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1.
厚轴茶雄性不育株花药败育的生物学特性和细胞学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
JIANG Hui-Bing YANG Sheng-Mei LIU Yu-Fei TIAN Yi-Ping SUN Yun-Nan CHEN Lin-Bo TANG Yi-Chun 《作物学报》2020,46(7):1076-1086
为明确厚轴茶(Camellia crassocolumnaH. T. Chang)雄性不育株花器发育形态、花药和花粉败育时期及兵细胞学特征,利用体视显微镜、石蜡切片技术、染色体制片和DAPI染色法,对厚轴茶雄性不育株和可育株开花迚程、花器形态、花药发育过程、花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育过程比较观察。结果显示,厚轴茶花属于完全花,花药其四室、呈蝶形,花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞其双核,于四分体时期形成分泌型细胞,单核花粉期开始降解,花粉母细胞经过减数分裂Ⅰ、减数分裂Ⅱ和胞质分裂后形成四面体型四分体,小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉为二细胞型花粉。花蕾发育早期,不育株雄蕊发育正常,与可育株无明显差异。花蕾发育后期,不育株花丝弯曲,花药粘连、干瘪、褐化、坏死,不裂药。不育株减数分裂期绒毡层细胞异常增生、排列混乱,单核至双核花粉期绒毡层延迟降解。不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在环状单价体、滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体缺失、不均等分离、微核和多分体等异常现象。不育株小孢子胞质紊乱,单核期花粉粒相互粘附,花粉壁皱缩变形,花粉细胞质和细胞核模糊不清,成熟花粉细胞空瘪凹陷。研究结果表明,厚轴茶雄性不育花器形态属雄蕊萎缩型和花药异常型,花药发育受阻于减数分裂至单核花粉期,存在花粉母细胞败育型和单核败育型。单核花粉期是兵花药败育的主要时期。花药绒毡层异常发育和延迟降解,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为异常,小孢子和花粉粒发育异常可能是兵花药败育的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
红麻GMS与CMS小孢子败育过程的细胞学及组织化学比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以红麻细胞质雄性不育系(GMS)L23A、保持系L23B及从该保持系中发现的细胞核雄性不育系(CMS)L23BS为材料,采用石蜡显微制片技术,在光学显微镜下比较观察了三者花药发育过程中小孢子的发育过程及组织化学变化。结果表明,L23A的花药发育过程中,小孢子发育的不同阶段均出现败育现象,最早的败育表现为花粉母细胞在减数分裂之前的退化解体,最终形成空的花粉囊; 有的因花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常而导致不能形成小孢子四分体;有的因小孢子在四分体中不能正常释放而败育,同时绒毡层细胞过度液泡化,并提早解体死亡; 花药发育早期含有少量蛋白质和淀粉,随着花药的发育逐渐变少。而L23BS小孢子败育的时期集中于四分体至单核花粉期间,表现为小孢子发育异常,有些小孢子不能从四分体里释放出来而影响其正常发育。在四分体以前与可育系类似,花药含丰富的蛋白质和淀粉。在败育的过程中,花药中的蛋白质和淀粉含量渐渐减少,但药隔组织中的在颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变。 相似文献
3.
高粱非迈罗型A2细胞质雄性不育系A2V4小孢子败育过程的细胞学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高粱非迈罗型细胞质雄性不育(CMS)系A2V4,具有来源于IS12662C不育细胞质和Chicklett细胞核背景,以A2V4组配的杂交种已用于生产。以A2V4/B2V4为材料,对A2CMS的花药发育及小孢子败育过程进行了细胞学观察研究。结果发现,在A2V4雄性不育系的花药发育过程中有大量异常现象。药室的绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体;药室内的花粉母细胞不发育或小孢子液泡化;绒毡层细胞发育异常,出现巨型化而挤满整个药室;绒毡层细胞虽发育正常,但花粉母细胞发育异常,在造孢细胞时期即开始出现变形现象,随后发生粘连退化;绝大部分花粉母细胞不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体,导致小孢子退化。 相似文献
4.
5.
