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1.
J M Groff 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2001,4(2):321-411, v-vi
The normal structure and function of the piscine integument reflects the adaptation of the organism to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the aquatic environment, and the natural history of the organism. Because of the intimate contact of fish with the environment, cutaneous disease is relatively more common in fish than in terrestrial vertebrates and is one of the primary disease conditions presented to the aquatic animal practitioner. However, cutaneous lesions are generally nonspecific and may be indicative of disease that is restricted to the integument or a manifestation of systemic disease. Regardless, a gross and microscopic examination of the integument is simple to perform, but is highly diagnostic and should always be included in the routine diagnostic effort of the aquatic animal practitioner, especially since various ancillary diagnostic procedures are either not practical or lack predictive value in fish. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of normal cutaneous biology prior to consideration of specific cutaneous diseases in fish. 相似文献
2.
Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Bondad-Reantaso MG Subasinghe RP Arthur JR Ogawa K Chinabut S Adlard R Tan Z Shariff M 《Veterinary parasitology》2005,132(3-4):249-272
Asia contributes more than 90% to the world's aquaculture production. Like other farming systems, aquaculture is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. This paper describes the various factors, providing specific examples, which have contributed to the current disease problems faced by what is now the fastest growing food-producing sector globally. These include increased globalization of trade and markets; the intensification of fish-farming practices through the movement of broodstock, postlarvae, fry and fingerlings; the introduction of new species for aquaculture development; the expansion of the ornamental fish trade; the enhancement of marine and coastal areas through the stocking of aquatic animals raised in hatcheries; the unanticipated interactions between cultured and wild populations of aquatic animals; poor or lack of effective biosecurity measures; slow awareness on emerging diseases; the misunderstanding and misuse of specific pathogen free (SPF) stocks; climate change; other human-mediated movements of aquaculture commodities. Data on the socio-economic impacts of aquatic animal diseases are also presented, including estimates of losses in production, direct and indirect income and employment, market access or share of investment, and consumer confidence; food availability; industry failures. Examples of costs of investment in aquatic animal health-related activities, including national strategies, research, surveillance, control and other health management programmes are also provided. Finally, the strategies currently being implemented in the Asian region to deal with transboundary diseases affecting the aquaculture sector are highlighted. These include compliance with international codes, and development and implementation of regional guidelines and national aquatic animal health strategies; new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques and new information technology; new biosecurity measures including risk analysis, epidemiology, surveillance, reporting and planning for emergency response to epizootics; targeted research; institutional strengthening and manpower development (education, training and extension research and diagnostic services). 相似文献
3.
Smith SA 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(8):1203-6, 1162
Numerous nonlethal clinical techniques can be used on live fish to yield valuable diagnostic information. These techniques include skin, fin, and gill biopsies; bacteriologic cultures of gill or skin lesions; tissue and fluid aspiration; and radiography Most techniques can be performed on live fish without the use of anesthesia, although light sedation of the fish often simplifies the procedure, making the procedure more easily accomplished and less stressful on the fish. Because water conditions have a considerable effect on the health and well-being of aquatic animals, an in-house evaluation of water quality (eg, temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, and salinity) is also paramount to any clinical diagnostic evaluation. As with domestic animals, a complete and accurate history and thorough external examination are prerequisite to the selection of appropriate diagnostic techniques as well as the formulation of any management or therapeutic plan. Through the correlation of clinical history, water quality variables, and results of diagnostic testing, an informed plan of action can be devised to correct acute or chronic problems in aquatic animals. 相似文献
4.
葡聚糖作为一种免疫增强剂可以通过增强细胞的吞噬作用和增强免疫相关酶的活性来提高水生动物的非特异性免疫性能,提高抗病能力,其在水生动物的免疫系统上起着重要的作用。本文对葡聚糖对水生动物免疫功能的影响作一综述。 相似文献
5.
Evaluation of the clinical status in aquatic species is compromised by the limited diagnostic techniques that can be performed in these species. The hematologic and plasma chemistry parameters can provide predictive information, although these parameters can be highly variable owing to the influence of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, these parameters are fairly stable in acclimated, well-managed fish if stress is reduced during collection and samples are properly collected and analyzed. Evaluation of any single parameter is not predictive and, therefore, not recommended. Ideally, the diagnostic protocol should include evaluation of the hematologic indices, total and differential cell counts, TPP, glucose, sodium, and chloride. The practitioner who is routinely involved in aquatic animal medicine should consider in-house evaluation of these parameters. 相似文献
6.
