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生物柴油发动机燃烧火焰与放热过程特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究生物柴油与柴油燃烧及放热过程的差异,应用高速摄影采集了柴油机燃用豆油甲酯和柴油的缸内燃烧火焰图像,实测了缸内压力示功图.以直接的火焰辉度图像结合放热规律分析,揭示了生物柴油和柴油缸内燃烧的历程.在未调整发动机燃烧系统参数的前提下,生物柴油因弹性模量大和十六烷值高的综合贡献,使着火时刻较柴油提前1.5°CA,其中生物柴油开始喷油时刻较柴油提前0.7°CA;在速燃期生物柴油燃烧火焰最亮辉度和持续时间均低于柴油.在燃烧的最后阶段,没有明显火焰的化学反应释放出的热量仅占2％ ～3％. 相似文献
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生物柴油的主要组分含有不饱和双键,分子碳链较长,含氧量在10%左右,这些特殊的燃料组分和分子结构对NOx的形成有重要影响。为了探讨燃料组分和结构对NOx排放的影响规律,运用Chemkin软件中的闭式均相反应器模型,模拟了元素组成相同或相近、分子结构类似的若干组物质NOx的生成,考察了饱和程度、碳链长度、含氧量对NO,NO2生成和燃烧温度的影响。研究结果表明,双键数量越多,燃烧温度升高,NOx的生成速率越快,NOx的生成量越大;较长的碳链在一定程度上能抑制NOx的生成;较高的含氧量能促进燃烧温度的升高,导致NOx生成量增大。 相似文献
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芳香烃是碳烟生成的重要前躯体物质,采用活性炭吸附管、玻璃纤维滤纸、XAD-2吸附管等对芳香烃类污染物进行了采集,运用色谱技术进行分离测定,考察了柴油机燃烧生物柴油时,不同工况下的芳香烃类污染物排放规律。构筑了包含PAHs生成过程的生物柴油化学反应动力学机理,分析了激波管燃烧条件下,过量空气系数、温度和压力对芳香烃生成的影响。研究结果表明,柴油机燃烧生物柴油时,排气中单环芳香烃的平均质量浓度远高于多环芳香烃。随着负荷的增加,排气中的芳香烃均呈先降后升的趋势,气相PAHs的质量浓度均高于颗粒相PAHs,颗粒相PAHs的质量浓度随着负荷的增加呈下降趋势,生物柴油燃烧产生的多环芳香烃中,三环菲的质量浓度最高;激波管燃烧条件下,生物柴油燃烧产生的多环芳香烃各组分按照峰值浓度的大小依次为萘、菲、芘,随着过量空气系数的提高,反应中间产物h、oh自由基增加,PAHs易被氧化为芳烃基或小分子芳香烃。随着初始温度的提高,反应始点提前,芳香烃各组分的峰值浓度出现在燃烧温度急剧上升的时刻;随着初始压力的提高,萘、菲的峰值浓度下降,四环芘的峰值浓度随着初始压力的提高而上升。 相似文献
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研究了利用小桐子油制备生物柴油的方法,找到合适的反应条件为甲醇约占油重的25%、催化剂NaOH占油重的1%、反应温度50～65℃、反应时间60～90min.通过对比试验,研究柴油机燃烧小桐子油制取的生物柴油和普通柴油对发动机经济性、动力性和排气烟度的影响.研究结果表明:燃烧小桐子油B20和B100,发动机启动性能良好、运转正常,动力性能与普通柴油基本相同,影响幅度不超过3%,油耗最多增加了10%;在供油提前角和喷油压力保持不变的情况下,燃用生物柴油可以较大幅度降低柴油机的排气烟度,最大降幅近70%. 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
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Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
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在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献