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低蛋白氨基酸平衡是养猪业中不可或缺的一种日粮模式，以理想蛋白质和氨基酸平衡为理论基础，在不影响生长性能的前提下，将日粮中粗蛋白质水平从NRC(1998)推荐水平的基础上降低2%～4%，同时合理添加合成氨基酸来满足畜禽的需要。与传统日粮相比，低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮具有提高蛋白利用效率、节约饲料成本、提高动物生产性能、改善动物肠道健康、提高肉品质、降低环境污染等优点。文章从低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮对猪的生长性能、氮排泄、肠道菌群、肉品质这四个方面的影响研究进展进行综述，为低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮在猪生产中的应用提供理论参考。 相似文献
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我国蛋白质类饲料资源紧缺,畜牧业发展迅速,畜禽存栏量不断增加,畜禽饲料利用率低,养殖业产生的排放物造成愈加严重的环境污染等,这些都制约着我国饲料业和畜牧业的发展。而采用氨基酸平衡低蛋白日粮技术可缓解以上问题,且不会降低畜禽的生产性能。目前,此技术在单胃动物上研究较多并取得预期的效果。而反刍动物因有独特的瘤胃,更适于降低日粮蛋白质水平补充非蛋白氮和氨基酸以达到节能减排的目的。文章以氨基酸平衡低蛋白日粮在猪、鸡的应用为基础,就反刍动物生理消化特点,探讨低蛋白日粮在其的适用性,并展望低蛋白日粮补充氨基酸和非蛋白氮物质在反刍动物上的应用前景,这对建立反刍动物最佳营养策略具有重要意义。 相似文献
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过去的观点认为,动物采食饲料中的蛋白质,在消化道内蛋白酶和肽酶的作用下,降解为游离氨基酸（FAA）后,才能被动物直接吸收利用。后来发现,喂给氨基酸日粮或低蛋白平衡氨基酸日粮,动物并不能达到最佳生产性能。现在已经弄清,蛋白质在动物消化道的消化酶作用下所产生的水解产物大部分为2或3个氨基酸残基的小肽（SP）,它们是以完整形式被吸收进入循环系统,被组织利用的。因此,一些学者提出,动物要获得最佳生产性能,日粮中必须有一定数量的完整蛋白质和SP的观点。基于以上发现,人们提出了SP的营养学说。 相似文献
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小肽在反刍动物中的应用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着人们对蛋白质消化吸收及其代谢规律研究的深入,蛋白质消化吸收理论不断得到完善。传统的蛋白质代谢模型认为,蛋白质必须水解成氨基酸后才能被吸收利用。但近几十年的研究表明,不同来源的饲料在氨基酸利用率上存在差异,而且当动物采食按理想氨基酸模式配制的纯化日粮或氨基酸平衡的低蛋白日粮时,不能得到最佳生产性能和饲料效率。 相似文献
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小肽在水产养殖中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
充分合理地利用饲料中的蛋白质,是动物营养学科研究多年来一直关注的热点问题。传统的蛋白质理论认为,蛋白质必需水解为游离氨基酸后才能吸收利用,即蛋白质营养就是氨基酸营养。根据这一理论,只要给动物提供充足的必需氨基酸,就能获得最佳生产性能。但近年来研究发现,给动物饲喂按理想蛋白质模式配制的氨基酸纯合日粮或低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮,动物并不 相似文献
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蛋白质是维持动物正常生理功能的重要物质。传统的观点一直认为动物采食的蛋白质，在消化道内蛋白酶和肽酶的作用下降解为游离氨基酸后才能被动物直接吸收利用。但在许多试验中，尤其是近期营养学研究表明，动物饲喂按理想氨基酸模式配制的纯合日粮或低蛋白氨基酸平衡日粮时，也不能获得最佳的生产性能(Calderson和Jensen，1989；Pinchansov等，1990)。随着人们对蛋白质消化吸收及其代谢规律研究的不断深入，人们发现， 相似文献
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色氨酸是动物的必需氨基酸,通常在仔猪饲粮中往往是第二或第三限制性氨基酸。我国以及世界的蛋白质资源都严重匮乏,养殖业高蛋白日粮的使用导致排泄物中氮的含量的增高,也带来了环境污染的问题。因此,通过降低日粮中粗蛋白,合理配制低蛋白日粮能缓解蛋白质资源紧缺,并减少动物排泄物中氮的含量,从而减少养殖业对环境的污染。随着对低蛋白添加合成氨基酸日粮的深入研究,各种必需氨基酸在低蛋白日粮中的平衡就成为蛋白质营养研究的热点,相关色氨酸的研究也随之开展。本文就色氨酸的营养生理作用及色氨酸在猪低蛋白日粮中的应用情况进行简要综述。 相似文献
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以含16%蛋白质的低蛋白饲料为基础,添加不同数量的鲤鱼鱼鳞硬蛋白到低蛋白饲料中,配制6种饲料即低蛋白基础日粮饲料、低蛋白基础日粮饲料+0.5%鱼鳞硬蛋白、低蛋白基础日粮饲料+2%鱼鳞硬蛋白、低蛋白基础日粮饲料+2%鱼鳞硬蛋白+0.2%色氨酸、低蛋白基础日粮饲料+5%鱼鳞硬蛋白和含20%蛋白质的正常蛋白日粮。上述6种饲料被分别饲喂6组SD大鼠,分析鱼鳞硬蛋白对大白鼠增重率、饲料利用率、表观消化率、生物学价值、血清尿素氮及血清总蛋白的影响。结果表明:在低蛋白饲料中,氨基酸构成不均衡的鲤鱼鱼鳞硬蛋白能够部分代替饲料中的蛋白质,在添加限制氨基酸的条件下,鲤鱼鱼鳞硬蛋白能够代替饲料中的多量蛋白质,鲤鱼鱼鳞硬蛋白在补充限制氨基酸的条件下具有良好的营养学价值。 相似文献
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将800只56周龄京红1号蛋鸡随机分为5个处理,每处理5个重复,每个重复32只,对照组2组,分别饲喂常规蛋白饲粮和低蛋白饲粮,试验组在低蛋饲粮基础上添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的苏氨酸。预饲期7d,试验期35d,研究低蛋白饲粮添加苏氨酸对蛋鸡生产性能及蛋品质的影响。结果表明,在低蛋白饲粮基础上添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%苏氨酸均可显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率、饲料利用率和蛋壳质量,促进蛋白质在鸡蛋中的沉积。其中,低蛋白饲粮基础上添加0.2%苏氨酸效果最佳,优于常规蛋白组。 相似文献
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In a three-factorial experiment with 216 piglets of the same age (33 +/- 4 days) but a different weight (weaning weight from 5.5 to 9 kg) a conventional piglet rearing feed containing 20% crude protein (standard), a high-energy diet and a low-protein diet (16% crude protein) were tested. In three weaning weight classes the three diets were fed without or with Bisergon [2-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-carbamoyl-3-methylquinoxaline-1.4-dioxide] over a period of 21 days. From the 22nd to the 71st day after weaning all the piglets received the standard diet without ergotropic. Among the factors studied the Bisergon supplement had the biggest effect. The additional weight gain