Conraths FJ Köhler H Werner O Beer M Depner KR Geue L Kaden V Staubach C Pötzsch C Schares G Mettenleiter TC 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2005,118(9-10):354-364
The Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, founded in 1910 by Friedrich Loeffler, the discoverer of the first animal virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, is the oldest virological research facility in the world. Beyond viruses, its area of competence has significantly expanded since its foundation and now also covers bacterial, parasitic and prion diseases of livestock, poultry and aquatic animals. Presently located at four sites within Germany (Insel Riems, Jena,Tübingen,Wusterhausen) the tasks of the institute as delineated in the Animal Disease Act encompass research on infectious animal diseases including zoonoses, import/export examinations, epidemiological studies in case of outbreaks of notifiable animal diseases, acting as reference laboratory for notifiable animal diseases and nationwide quality management of diagnosis of notifiable animal diseases. It is obliged to publish and maintain up-to-date diagnostic regimes for notifiable animal diseases, and it publishes a yearly report on animal health in Germany. With the increasing importance of infectious diseases of animals, in particular those potentially harmful to man (zoonoses), the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut will be moving into new facilities including laboratories and animal facilities up to the highest biosafety level at its main site Insel Riems on the occasion of its 100th anniversary. 相似文献
7.
Drury R Reavill 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2006,9(2):223-35, v
Fish medicine has common diagnostic and clinical procedures that are essential for disease diagnosis and patient management. With a few modifications for handling of the fish patient, these resemble procedures performed in most veterinary hospitals and clinics in our other companion species. The predictive value of these diagnostic methods is improving with the ever-increasing number of publications in fish medicine. Training in aquatic clinical procedures is offered at most large continuing education conferences and as specialty courses. These basic procedures are the important first steps toward improving the health of our aquatic companion animals. 相似文献
8.
分子生物学技术在水产动物疾病诊断和预防中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前,分子生物技术在水产动物疾病诊断及预防中得到广泛应用。根据国内外研究的动向,本文对应用于水产动物疾病诊断及防治中的分子生物学技术进行了综述,阐明其原理、特点及应用,为水产动物疾病分子水平上的诊断提供参考。 相似文献
9.
Subasinghe RP 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2005,67(2-3):117-124
Aquaculture appears to have strongest potential to meet the increasing demands for aquatic products in most regions of the world. The world population is on the increase, as is the demand for aquatic food products. Production from capture fisheries at a global level is levelling off. Potential contributions from aquaculture to local food security, livelihoods and nutrition can be highly significant, especially in many remote and resource-poor rural areas. One of the major constraints to aquaculture production is the losses due to diseases. Over the decades, the sector has faced significant problems with disease outbreaks and epidemics which caused significant economic losses. The use of sound epidemiological principles and logical and science-based approach to identify and manage risks comprise two of the most important components of an effective biosecurity program. The maintenance of effective biosecurity in aquaculture is becoming more and more essential. There will be more demand for aquatic animal epidemiologists as well as epidemiological tools/resources in the region. The use of epidemiology will significantly improve health management, risk analysis and disease control. Although there are clear limitations and complications in the use of epidemiology for controlling aquatic animal pathogens, some positive results have recently emerged from a series of studies and trials to control diseases affecting the small-scale shrimp farming sector in southern India. This paper summarises the results of one such study which emphasizes the significant benefit of close collaboration with farmers, both individually and as groups, and capacity and awareness building among them and the importance of understanding the risk factors and implementing better management practices. 相似文献
10.
The diagnosis of respiratory diseases in horses can be difficult due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical signs, which overlap between the different diseases. Cytological examination of the respiratory secretions is a helpful diagnostic tool that, when combined with clinical features and other diagnostic techniques, has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy significantly. This review article should help readers to become familiar with the cytology of the normal respiratory tract and with the cytopathological abnormalities associated with common respiratory disorders in horses. 相似文献
11.
