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1.
将牛白细胞介素18(bovine interleukin-18,BoIL-18)的成熟蛋白基因亚克隆到原核表达载体pGEX6p-1中，并在宿主菌BL21（DE3）中进行表达；用BoIL-18在昆虫细胞中的表达产物制备的兔多克隆抗体作为一抗进行Western blot分析；采用亲和层析法，对表达产物进行纯化；利用MTT染色法研究重组BoIL-18（re BoIL-18）对牛外周血单核细胞(PBMC) 增殖的促进作用；采用双抗体夹心ELISA法研究reBoIL-18诱导脾淋巴细胞产生IFN-γ的情况；采用微量细胞病变抑制法检测reBoIL-18对VSV导致细胞病变的抑制作用。结果:得到了BoIL-18的高效表达产物，表达量为31.8％，Western blot 显示，在44KD处有一特异性条带；纯化后获得了纯度较高的reBoIL-18蛋白；纯化的BoIL-18对PBMC增殖具有明显的促进作用，并且能够促进IFN-γ的诱生和抑制VSV病毒的活性。  相似文献   

2.
鸡白细胞介素-18(ChIL-18)重组蛋白的生物学活性检测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
对含有鸡白细胞介素-18(ChIL-18)基因的质粒在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)内进行诱导表达,经亲和层析法对表达产物进行纯化,用微量细胞病变抑制法CEF-VSV系统,检测其对SPF鸡脾淋巴细胞诱导产生γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)的活性和其对病毒的抑制效果;用3H-TdR掺入法和MTT法分别检测其对T淋巴细胞诱导转化和NK细胞杀伤活性的作用。结果表明,经诱导表达出分子量44kD的目的蛋白(与GST融合表达),纯化后得到去除菌体蛋白的高纯度目的蛋白;该蛋白能够诱导脾细胞产生IFN-γ,当浓度为250ng/mL时诱导IFN-γ的活性最高,可达1×106U/mL;但该蛋白不能直接抑制水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上生长;能够刺激淋巴细胞显著增殖,浓度为250ng/mL时效果最佳;适当浓度的rChIL-18蛋白能促进NK细胞的杀伤活性,浓度为150ng/mL时,作用最强。利用原核表达的重组鸡白细胞介素-18蛋白与天然鸡IL-18蛋白一样具有较广泛的生物学活性。  相似文献   

3.
本研究克隆了广西沼泽型水牛γ-干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)基因,并构建了水牛IFN-γ原核表达质粒。从健康沼泽型水牛静脉无菌采血,分离外周血单个核细胞(Peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs),用刀豆素A(Concanavalin A,ConA)诱导培养13 h后,提取细胞总RNA,用水牛IFN-γ基因特异性引物通过RT-PCR扩增水牛IFN-γ成熟肽编码区cDNA序列,将其克隆到pMD18-T载体中。RT-PCR产物电泳可见约457 bp大小目的片段。经过限制性酶切分析,测序证实克隆得到的基因序列正确。将IFN-γ成熟肽编码区基因片段切下亚克隆到表达载体pET-32a 中,构建成重组表达质粒pET-mIFN-γ。PCR、双酶切电泳和序列测定结果均证实已插入约457 bp的IFN-γ基因片段。经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,水牛IFN-γ基因在大肠杆菌中获得了高效的表达,融合蛋白的分子量为35 ku,表达量占菌体总蛋白的43.6%。  相似文献   

4.
本研究旨在利用毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)系统融合表达结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)的培养滤液蛋白10(culture filter protein 10,CFP10)和早期分泌抗原靶6蛋白(earlier secreted antigen target 6,ESAT6),并评价其作为牛结核病外周血γ-干扰素(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)体外释放实验特异性刺激剂来诊断牛结核病的应用潜能.通过PCR扩增cfp1 0-esat6融合基因,构建pPICZα A-(cfp10-esat6)重组质粒,电转化毕赤酵母GSll5,添加甲醇至终浓度1.0％,诱导3d,取培养上清进行SDS-PAGE分析,镍离子金属螯合亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白,Western blot分析重组蛋白的免疫反应性;取纯化的融合蛋白CFP10-ESAT6作为刺激剂用于牛结核病外周血IFN-γ体外释放实验,评价其牛结核病诊断价值.结果表明,目的蛋白(33kD)被成功分泌表达,该融合蛋白与抗CFP10、ESAT6、组氨酸标签和c-Myc4种单抗均发生特异性反应,具有较好的免疫反应性.165份奶牛外周血样品的IFN-γ检测结果表明,CFP 10-ESAT6融合蛋白与结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative,PPD)作为刺激剂,二者阳性符合率为82.3％,阴性符合率为78.8％.本研究利用酵母表达系统成功表达CFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白,并表现出更高的生物学活性,在牛结核病外周血IFN-γ体外释放实验中可作为候选刺激剂,并能克服混合感染导致的PPD漏检问题,从而进一步提高检测的敏感性和特异性.  相似文献   