varied from 9% in case of heavy piglets fed the high energy diet to 150% in case of light piglets fed the low protein diet. The ergotropic improved feed conversion by 22% and lowered the frequency of gastrointestinal diseases requiring treatment by 28%. At the end of the rearing period the weight of the piglets initially fed with Bisergon (means = 34.6 kg) was significantly higher than that of the control animals (means = 31.6 kg). The weaning weight and the diets influenced the final weight especially in the groups without ergotropic. In this case the piglets fed with the high-energy diet gained 30% more and those fed with the low-protein diet 40% less compared with the standard group. The average live weight gain of the light piglets (weaning weight 6.1 kg) was 30% lower than that of the heavier piglets (weaning weight 8.5 kg). The frequency of treatment against diarrhoea of the heavy piglets was by one third lower than that of the light animals. The piglets fed with the low-protein diet appeared to show a limitation of gastrointestinal diseases, but these animals also had the lowest feed intake. Independent of the Bisergon supplementation the weaning weight clearly influenced the live weight after the 10-week experiment. The initially better development of the animals started with the high-energy diet was compensated. In contrast to this, the piglets weighing 6.1 and 7.2 kg fed with the low-protein diet could not compensate the retarded development in comparison with the piglets fed with the standard or the high-energy diet. This experiment confirms the enormous improvement of the performance and of the health status of weaned piglets caused by the ergotropic Bisergon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
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与传统玉米-豆粕型日粮相比,在不影响猪生长性能的前提下,低蛋白日粮具有节约蛋白原料、减少氮排放、降低饲料成本及猪舍内氨气和硫化氢等有毒有害气体浓度等优点。随着国际贸易摩擦频繁、环保要求日渐严格和2020年7月1日饲料无抗的实施,低蛋白日粮已成为现代规模化养猪生产中日粮营养供应发展的必然趋势。因此,文章将从低蛋白日粮设计的理论基础以及对猪肠道健康和生长性能的影响进行简要综述,为低蛋白日粮的科学推广与应用提供参考与依据。 相似文献
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Rama Rao S.V. Praharaj N.K. Reddy M.R. Sridevi B. 《Veterinary research communications》1999,23(6):323-336
Immune competence, resistance to Escherichia coli and growth were measured in female chicks of broiler male parent lines from four different commercial sources. These chicks were fed with three levels of dietary crude protein (CP) from day-old. The protein contents in the diets were 18%, 20.5% and 23%; these diets are referred to as the low-, medium- and high-protein diets, respectively. There was a significant genotype by dietary protein interaction for body weight at 35 days of age but not at 14 or 28 days of age. At 14 days of age, the chicks fed on the high-protein diet weighed significantly more than those fed on the low-protein diet, but there were no differences between the chicks fed on the medium- and low-protein diets. The influence of CP content on body weight had disappeared by 28 days of age. There were significant differences between the genotypes in antibody production in response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC) inoculation, but no such differences were observed between the chicks fed the different levels of dietary protein. Chicks fed on the high-protein diet had lower lesion scores following E. coli inoculation than those fed on the low-protein diet. There were also significant differences in lesion scores among the genotypes. Genotypes with heavier body weights had significantly higher lesion scores and lower antibody titres than those with less body weight. Also, genotypes of lower body weight had a greater cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response to phytohaemaglutinin-P inoculation, and a better humoral response against SRBC and a lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. 相似文献
