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1.
禽异嗜性粒细胞是存在于禽类血液中的一种主要的颗粒性白细胞,类似于哺乳动物的中性粒细胞,是禽类抵御外界微生物病原体入侵的一道重要防线,也是机体非特异性免疫系统中的重要成员和主要调节者。近年来,对于该细胞在机体急性炎症反应和吞噬杀伤作用中的研究已经深入到了基因和蛋白水平,为从禽类异嗜性粒细胞方面入手治疗禽类疾病,提供了理论依据和研究方向。论文从异嗜性粒细胞与中性粒细胞在形态结构,急性炎症反应和吞噬杀伤病原体作用中的区别,以及近年来该细胞的其他研究热点等方面综述了禽类异嗜性粒细胞的研究进展。 相似文献
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微生物耐药是威胁人类健康、动物保健和食品安全的重大问题。为减少耐药性及动物源食品的药物残留,迫切需要探索预防和治疗疾病的替代机制,其中之一便是激活先天免疫系统对病原体攻击产生强而持久的非特异性免疫应答,这一过程称为训练免疫,即先天免疫记忆。愈来愈多的研究表明,天然免疫细胞甚至组织驻留干细胞对某些感染和疫苗接种具有保护免受再感染的免疫记忆功能,即先天免疫系统也表现出适应性免疫特征。在兽医研究领域,通过改善先天免疫系统提高家禽抗病能力的概念并不新颖,但极少有可用的、有目的的针对训练免疫的应用研究。通过训练免疫途径增强动物免疫力是一个值得关注的崭新领域,将为设计新型广谱疫苗和寻找新的药物靶点开辟新的途径。笔者综述了训练免疫领域的最新进展,阐述了家禽训练免疫调控及未来研究方向。 相似文献
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Rautenschlein S 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,112(8):310-312
Before the implementation of strategies to establish specified pathogen-free commercial poultry flocks, the ultimate goals need to be identified: 1) consumer protection by minimizing the risk for zoonotic diseases and food-borne pathogens, and/or 2) animal health protection against primary and secondary pathogens. The success for the establishment of specific pathogen-free poultry flocks depends on the biological characteristics, the epidemiological distribution and the transmission route of each pathogen. For zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni or the high pathogenic avian influenza virus, eradication has to be ultimate goal. Despite tremendous control efforts in field, only partial control of these pathogens has been achieved so far. In the future it will be necessary to continue these eradication efforts by combining optimized hygiene programs at all production levels with intensive monitoring and immunoprophylaxis. For primary pathogens affecting the health condition of poultry without known zoonotic potential, such as Salmonella Gallinarum, avian Mycoplasma or leucosis virus, specified pathogen free flocks have been established on the parent and grandparent level. In order to achieve a status free of these pathogens, rigid hygiene control, especially on the hatchery level and monitoring programs combined with elimination of pathogen- and antibody-positive birds were implemented. Nevertheless, the economically most important diseases of modern poultry production are of multifactorial origin. Ubiquitous secondary pathogens in combination with insufficient management or immunosuppressive agents induce great economic losses for the poultry producers. These secondary pathogens can not be eliminated due to their ubiquitous distribution. In the future only a reduction of these factorial diseases will be possible combining hygiene management and optimization of poultry husbandry. For the establishment of specified pathogen free poultry flocks in the field, risk analysis is necessary and the structure of poultry production has to be considered before and eradication program can be carried out successfully. 相似文献
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H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在世界范围内广泛存在,给养禽业造成巨大的经济损失,并危害人类健康。流感病毒抗原易发生漂移和转换,使流感病毒的防控变得困难。疫苗接种是防控禽流感最有效的手段之一,全病毒灭活疫苗保护效果好,制备简单,是流感病毒常用的疫苗,但该疫苗局部副反应大,并伴随生物安全问题。随着分子生物学技术的发展,活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、亚单位疫苗等新型疫苗的开发,给H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的防控提供了新的手段。新型疫苗除具有传统疫苗的保护效果外,在生物安全和普遍防控方面具有广泛的优势,是流感病毒疫苗发展的新方向。 相似文献