雄性不育和可育大麦花药和花粉的细胞学比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文对大麦雄性不育和可育花药形态和花粉发育进行了细胞胚胎学比较研究,结论如下: 1.可育和不育大麦的花药在外部形态上有明显区别,主要在于不育花药基部成为戟形,且开花时花药变得瘦小。 2.可育大麦的花粉发育类同于一般的禾本科植物。而不育花粉不能发育到二核期,并很快解体形成“无花粉型”花粉;其小孢子和雄配子体发育过程中有几种异常现象:(1)早期发生异常;(2)绒毡层过早退化;(3)属绒毡层解体较晚者,小孢子能发育到二细胞阶段,但形态扭曲,内含物贫乏。 3.可育的药壁发育正常同于单子叶型,直到2细胞花粉粒时期绒毡层才全部退化。而雄性不育药壁发育异常,主要体现在绒毡层早期退化或药壁分化不完全。 相似文献
6.
以不育系A3晋粱5号和相应保持系B3晋粱5号为材料,对A3不育系花药发育及雄配子形成过程进行了细胞学观察和分析。结果表明,与A1、A2型CMS不同,A3 CMS孢母细胞减数分裂正常,从四分体形成到幼龄花粉粒发育阶段都未观察到不同于B3晋粱5号的异常现象。A3晋粱5号花药经石蜡包埋切片观察,在造孢细胞期、减数分裂前间期及减数分裂期,均未观察到异常现象,不育系花粉母细胞能完成正常的减数分裂过程,四分体正常游离,绒毡层发育正常。但在成熟的花药中,观察到所有的花粉粒皱缩、凹陷、变形。在开花前约1周内的花粉粒成熟期,不育系花粉粒蔗糖—淀粉代谢途径受阻,花粉粒壁上无淀粉粒沉积。A3 CMS小孢子败育发生在小孢子形成晚期的花粉粒成熟期。 相似文献
7.
《棉花学报》2021,33(3)
【目的】为建立海岛棉发育过程中花蕾长度与花药发育时期的关系。【方法】以海岛棉新海35为研究对象,采用改良的半薄切片和甲苯胺蓝染色技术,对不同生长时期花蕾的花药进行切片观察,明确花蕾长度与花药发育时期的对应关系。【结果】通过形态观察发现,在海岛棉的花发育过程不同时期花蕾的萼片、花瓣和花药的形态、颜色、大小以及花丝和柱头的长度出现明显变化。切片观察发现,从花芽出现到花药开裂,经历花原基的形成、花药原基的出现、花粉母细胞形成、四分体时期、绒毡层降解、减数分裂、花药开裂等14个发育时期。新海35花蕾长度5～6 mm、7～8 mm、8～9 mm和11～14 mm分别对应花药发育中的花粉母细胞形成期、四分体时期、小孢子释放期和绒毡层降解时期,也是成花过程中尤为关键的4个时期。通过对花粉萌发、花粉管伸长、受精过程、胚乳的发育等进行观察,明晰了海岛棉花粉成熟到完成受精再到纤维发育所需的具体时间和详细过程。【结论】海岛棉各个时期花蕾的表型与陆地棉不同,且花蕾大小及花药颜色随着花药细胞发育而变化,并伴随着细胞内部的代谢过程及正常发育所需物质的转换;通过花蕾大小及表型可以判定海岛棉花药发育时期。花粉成熟后,花粉的萌发、花粉管的伸长、双受精及胚乳发育分别发生在授粉后的0.5～1 h、8 h、24 h和50 h。 相似文献
8.
以不育系A3晋粱5号和相应保持系B3晋粱5号为材料，对A3不育系花药发育及雄配子形成过程进行了细胞学观察和分析。结果表明，与A1、A2型CMS不同，A3 CMS孢母细胞减数分裂正常，从四分体形成到幼龄花粉粒发育阶段都未观察到不同于B3晋粱5号的异常现象。A3晋粱5号花药经石蜡包埋切片观察，在造孢细胞期、减数分裂前间期及减数分裂期，均未观察到异常现象，不育系花粉母细胞能完成正常的减数分裂过程，四分体正常游离，绒毡层发育正常。但在成熟的花药中，观察到所有的花粉粒皱缩、凹陷、变形。在开花前约1周内的花粉粒成熟期，不育系花粉粒蔗糖—淀粉代谢途径受阻，花粉粒壁上无淀粉粒沉积。A3 CMS小孢子败育发生在小孢子形成晚期的花粉粒成熟期。 相似文献
9.