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Effect of dietary protein content and tryptophan supplementation on dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity in dogs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
DeNapoli JS Dodman NH Shuster L Rand WM Gross KL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,217(4):504-508
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high- and low-protein diets with or without tryptophan supplementation on behavior of dogs with dominance aggression, territorial aggression, and hyperactivity. DESIGN: Prospective crossover study. ANIMALS: 11 dogs with dominance aggression, 11 dogs with territorial aggression, and 11 dogs with hyperactivity. PROCEDURE: In each group, 4 diets were fed for 1 weeks each in random order with a transition period of not < 3 days between each diet. Two diets had low protein content (approximately 18%), and 2 diets had high protein content (approximately 30%). Two of the diets (1 low-protein and 1 high-protein) were supplemented with tryptophan. Owners scored their dog's behavior daily by use of customized behavioral score sheets. Mean weekly values of 5 behavioral measures and serum concentrations of serotonin and tryptophan were determined at the end of each dietary period. RESULTS: For dominance aggression, behavioral scores were highest in dogs fed unsupplemented high-protein rations. For territorial aggression, [corrected] tryptophan-supplemented low-protein diets were associated with significantly lower behavioral scores than low-protein diets without tryptophan supplements. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For dogs with dominance aggression, the addition of tryptophan to high-protein diets or change to a low-protein diet may reduce aggression. For dogs with territorial aggression, tryptophan supplementation of a low-protein diet may be helpful in reducing aggression. 相似文献
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Swennen Q Laroye C Janssens G Verbeke K Decuypere E Buyse J 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2007,91(7-8):347-354
Research has shown that broiler chickens reared on a low-protein diet have a more efficient protein digestion. However, information on the fate of absorbed amino acids in relation to the dietary crude protein level in poultry is sparse. Therefore, this study aimed at developing a methodology for a 1-(13)C(1)-leucine breath test combined with indirect calorimetry, and to apply this technique using broiler diets known to induce differences in protein retention. From 14 days of age onwards, broiler chickens were reared on one of two isocaloric diets with substitutions between fat and protein [low-protein (LP) vs. high-protein (HP) diet: 130.4 vs. 269 g protein/kg; and 101.8 vs. 27.9 g fat/kg]. Every 4 or 5 days, three chickens per diet were placed in the respiratory cells for 48 h. The broilers were intubated with 40 mg 1-(13)C(1)-leucine/kg body weight, followed by breath sampling for 4 h at 15-min intervals and mass spectrometric analysis of the (13)C:(12)C ratio in the samples. The CO(2) level in the respiratory cell air was monitored and excreta samples were collected. The methodology to study l[1-(13)C(1)]leucine decarboxyation in chickens using a breath test combined with indirect calorimetry was accomplished. Results of the nitrogen balance test indicated that the LP broilers had an improved dietary protein retention compared with the HP animals. Moreover, LP chickens decarboxylated a significantly lower percentage of l[1-(13)C(1)]leucine, demonstrating several 'protein- or amino acid-sparing' mechanisms in animals reared on a diet with lower protein level, both at the digestive and at the postabsorptive level. 相似文献
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M. Kreuzer S. Müller L. Mazzolini R. E. Messikommer I. D. M. Gangnat 《British poultry science》2020,61(1):33-42
