor of the oleamide. In finishing beef steers, the decreased intake induced by oleamide was most severe during the first 1 or 2 wk of feeding but gradually lessened over time until it nearly returned to normal by wk 9. 相似文献
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选用32头干奶后期荷斯坦牛,按照年龄、体重、胎次和上个周期产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4个处理组,研究在日粮中添加草香味调味剂、焦糖味调味剂和果香味调味剂（添加比例100g/t TMR日粮）,对奶牛采食量、产后体重恢复和体况评分的影响。结果表明,在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产前和产后的干物质采食量有提高的趋势,其中产前日粮添加调味剂A（草香味）和调味剂B（焦糖味）可以显著提高奶牛的干物质采食量（P〈0.05）;在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产后体重的恢复有促进作用,其中添加调味剂B（焦糖味）组奶牛在产后28天和42天的测定值显示,可以显著影响围产期奶牛产后的体重恢复（P〈0.05）;在日粮中添加调味剂对围产期奶牛产后体况的恢复有促进作用,其中在奶牛产后14天的测定值显示,添加调味剂B（焦糖味）可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）;在产后28天,添加调味剂B（焦糖味）和调味剂C（果香味）可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）;在产后42天,添加调味剂A（草香味）、调味剂B（焦糖味）和调味剂C（果香味）都可以显著改善奶牛的体况（P〈0.05）。即在围产期奶牛日粮中添加不同风味的调味剂,都可以提高奶牛的干物质采食量,促进奶牛产后体重和体况的恢复,其中焦糖味调味剂的效果最为明显。 相似文献
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Kenneth Gallagher DVM MS John Leech BS MA Howard Stowe DVM PhD 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1992,12(1)
A field survey involving 109 horses in 9 stables at a Detroit racetrack was conducted to determine feeding practices and to estimate crude protein (CP), digestible energy (DE), and dry matter (DM) consumption by racing Thoroughbreds, and to compare those intakes with 1989 recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC), "Nutrient Requirements of Horses." Trainers were interviewed regarding: 1) the age and sex of the homes; 2) their feeding practices; and 3) the horse's training and racing schedule. Only adult homes who were actively racing and continuously stabled at the track were included. Body weights (BW) were estimated using a chest girth measurement. The horses had an overall mean body condition score of 5 which indicated average body condition for a racing. Thoroughbred at this track. Feed samples of hay and concentrate from each stable were weighed and analyzed at a commercial laboratory to determine CP, DM, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and estimated energy density. A computer program calculated CP, DE, and DM values for each horse's ration based onamounts fed. The software program included with the 1989 NRC publication was used to compare estimated nutrient intakes with current NRC recommendations for a horse of a given BW. Trainers fed a variety of hays. Eight trainers fed oats and only one fed corn. All trainers fed commercial sweet feeds. The mean total amount of feed for all homes on an "as fed" basis was 13.7 kg. The mean estimated DM intake for all horses was 12.3 kg vs. NRC recommended 11.6 kg. The mean for percentage of roughage in the ration for all stables was 53% vs. a NRC recommendation of 35%. The mean CP% ona DM basis for all stables' rations was 13.8% vs. a NRC recommendation of 11.4%. The means for actual CP and DE intakes for all horses were 1678 g and 33.3 Meal compared with current NRC recommendations of 1324 g CP and 33.1 Meal DE. Protein amounts were above those recommended due to the common practice of feeding relatively higher CP% in the rations than necessary for racehorse performance. These data appear to be more consistent with the recommendations of NRC in 1989 than previous recommendations in 1978. 相似文献
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Two trials were conducted to determine the NE value of ensiled wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) in corn silage finishing diets for beef cattle. In Trial 1, 96 Angus-crossbred yearling steers were fed corn silage-based diets containing 0, 20, 40, or 60% ensiled WCGF. Increased dietary WCGF resulted in improved DMI (linear, P less than .05), ADG (linear; P less than .05), and feed/gain (linear, P less than .05). Levels of WCGF had no (P greater than .05) effect on fat thickness, marbling, quality grade, carcass protein, and carcass fat. In Trial 2, four Angus-crossbred yearling steers were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of feeding 0, 20, 40, or 60% WCGF on DE and ME values. Level of WCGF had no (P greater than .05) effect on dietary DE and ME values. Regression equations were developed for predicting NEm (Y = 1.51 + .0009X; R2 = .22) and NEg (Y = 1.04 + .0028X; R2 = .35) in which Y = predicted diet NE values in megacalories/kilogram and X = percentage of dietary WCGF. The NEg value increased .06 Mcal/kg for each 20% increase in WCGF. Predicted NEm and NEg values for WCGF are 1.60 and 1.32 Mcal/kg, respectively. 相似文献
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N A Cole 《Journal of animal science》1991,69(4):1795-1803
Four Suffolk x Hampshire wether lambs averaging 55 kg with permanent ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of exchange of ruminal contents between fed and fasted lambs on subsequent DMI and ruminal characteristics. Lambs were fed a pelleted 70% roughage diet at 2% of BW for 17 d. During each period of the Latin square two lambs were deprived of feed and water for 3 d. At the end of the fasting period ruminal contents from one fed and one fasted lamb were exchanged. Lambs were then given ad libitum access to feed for 8 d, during which DMI, feeding pattern, and ruminal characteristics were monitored. Measurements of ruminal volume determined by total collection and indigestible marker (lithium sulfate) suggested that only about 50% of total ruminal contents were actually exchanged. Fasted lambs had lower (P less than .05) DMI, ruminal fermentative capacity, ruminal DM weight, and ruminal DM percentage than fed lambs during the first 4 d of realimentation. Exchange of ruminal contents did not (P greater than .10) affect DMI, feeding pattern, ruminal fluid pH, ruminal fermentative capacity, ruminal contents DM percentage, ruminal nucleic acid concentration, or VFA. Dosing fasted lambs with ruminal contents from nonfasted lambs reduced (P less than .05) ruminal liquid volume, dry weight of ruminal contents, and propionate concentration. Results of this trial are interpreted to indicate that although decreased ruminal function is a factor in the low feed intakes of fasted ruminants, the possibility of increasing postfast feed intake via improved ruminal function is limited because other metabolic factors may play a more important role. 相似文献
19.