Murray AG 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,88(3):167-177
Disease is an important issue affecting aquatic animal populations. Aquatic pathogens may be transmitted in ways that could result in qualitatively different impacts to those of terrestrial diseases. I analyse simple SIR epidemic models with different functions to describe transmission. Four forms of transmission are applied: density-dependent, density-independent, non-linear density-dependent and constant infection pressure; the first two are similar to terrestrial systems, the second two are based on specifically aquatic modes of transmission. Observed diseases and existing models are reviewed in terms of these simple forms. The significance of mode of transmission to host populations, to strategies to prevent or control diseases, and to wild-farm interactions are analysed. Different diseases are simulated by different transmission models, for example furunculosis depends on host density, while spread of phocine distemper virus is density-independent, and sea lice infestation pressure may result from open transmission processes that are not dependent on local infested hosts. Appropriate transmission model may also depend on the scale of interest (inter- or intra-population). These different models result in very different responses to intervention strategies, for example culling may be effective for controlling density-dependent disease but may be counter-productive when pathogens depend on open recruitment. It is therefore important for management that appropriate models (whether existing or novel) be selected and this paper aims to provide a basic framework for cataloguing and management of aquatic diseases. 相似文献
12.
嗜水气单胞菌研究进展 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
嗜水气单胞菌属于弧菌科气单胞菌属,在自然界分布广泛,可以感染多种水生及陆生动物并引起不同的疾病,是一种重要的人—兽—鱼共患病病原菌,本文概述了嗜水气单胞菌的分类地位和生物学性状,并对其鉴定方法、致病因子和由其引起的疾病进行了综述。 相似文献
13.
β-葡聚糖来源广泛，主要存在于植物和微生物细胞壁中，由葡聚糖单体构成，具有多种结构，因其侧链残基种类和数量的不同而具有多种生物学功能，如通过降低炎症相关基因表达及提高免疫因子的表达发挥调节免疫的作用；通过减少脂质的产生和吸收发挥调节脂质代谢的作用；通过提高抗氧化酶、自由基、超氧阴离子的清除活性及激活Nrf2信号通路、上调抗氧化基因的表达来增强机体的抗氧化能力，发挥抗氧化作用；通过增强缺氧耐受性及提高抗氨氮应激能力、能量代谢和抗氧化酶基因的表达等发挥抗应激作用。自抗生素禁用以来，β-葡聚糖在水产动物中的研究和应用逐渐深入，β-葡聚糖在预防水产动物疾病和减少抗生素使用等方面发挥着重要作用。在水产养殖中，β-葡聚糖可通过提高消化酶活性、改善肠道结构、优化肠道菌群及增强非特异性免疫力来提高水产动物生长性能，β-葡聚糖的联合使用比添加单一种类的免疫刺激剂具有更好的免疫效果。作者就β-葡聚糖的结构特征、生物学活性、作用机制及在水产动物中的应用进行了综述，并对β-葡聚糖今后的发展方向进行了展望，为实现水产动物生态健康养殖提供材料。 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT: Over recent years the growth in aquaculture, accompanied by the emergence of new and transboundary diseases, has stimulated epidemiological studies of aquatic animal diseases. Great potential exists for both observational and theoretical approaches to investigate the processes driving emergence but, to date, compared to terrestrial systems, relatively few studies exist in aquatic animals. Research using risk methods has assessed routes of introduction of aquatic animal pathogens to facilitate safe trade (e.g. import risk analyses) and support biosecurity. Epidemiological studies of risk factors for disease in aquaculture (most notably Atlantic salmon farming) have effectively supported control measures. Methods developed for terrestrial livestock diseases (e.g. risk-based surveillance) could improve the capacity of aquatic animal surveillance systems to detect disease incursions and emergence. The study of disease in wild populations presents many challenges and the judicious use of theoretical models offers some solutions. Models, parameterised from observational studies of host pathogen interactions, have been used to extrapolate estimates of impacts on the individual to the population level. These have proved effective in estimating the likely impact of parasite infections on wild salmonid populations in Switzerland and Canada (where the importance of farmed salmon as a reservoir of infection was investigated). A lack of data is often the key constraint in the application of new approaches to surveillance and modelling. The need for epidemiological approaches to protect aquatic animal health will inevitably increase in the face of the combined challenges of climate change, increasing anthropogenic pressures, limited water sources and the growth in aquaculture. TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1 Introduction 42 The development of aquatic epidemiology 73 Transboundary and emerging diseases 93.1 Import risk analysis (IRA) 103.2 Aquaculture and disease emergence 113.3 Climate change and disease emergence 133.4 Outbreak investigations 134 Surveillance and surveys 154.1 Investigation of disease prevalence 154.2 Developments in surveillance methodology 164.2.1 Risk-based surveillance and scenario tree modelling 164.2.2 Spatial and temporal analysis 164.3 Test validation 175 Spread, establishment and impact of pathogens 185.1 Identifying routes of spread 185.1.1 Ex-ante studies of disease spread 195.1.2 Ex-post observational studies 215.2 Identifying risk factors for disease establishment 235.3 Assessing impact at the population level 245.3.1 Recording mortality 245.3.2 Farm health and production records 265.3.3 Assessing the impact of disease in wild populations 276 Conclusions 317 Competing interests 328 Authors' contributions 329 Acknowledgements 3310 References 33. 相似文献
15.