明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。 相似文献
10.
为了研究大白菜CMS96不育系花药败育机理,采用透射和扫描电镜,观察大白菜CMS96不育系和保持系的花药发育过程、花药和花粉表面结构。透射电镜结果表明,与保持系相比,在减数分裂期,大白菜CMS96不育系绒毡层与花药壁中层分开,不育系花粉母细胞皱缩,形状不规则,空隙较大,严重影响减数分裂正常进行;在单核小孢子时期,小孢子开始液泡化,直至成熟花粉期完全液泡化为空细胞,细胞壁严重萎缩,堆积在一起,最终花粉失去功能,导致败育。扫描电镜结果表明,大白菜CMS96不育系药室内的花粉畸形,花粉粒空瘪,表现为凹陷、扁平等形状,表面纹饰也呈多种不规则形状。花粉囊不开裂,没有花粉散出。初步认为,大白菜CMS96不育系花粉的败育从减数分裂开始到成熟花粉,伴随花粉发育整个过程。大白菜CMS96不育系药室内花粉粒虽具有花粉壁的结构,但扁平、空瘪,重叠堆积在药室壁上,失去了活力,无法散开。 相似文献
11.
Jens Jensen 《Euphytica》1979,28(1):47-56
Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans. 相似文献
12.
Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed. 相似文献
13.
Hongyan WEI Jian ZHOU Jinguang LU Jingzheng SONG Qiongxi YU Zhihong JIANG 《Medicinal Plant》2019,(6):27-29
[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol... 相似文献
14.
C. J. Spurr D. A. Fulton P. H. Brown R. J. Clark 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2002,188(4):275-280
Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality. 相似文献
15.
Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed. 相似文献
16.
Richard N. Lester 《Euphytica》1989,44(1-2):125-132
Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected. 相似文献
17.
B. Julier P. Guy C. Castillo-Acuna G. Caubel C. Ecalle M. Esquibet V. Furstoss C. Huyghe C. Lavaud A. Porcheron P. Pracros G. Raynal 《Euphytica》1996,91(2):241-250
Summary Twenty-five lucerne populations of the Medicago sativa complex, which were either diploid or tetraploid and wild or cultivated, were analysed for their resistance to four different fungal diseases and to stem nematode. Forage quality, including stem digestibility and saponin content, was also tested.Populations varied in susceptibility to the diseases caused by Colletotrichum trifolii, Verticillium albo-atrum, Sclerotinia trifoliorum and Pseudopezizza medicaginis, and to the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Except for Sclerotinia rot, sativa and falcata subspecies differed in susceptibility, but this grouping of populations did not account for the full range of variation among them. However, the resistance to P. medicaginis was much lower in the sativa than in the falcata populations.Populations also varied significantly in stem fiber content and digestibility. Stem digestibility was negatively correlated to forage yield. Wild sativa and falcata populations had lower fiber content and higher digestibility than cultivated sativa populations. The medicagenic acid was the sapogenin responsible for the anti-nutritional effect of the lucerne measured by the yellow mealworm larvae Tenebrio molitor. The medicagenic acid content was lowest for the pure sativa populations, highest for the pure falcata populations, and intermediate for the French sativa varieties that have some traits originating from falcata germplasm. Some populations could be used in breeding programs to improve disease and nematode resistance, and forage quality. 相似文献
18.
In order to explore the pharmacological effects of active components of Gastrodiae Rhizoma on the central nervous system,through consulting related literatures,... 相似文献
19.
[Objectives]The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pb on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and chemical constituents of Achyranthes bidentat... 相似文献
20.
不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应. 相似文献