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中性粒细胞是机体先天性免疫系统中的重要组成成分,是外周血中数量最多的免疫细胞,在非特异性免疫中至关重要,是构成机体内抵御微生物入侵的第一道防线。近年来,人们发现中性粒细胞除了经典的通过胞吞作用吞噬病原微生物、释放嗜天青颗粒及产生并分泌抑菌杀菌物质外,还具有抵抗微生物入侵的新机制--中性粒细胞细胞外诱捕网（neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs）。该机制主要通过活性氧和肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4等影响因子刺激中性粒细胞形成以DNA为骨架的网状结构,内含有多种蛋白酶,能非特异性捕获杀伤病原体,还能在机体某些疾病的产生和发展中起到协同作用。作者就NETs的形成、影响因素及与病原、疾病的相互关系作一概述,为进一步研究中性粒细胞的功能提供依据。 相似文献
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干扰素是一种诱生性糖蛋白,有抗病毒、抗肿瘤与免疫调节等多种生物学作用.当畜禽感染病毒时,干扰素是最先发挥作用的抵抗分子.干扰素参与早期黏膜免疫并通过产生一系列与免疫调节相关的细胞因子来活化机体的天然免疫与适应性免疫应答从而使机体处于抗病毒状态.干扰素因其重要的生物学功能,在流行性病毒病防治的应用中越来越广泛.本文从不同... 相似文献
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禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒分子生物学特性与免疫抑制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒为反转录病毒科禽类C型反转录病毒.禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒感染后主要引起感染家禽免疫功能抑制和慢性肿瘤,该病的控制对养禽业的健康发展和生物制品质量的提高具有重大影响.文章对禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒的生物学特性与引起免疫抑制机制的研究新进展进行了简要综述. 相似文献
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《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2006,15(1):123-135
The digestive tract of the chicken is a major site of pathogen exposure. Although the bird has a multifaceted set of tools to prevent or resist infection, any activation of the immune system can divert nutrients away from production. Therefore, prevention of pathogenic exposure is preferred. However, it is unlikely that the bird can escape exposure to all pathogens during its life, thus the ability to respond to immunologic challenges is essential. The immune system of birds is similar to that of mammals in terms of structure and function, although some differences do exist, particularly in regulatory aspects. The innate immune system responds nonspecifically to foreign molecules and is essential for the induction of the specific (acquired) immune response. Cells of the innate immune system include macrophages, dendritic cells, heterophils, and natural killer cells. The acquired immune response involves recognition of a specific antigen and response by lymphocytes. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are especially effective at inducing cells infected with intracellular pathogens to undergo apoptosis. Helper T lymphocytes increase the effectiveness of innate immune cells in combating extracellular pathogens and are also essential for activating B lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the invading pathogen. All aspects of the immune system function together, although one aspect will often dominate, depending on the type and severity of the infection. This paper reviews the basics of avian immune function in general and discusses the immune system in the digestive tract in particular in birds. The consequences of activation of the immune system are presented.Currently, growth-promoting antibiotics are not used in poultry in many countries; the North American industry may be moving in that direction as well, either through legislation or consumer pressure. Several nonantibiotic means of manipulating the immune system to prevent the health- and performance-suppressing effects of immune system activation are presented here. 相似文献
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Zhengxuan ZHOU Jiacui XU Zhanjun LI Yan LV Shanli WU Huanmin ZHANG Yu SONG Yongxing AI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2022,84(1):102