猪圆环病毒感染诊断方法研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
猪圆环病毒分为1型和2型。目前还没有证据表明猪圆环病毒1型可以导致猪发病,但其在PK-15细胞中的广泛污染和在猪群中的高感染率已经引起了人们的高度关注,而猪圆环病毒2型的危害在于能够使感染猪只的免疫功能受到损害,这种可导致机体免疫抑制的病毒,由于经常以亚临床感染的形式出现,常易被忽视。为了更好地控制猪圆环病毒的感染,迫切需要寻找一种适合的快速准确的诊断方法。但目前在临床诊断和实验室的诊断过程中,单一的诊断方法往往受到多种因素的影响,这就需要根据目前各种检测猪圆环病毒的方法及其优缺点进行分析,应用多种方法相结合,优化检测手段,为寻找一种适合的快速准确的诊断方法、制定合理的免疫程序和发展新型的诊断方法提供参考。 相似文献
16.
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Weakness is a relatively common clinical presentation in feline medicine and can be caused by primary neuromuscular disease or by diseases of other body systems affecting the neuromuscular system secondarily. Successful work-up relies on a thorough clinical and neurological examination, and logical problem solving, based on an understanding of the underlying neuroanatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Feline neuromuscular diseases can be a diagnostic challenge. On initial inspection, the presenting signs can mimic disorders of other body systems, particularly cardiovascular, pulmonary and orthopaedic disease, or may be confused with systemic illnesses. Additionally, because many different pathologies of the feline neuromuscular system converge to a similar clinical phenotype, further diagnostic steps such as electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and muscle and nerve biopsies must be considered even after neuromuscular dysfunction has been identified. AUDIENCE: This review provides a framework for the clinical approach to the weak cat and gives a practical summary of neuromuscular diseases for the general practitioner and specialist alike. EVIDENCE BASE: Many diseases affecting the feline neuromuscular system have been well described in the veterinary literature, mostly based on retrospective case reports and series. The evidence base for the treatment of feline neuromuscular diseases remains very limited. 相似文献
17.
18.
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of aquatic animal pathogens in a diagnostic laboratory setting 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Real-time, or quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is quickly supplanting other molecular methods for detecting the nucleic acids of human and other animal pathogens owing to the speed and robustness of the technology. As the aquatic animal health community moves toward implementing national diagnostic testing schemes, it will need to evaluate how qPCR technology should be employed. This review outlines the basic principles of qPCR technology, considerations for assay development, standards and controls, assay performance, diagnostic validation, implementation in the diagnostic laboratory, and quality assurance and control measures. These factors are fundamental for ensuring the validity of qPCR assay results obtained in the diagnostic laboratory setting. 相似文献
19.
The skin biopsy is an invaluable diagnostic tool in veterinary dermatology. Biopsy site selection and interpretation of the biopsy report significantly influence the value of this procedure for diagnosing inflammatory skin diseases and are discussed in this article. Skin diseases often present with several different recognizable lesions that change significantly during their evolution. Individual lesions are typically heterogenous--some areas are diagnostic and some are not. Understanding which skin lesions to biopsy, and when and where to sample them, can significantly improve the value of information collected. To increase the information returned to clinicians for a biopsy, veterinary dermatopathologists have adopted the pattern-analysis method of classifying inflammatory skin lesions. This approach is based on recognizing morphologically distinct inflammatory patterns in skin biopsies and their association with particular sets of diseases. A basic knowledge of the pattern-analysis method is essential for maximizing the interpretation of skin biopsy reports. 相似文献
20.
南美白对虾与草鱼鲤鱼混养技术 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(1):105-105
为了有效预防南美白对虾疾病的发生,提高池塘养殖综合效益,将南美白对虾与草鱼、鲤鱼混养进行养殖试验,结果每公顷平均产虾3 600 kg、草鱼3 300 kg、鲤鱼2 400 kg,每公顷产值11.67万元,每公顷成本7.59万元,每公顷利润4.08万元。养殖实践发现,该种混养模式有效利用了水体空间,增强了水体的自净能力;有效阻断病害的传播途径,避免了虾病的暴发;降低了养殖风险,提高经济效益。 相似文献