The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) prediction of fiber digestion and microbial mass production from ruminally degraded carbohydrate has been adjusted to accommodate a ruminal N deficiency. The steps for the adjustment are as follows: 1) the ruminal available peptide and ammonia pools are used to determine the N allowable microbial growth; 2) this value is subtracted from the energy allowable microbial growth to obtain the reduction in microbial mass; 3) this mass reduction is allocated between pools of bacteria digesting fiber (FC) and nonfiber (NFC) carbohydrate according to their original proportions in the energy allowable microbial growth; 4) the reduction in fermented FC is computed as the FC bacterial mass reduction divided by its yield (g bacteria/g FC digested); and 5) this reduction is added to the FC fraction escaping the rumen. Five published studies included information that allowed us to evaluate the response of animals to added dietary N. These evaluations compared observed and CNCPS-predicted ADG with and without this adjustment. The adjustment decreased the CNCPS overprediction of ADG from 19.2 to 4.7%, mean bias declined from .16 to .04 kg/d, and the r2 of the regression between observed and metabolizable energy (ME) or metabolizable protein allowable ADG was increased from .83 to .88 with the adjustment. When the observed dry matter intake was regressed against CNCPS-predicted DMI with an adjustment for reduction in cell wall digestibility, the r2 was increased from .77 to .88. These results indicated the adjustment for ruminal nitrogen deficiency increased the accuracy of the CNCPS model in evaluating diets of growing animals when ruminally degraded N is deficient. 相似文献
20.
Two data sets were developed to evaluate and refine feed energy predictions with the beef National Research Council (NRC, 1996) model level 1. The first data set included pen means of group-fed cattle from 31 growing trials (201 observations) and 17 finishing trials (154 observations) representing over 7,700 animals fed outside in dirt lots. The second data set consisted of 15 studies with individually fed cattle (916 observations) fed in a barn. In each data set, actual ADG was compared with ADG predicted with the NRC model level 1, assuming thermoneutral environmental conditions. Next, the observed ADG (kg), TDN intake (kg/d), and TDN concentration (kg/kg of DM) were used to develop equations to adjust the level 1 predicted diet NEm and NEg (diet NE adjusters) to be applied to more accurately predict ADG. In both data sets, the NRC (1996) model level 1 inaccurately predicted ADG (P < 0.001 for slope = 1; intercept = 0 when observed ADG was regressed on predicted ADG). The following nonlinear relationships to adjust NE based on observed ADG, TDN intake, and TDN concentration were all significant (P < 0.001): NE adjuster = 0.7011 x 10(-0.8562 x ADG) + 0.8042, R2 = 0.325, s(y.x) = 0.136 kg; NE adjuster = 4.795 10(-0.3689 x TDN intake) + 0.8233, R2 x = 0.714, s(y.x) = 0.157 kg; and NE adjuster = 357 x 10(-5.449 x TDN concentration) + 0.8138, R2 = 0.754, s(y.x) = 0.127 kg. An NE adjuster < 1 indicates overprediction of ADG. The average NE adjustment required for the pen-fed finishing trials was 0.820, whereas the (P < 0.001) adjustment of 0.906 for individually fed cattle indicates that the pen-fed environment increased NE requirements. The use of these equations should improve ADG prediction by the NRC (1996) model level 1, although the equations reflect limitations of the data from which they were developed and are appropriate only over the range of the developmental data set. There is a need for independent evaluation of the ability of the equations to improve ADG prediction by the NRC (1996) model level 1. 相似文献