Among many of the pathogens, virus is the main cause of diseases in livestock and poultry. A host infected with the virus triggers a series of innate and adaptive immunity. The realization of innate immune responses involves the participation of a series of protein molecules in host cells, including receptors, signal molecules and antiviral molecules. Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including innate immune responses. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by cellular or viral deubiquitinases (DUBs). DUBs have now been identified in diverse viral lineages, and their characterization is providing valuable insights into virus biology and the role of the ubiquitin system in host antiviral mechanisms. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanisms of ubiquitination and deubiquitination, present antiviral innate immune response and its regulation by ubiquitin, and summarize the prevalence of DUBs encoded by viruses (Arteriviridae, Asfarviridae, Nairoviridae, Coronaviridae, Herpesviridae, and Picornaviridae) infecting domestic animals and poultry. It is found that these DUBs suppress the innate immune responses mainly by affecting the production of type I interferon (IFN), which causes immune evasion of the viruses and promotes their replication. These findings have important reference significance for understanding the virulence and immune evasion mechanisms of the relevant viruses, and thus for the development of more effective prevention and treatment measures. 相似文献
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Knowledge of the potential, but also of the vulnerability of the avian immune system is not only of academic interest. The intact immune system, beginning in the embryo, is of central significance to safeguarding health and productivity in poultry flocks. Interactions between cellular and soluble constituents of the avian immune system on one hand, and the nature of immunosuppressants on the other, determine whether the avian immune system is able to cope with microbial and non-microbial challenges. Modulation of the immune response can be achieved in the classical way by specific vaccinations or possibly in the future by DNA vaccination. Cytokine inducing compounds may provide additional tools to enhance immune reactivity. The future will tell whether these approaches will be applicable in disease preventation or treatment in poultry medicine. In concert with these tools, however, strict hygiene measures from incubation until production, slaughter and processing are equally of vital significance as part of disease prevention strategies, ultimately leading to high quality food products originating from animal production. 相似文献
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M. Anastasiadou A. Theodoridis G. Michailidis 《Veterinary research communications》2014,38(2):107-113
Rooster infertility is a major concern in the poultry industry and protection of the male reproductive organs from pathogens is an essential aspect of reproductive physiology. During the last years, research on antimicrobial protection has elucidated the critical role of the antimicrobial peptides avian β-defensins (AvBDs) in the innate immunity in chickens. AvBDs have been reported to be expressed in the hen reproductive organs, providing protection against microbial pathogens including Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). However, mechanisms of antimicrobial protection of rooster reproductive organs and especially the testis, mediated by AvBDs are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the complete family of the 14 AvBD genes, in the rooster testis in vivo, to determine whether sexual maturation affects their testicular mRNA abundance and to investigate whether SE infection alters their expression. Expression analysis revealed that 9 members of the AvBD family, namely AvBD1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12 and 14 were expressed in the testis. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA abundance of three AvBDs was up regulated and of three AvBDs was down regulated with respect to sexual maturation. In addition, SE infection resulted in a significant induction of AvBD4, 10, 12 and 14 in the testis of sexually mature roosters. These findings provide strong evidence to suggest that an AvBD-mediated immune response mechanism exists in the rooster testis providing protection against bacterial pathogens including Salmonella species. 相似文献
