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1.
针对薄层热风干燥过程自动称量精度受温度波动、气流扰动及机械振动等因素影响的问题，该研究研制了薄层热风干燥装置及其控制系统，以实现干燥过程物料质量及含水率的自动获取、及时查看和数据存储。系统改进了传统称量结构，采用悬吊称量的方式，将称量传感器置于干燥装置外，与干燥环境相隔离以提高称量传感器使用寿命；采用变频器输出频率表征风速的方式，有效避免了热式风速传感器在变温环境中的测量误差；通过称量传感器温度-质量的归一化偏差校正方法及“停风-稳定-称量-恢复”准静态的自动称量流程，开展了温度波动、气流扰动误差特性及装置验证试验，保证了干燥过程中物料含水率的准确获取。试验表明：恒载标定时，采用温度-质量归一化偏差校正方法校正后的质量与恒载质量最大偏差值为0.368 g，与实测质量相比，平均绝对百分比误差降低了84.4%，测量不确定度降低了72.2%；采用停风检测方案后，实测质量与恒载质量的最大偏差值由37.1 g降至0.31 g；物料加载时，在干燥温度35、45及55℃条件下，以手动称量方式下获取的质量及含水率为标准值，自动称量方式下的质量绝对误差分别为0.337、0.415和0.472 g，含水率... 相似文献
2.
通过对箱式热风穿流干燥室风速场、温度场及其满载物料干燥均匀性的试验研究,指出了干燥室温度场和物料的干燥均匀性规律同空载冷态下风速场均匀性的规律基本一致,为该类干燥设备在研制开发过程中干燥均匀性和与其相关的温度场的测定提供了一种间接的试验方法。 相似文献
3.
基于监测物料温度的胡萝卜热风干燥相对湿度控制方式 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
针对热风干燥中,表面易结壳农产品物料阶段降湿干燥中各阶段高湿和低湿保持时间较难确定的问题,该文提出了在干燥介质温度和风速一定时,基于监测物料温度的热风干燥相对湿度控制方式。该控制方式在前期预热阶段保持较高恒定的相对湿度值,使物料迅速升温;中期干燥阶段物料温度保持特定值进行排湿干燥,物料温度有上升趋势时停止排湿使之升温;后期降速干燥阶段,物料保持较高温度值进行排湿干燥。胡萝卜的热风干燥验证试验研究结果表明,预热阶段,相对湿度控制最大偏差为1.0%;中期干燥阶段,物料排湿干燥物料温度保持值逐渐升高,物料温度上升至保持温度的最大误差为0.8℃;在后期干燥阶段,检测湿含量之差小于0.5 g/kg,判定干燥结束相对于称量判定干燥结束终点时间延迟为9 min。该干燥时间相比于前期相对湿度50%后期连续排湿和前期相对湿度50%后期相对湿度20%缩短了19.7%。该文提出了一种基于监测物料温度的热风干燥相对湿度调控策略,控制精度高,延迟时间短,相比于前期高湿后期低湿的干燥工艺能显著缩短干燥时间,提高干燥效率。 相似文献
4.
新鲜沙棘含水率高且易腐烂变质,干燥是延长货架期的重要方式之一。针对现有沙棘热风干燥周期长、品质差、能耗高等问题,该研究基于控温控湿设计了一种红外联合热风干燥装置,并对装置的气流分配室结构进行了优化,设计了一种圆柱形扰流板和方形挡风板,利用数值模拟软件COMSOL对干燥装置中速度场、温度场和湿度场进行了模拟,结果表明通过增加半圆柱扰流板能够改变干燥层间气流量,解决干燥不均匀性问题;借助增设扰流板能够提高气流速度,利用自由流区域高温低湿干燥介质的干燥能力,防止干燥层内不同区域出现干燥不均匀的现象。优化后的干燥室结构将5个干燥层间的最大速度偏差比显著降低。以沙棘为研究对象对干燥工艺进行了试验研究。结果表明,不同干燥温度对沙棘控温控湿红外联合热风干燥时间有显著影响,干燥水分比随干燥时间的增加呈现指数下降趋势。基于层次分析法得到各干燥特性和干燥品质权重,采用综合评价方法得到不同干燥温度下75℃干燥条件综合评分最高。不同介质湿度干燥条件下,当介质湿度为10%干燥时,干燥所需能耗最低,干燥后沙棘复水比最高,具有最高的维生素C(vitamin C,Vc)保留率和总黄酮含量,综合评分最高。40%介质湿度... 相似文献
5.
气体射流冲击干燥机气流分配室流场模拟与结构优化 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
为了改善气体射流冲击干燥机气流分配室流场结构,提高喷管速度分布均匀性,以气体运动微分方程和RNGk-ε湍流模型为基础,利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对气流分配室内气流流场进行了三维数值模拟,得到了热气流在气流分配室内的流动特征,并对原模型结构进行改进,提出了3类优化方法,同时将最优模型的预测值与试验数据进行了比较。计算结果表明,气流分配室原始结构的速度矢量在气流腔室内部形成2个左右对称的反向涡流区,对应喷管出口速度分布沿高度方向呈先减小后增加的趋势,设计工况下速度偏差比和速度不均匀系数分别达到24.6%和18.1%;减小分配室下端宽度这一常见思路并不能改善气流分配室的速度分布均匀性,而扰流模型则被证明是可行的;平板扰流模型的效果优于半圆柱扰流模型,其最佳结构参数为平板间距为160mm且第一块平板较喷管轴线高14mm,速度偏差比降为7.7%,而速度不均匀系数仅为4.7%,数值模拟结果与试验数据最大偏差不超过8%。该文的研究思路对类似于干燥机气流分配室结构的均匀性设计提供了参考。 相似文献
6.
腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性及品质,该研究探讨了不同极板间距（160、165 mm）、不同初始湿基含水率（10%、15%、20%）下腐殖酸肥料的升温速率和加热均匀性,在此基础上进行射频真空干燥试验,并以热风干燥试验为对照,采用Weibull函数拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥特性曲线,对比射频真空干燥与热风干燥对腐殖酸肥料颜色、总氮、总磷、总钾及有机质的影响。结果表明：真空度为0.085 MPa,极板间距为160 mm、初始湿基含水率为15%时,干燥速率和升温速率较快,加热均匀性较好;升温曲线在53 ℃出现拐点,53 ℃前升温较快,53 ℃后升温较慢;除含水率为20%的物料外,极板间距对加热均匀性影响不显著（P > 0.05）,但初始湿基含水率对其有显著影响（P<0.05）;射频真空干燥所需时间较热风干燥缩短约208 min,射频真空干燥可显著提高干燥速率（P<0.05）;Weibull函数能较好的拟合腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥过程,尺度参数和形状参数随极板间距的减小而减小,随初始湿基含水率的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;水分有效扩散系数,随极板间距的减小而增大,随初始湿基含水率的增加,呈先增大后减小的趋势;极板间距与初始湿基含水率总体上对腐殖酸肥料的色泽高度L*、红绿值a*、蓝黄值b*、总氮、总磷、总钾、有机质无显著影响（P>0.05）;65 ℃热风干燥后样品的色差值显著高于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）,总氮和有机质含量显著低于射频真空干燥（P<0.05）。在设置的试验条件下,腐殖酸肥料的较佳干燥参数为真空度0.085 MPa、极板间距160 mm、初始湿基含水率15%。研究结果可为腐殖酸肥料射频真空干燥应用提供参考。 相似文献
7.
Numerical simulation and optimum design on airflow distribution chamber of air-impingement jet dryer
为了改善气体射流冲击干燥机气流分配室流场结构,提高喷管速度分布均匀性,以气体运动微分方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型为基础,利用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对气流分配室内气流流场进行了三维数值模拟,得到了热气流在气流分配室内的流动特征,并对原模型结构进行改进,提出了3类优化方法,同时将最优模型的预测值与试验数据进行了比较。计算结果表明,气流分配室原始结构的速度矢量在气流腔室内部形成2个左右对称的反向涡流区,对应喷管出口速度分布沿高度方向呈先减小后增加的趋势,设计工况下速度偏差比和速度不均匀系数分别达到24.6%和18.1%;减小分配室下端宽度这一常见思路并不能改善气流分配室的速度分布均匀性,而扰流模型则被证明是可行的; 平板扰流模型的效果优于半圆柱扰流模型,其最佳结构参数为平板间距为160 mm且第一块平板较喷管轴线高14 mm,速度偏差比降为7.7%,而速度不均匀系数仅为4.7%,数值模拟结果与试验数据最大偏差不超过8%。该文的研究思路对类似于干燥机气流分配室结构的均匀性设计提供了参考。 相似文献
8.
多温区网带式干燥机热流场分析与结构优化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为实现连续式干燥机温度分区要求，该研究设计了一种基于分层孔板送风的四层网带式干燥机。首先，采用计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics，CFD）方法优化了气流分配室出风孔结构参数；并以油茶籽为干燥对象，基于油茶籽干燥动力学特性，建立了干燥机CFD模型，以温度不均匀系数作为单层温度均匀性、温度分层偏离度作为分层温度显著性的评价指标，研究了送风温度呈自上而下逐层递减和递增两种工况下其内部温度场分布规律。研究结果表明，在送风温度递减和递增两种工况下，自上而下各层温度不均匀系数分别为3.08%、2.00%、1.89%、1.60%和2.37%、2.04%、2.42%、3.31%，递减工况下温度分层偏离度为4.94%，递增工况下温度分层偏离度为3.57%。可有效实现温度分区的功能。为了进一步优化干燥机温度均匀性和温度分层有效性，为每一层气流分配室设置阻流板。结构优化后，对于温度递减和递增工况，各层温度不均匀系数的降幅分别达到了13.0%～66.3%和23.8%～51.9%，温度分层偏离度降幅分别达到了10.9%和10.1%，分层温度均匀性和温度分区效果得到显著改善。研究结果可为网带式干燥机进行分区可控变温干燥提供参考依据。 相似文献
9.
多层洋葱热风干燥的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
本文利用自制的热风干燥试验台,进行了洋葱多层(14层)的干燥试验研究,得到了风温、风速对干燥过程中各层含水率平均梯度与热耗的影响规律:提出了较佳的干燥工艺;求得了不同层数物料的气流阻力与风速的回归方程。 相似文献
10.
基于单片机控制的气流换向干燥系统研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为提高干燥品质、减轻劳动强度和实现干燥过程自动化,研制了基于单片机控制的气流换向干燥系统。采用“小参数热风渗流、间接加热、气流换向深层干燥”的干燥工艺,对系统的性能进行了试验研究和分析,同时,对气流换向及气流内循环在干燥中的作用和效果进行了讨论。结果表明,气流换向干燥系统和所采用的干燥工艺能有效地保证干燥物料,特别是粮食种子的质量指标 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献