ABSTRACT1. Although fattening dual-purpose types or male layer hybrid chickens appears more ethical than the common practice of culling day-old male layer chicks, the lower feed efficiency of these birds raises concerns. Replacing feed ingredients that compete with food production by those of lower value for human nutrition would be beneficial.2. Lohmann Dual (LD), a modern dual-purpose type, Lohmann Brown (LB), a male layer hybrid, and Hubbard JA 957 (HU), a slow-growing broiler type, were fattened for nine weeks on two diets (control or ?20% crude protein; n = 6 × 12 birds). Growth, carcass and meat quality were analysed.3. Growth performance of HU exceeded that of LD and especially of LB. The growth depression caused by the low-protein diet fed to LD (?7%) was only half of that found in HU (?13%). The LD fed the control diet had the same feed efficiency as the HU fed the low-protein diet. Even the LB had a lower performance and feed efficiency with the low-protein diet in growth. There was a gradient in carcass properties (weight, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, breast proportion and breast angle) from HU to LD to LB, with some additional adverse effects of the low-protein diet especially in HU. There were some breed differences in fatty acid profile in the intramuscular fat.4. In conclusion, the dual-purpose type used complied with regulations for Swiss organic poultry systems in terms of growth rate and was found to respond less when fed a low-protein diet than the slow-growing broiler type. The LB males were inferior in all growth and carcass quality traits. Future studies need to determine the exact protein and amino acid requirements of dual-purpose and layer hybrid chickens and the economic feasibility of the systems, especially for organic farming. 相似文献
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Excessive protein levels in diets result in incomplete digestion of nitrogenous nutrients that are excreted from the body, causing environment pollution. Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) has been reported to decrease dietary protein levels, promote intestinal health in piglets and reduce environmental pollution. However, the underlying mechanisms of AKG are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low-protein diet supplementation of AKG on the growth performance, nitrogen metabolism, relative expression of amino acid transporter genes and mTOR signalling pathway of skeletal muscle in piglets. Forty-eight piglets with an initial weight of 11.53 ± 0.04 kg were randomly divided into four groups. Each group had four replicates, and each replicate had three pigs. A low-protein (LP) diet (crude protein was 14.96%) served as the control without AKG, while 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% AKG were added to the LP diet for the other experimental groups. The trial period lasted for 28 days. Compared with the LP group, the LP + 1.0%A and LP + 1.5%A groups increased the growth performance (p < .05);increased the mRNA levels of amino acid transporters in the duodenum, anterior jejunum and posterior jejunum (p < .05); and reduced faecal nitrogen and urine nitrogen emissions (p < .05). They also showed greater mRNA levels and phosphorylated protein levels for S6 kinase beta (S6K) (p < .05), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (p < .05) and 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) (p < .05) in skeletal muscle. An LP diet supplemented with AKG activated the mTOR signalling and promoted the ability of the small intestine to absorb protein, thereby increasing protein deposition. Taken together, an LP diet supplemented with AKG provides a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of AKG in piglet production. 相似文献