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The intestinal immune system is affected by various factors during its development, such as maternal antibodies, host genes, intestinal microbial composition and activity, and various stresses (such as weaning stress). Intestinal microbes may have an important impact on the development of the host immune system. Appropriate interventions such as probiotics may have a positive effect on intestinal immunity by regulating the composition and activity of intestinal microbes. Moreover, probiotics participate in the regulation of host health in many ways; for instance, by improving digestion and the absorption of nutrients, immune response, increasing the content of intestinal-beneficial microorganisms, and inhibiting intestinal-pathogenic bacteria, and they participate in regulating intestinal diseases in various ways. Probiotics are widely used as additives in livestock and the poultry industry and bring health benefits to hosts by improving intestinal microbes and growth performance, which provides more choices for promoting strong and efficient productivity. 相似文献
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近年来我国禽流感等禽病不仅导致巨额经济损失,而且对公共卫生构成严重威胁,受到全社会和全球广泛关注。本文首先分析我国养禽业基本现状和发展趋势、我国禽病防控困难所在,以及现有防控策略的不足,提出和分析六个禽病防控新策略：设立家禽防疫隔离带,即设立家禽限制养殖和加强检疫区,延缓疫情自然传播;加快小型养禽场退出速度,小型养禽场经济效益低,而疫情传播风险高,已是历史淘汰对象;禁止在开放的水体中饲养家禽,这类家禽易成为疫情超级传播者;推广电子活禽市场,它们不仅与其他网店相似,成本低而效益高,而且对公众的健康威胁小,禽病传播风险小;对无防疫合格证的养禽和屠宰加工场所进行适当的行政处罚,这是落实上述措施的合法途径;在境外为中国养禽,这与农业走出去和全球经济一体化发展趋势一致,能降低国内家禽饲养密度和禽病风险。 相似文献
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禽类DNA疫苗研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新型疫苗的研究对于禽类传染病的防制意义重大。传统疫苗是基于抗原刺激机体产生特异性抗体的原理,它们大多数激发机体的体液免疫,很难启动细胞免疫。脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)疫苗作为第3代疫苗,具备传统疫苗和其它基因工程苗不可比拟的优点,能够诱导全方位的免疫反应且使用更安全更方便,DNA疫苗是将外源基因与真核质粒重组后直接导入细胞内,使外源基因在宿主细胞内表达合成保护性抗原蛋白。这是模拟病毒自然感染提呈过程,既能产生细胞免疫,又能产生体液免疫。文章对DNA疫苗在禽类应用的可行性和应用研究新进展作了综述。 相似文献
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高致病性禽流感（highly pathogenic avian influenza, HPAI）和新城疫（newcastle disease, ND）等烈性传染病对养禽业危害严重,是养禽业需重点防控的疾病,其中HPAI是国家规定的强制免疫疫病。武汉市新洲区为家禽养殖大区,有规模禽场350余家,养殖规模近1140万只。为了解2021年度武汉市新洲区规模养殖场高致病性禽流感和新城疫免疫抗体合格率,武汉市新洲区农业技术推广服务中心连续12个月对辖区内规模鸡场进行蛋样抽检,运用血凝和血凝抑制试验,分别检测了高致病性禽流感H5亚型、H7亚型和新城疫的免疫抗体。结果显示,高致病性禽流感H5亚型、H7亚型和新城疫的整体免疫抗体合格率分别为94.1%、96.4%和88.9%,均达到了农业农村部规定的免疫抗体合格率不低于70.0%的标准。 相似文献
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禽白血病和禽网状内皮组织增生症均为禽的肿瘤性免疫抑制疾病,是危害养鸡业的两种非常重要的病毒性传染病。为调查重庆市肉鸡中禽白血病及禽网状内皮组织增生症的流行情况,在北碚区、涪陵区、开县、垫江县、潼南县五个区（县）的8个活禽交易市场采集260份血清样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测了所有血清中禽白血病病毒（ALV）和禽网状内皮组织增生病毒（REV）的抗体。检测结果显示：禽白血病病毒和禽网状内皮组织增生病毒抗体阳性率分别为16.5%（43/260）和5%（13/260）,双抗体阳性率为4.61%（12/260）。与全国其他地区相比,重庆市肉鸡中这两种病原的感染率相对要低,但仍应重视这两种疾病的防控,以控制病原的进一步传播。 相似文献
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禽流感疫苗研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
近几年禽流感的大范围流行,不仅给养禽业造成了巨大的经济损失,而且由于禽流感可直接感染人并导致死亡,故对人类健康也带来严重的威胁。疫苗免疫仍然是防止禽流感暴发的主要措施,但禽流感病毒变异性强,血清型众多,给疫苗的研究带来极大困难。就目前而言,能在实践上应用的禽流感疫苗主要还是灭活疫苗,这种疫苗具有亚型特异性,但也正是这种特性限制了这种疫苗的发展。随着生物技术的快速发展,其他新型疫苗尤其是基因工程疫苗的研究也取得了一定的进展。使我国应用禽流感疫苗,预防高致病力禽流感的防制策略成为可能。文章就目前禽流感疫苗的研究方面介绍了国内外的一些研究进展。 相似文献