5.
灵杆菌(Serratia marcescens)核酸酶高效的核酸去除能力与较强的稳定性使其在生物医药领域有广泛的应用,而如何高效去除反应体系中添加的微量核酸酶成为了重要的生产问题.为建立反应后核酸酶的快速去除系统,本研究构建了融合Strep-tagⅡ标签的灵杆菌非特异核酸酶(Strep-tag Ⅱfused non-specific nuclease,SNU),并对融合蛋白的催化特性以及去除效果进行分析.依据灵杆菌核酸酶基因序列,设计融合Strep-tagⅡ编码序列的引物克隆目标基因并构建融合表达载体pLLP-OmpA+snu,并将测序正确的重组质粒转化宿主菌大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21并进行诱导表达.融合Strep-tag Ⅱ的核酸酶以包涵体形式过量表达,通过优化包涵体纯化条件获得高纯度包涵体.经包涵体复性可获得高活性的融合蛋白,复性率大于60％.复性蛋白经二乙氨基乙基(diethylaminoethyl,DEAE)-琼脂糖凝胶(sepharose)阴离子交换层析进一步纯化获得了高纯度的融合蛋白.融合蛋白的纯化效率可以达到18.695 mg/L.活性检测表明该融合蛋白能够高效降解DNA与RNA,其最适温度为37℃,最适pH为8.0,比活力达到1.53×105 U/mg.500 mmol/L以下尿素对酶活性几乎没有影响,而高于50 mmol/L MgC12、大于2 mmol/L乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)则会对活性产生一定的抑制作用.不同二价金属离子对酶活性影响的分析表明,Mg2+和Mn2+对重组核酸酶活性有明显的促进作用,Zn2+、Cu2+和Ca2+则没有促进作用,而Co2+、Ni2+和Fe2+对重组核酸酶的活性促进不显著.通过链霉亲和素(Streptavidin)-Sepharose CL 6B能够实现融合Strep-tagⅡ标签的核酸酶的高效去除.融合Strep-tagⅡ标签的灵杆菌非特异核酸酶的重组表达、包涵体纯化-复性体系以及去除系统的建立为灵杆菌非特异核酸酶的实践应用提供了基础资料.  相似文献   

6.
鸡白介素-2基因在大肠杆菌中表达及多克隆抗体制备*   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
将编码鸡(Gallus gallus)白细胞介素-2(interleukin-2,IL-2)蛋白的基因亚克隆到大肠杆菌(Eschetichia coli)原核表达载体pPROEX^HT中，构建重组质粒并进行确证性序列测定。然后将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌DH5α并用IFTG于37℃诱导培养。SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析显示，表达的鸡IL-2融合蛋白分子量约为19kD。融合蛋白经薄层扫描发现目的蛋白表达量约占菌体蛋白的30％。包涵体被6mol／L，盐酸胍裂解后，通过镍离子亲和树脂进行了纯化。用所获得的重组鸡IL-2融合蛋白及其纯化产物免疫家兔，制备兔抗鸡IL-2多克隆抗血清，并用琼脂扩散实验对多克隆抗血清进行鉴定，表明其与纯化的重组鸡IL-2蛋白具有良好的反应性，而且该反应是特异的。  相似文献   

7.
摘要：将鸡（Gallus gallus）的γ-干扰素（interferon-γ, IFN-γ）基因亚克隆到杆状病毒转移载体pMelBacB的BamHⅠ位点上，构建真核转移载体pMelBacB-ChIFN-γ，经限制性内切酶消化、ChIFN-γ特异引物PCR鉴定和序列测定，证明目的基因正确克隆到载体的预期位点。将纯化的pMelBacB-ChIFN-γ质粒与杆状病毒DNA（Bac-N-BlueTM DNA）共转染sf9昆虫细胞，经3轮蓝斑筛选纯化，获得了重组杆状病毒rBaculovirus-ChIFN-γ。提取病毒DNA经ChIFN-γ特异引物和重组杆状病毒特异引物PCR鉴定，证明获得了纯化的重组杆状病毒，命名为rBaculovirus-ChIFN-γ。用该重组病毒接种sf9昆虫细胞，收获接种后不同时间的细胞进行SDS-PAGE,结果表明ChIFN-γ基因在昆虫细胞中获得了表达，表达的重组蛋白分子量约为19 kD。应用在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )原核表达系统中表达的重组蛋白制备的兔抗ChIFN-γ多克隆抗体进行Western blot分析，表明表达的重组蛋白具有抗原性。  相似文献   

8.
实验克隆了莱航鸡(Gallus gallus )MHC I α (BF2)(GenBank登陆号：AY989897)全基因，分析了其信号肽序列，构建了缺失信号肽且拼接了BirA底物肽序列(BSP)的融合蛋白重组表达载体pET-BF2-BSP，在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli )中得到表达，并优化了诱导剂浓度、起始诱导菌体浓度及诱导时间等表达条件。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明所得融合目的蛋白约为40 kD，Western-blot结果显示该重组蛋白成功融合了6×His标签；pET-BF2-BSP最优化表达条件分别为：菌体起始诱导浓度OD600nm 0.8~1.2，IPTG诱导浓度1.1 mmol/L，诱导时间2~4 h；建立了该重组蛋白变性状态下通过镍柱亲和层析纯化包涵体的方法。实验获得了高纯度的在体外构建鸡MHC-肽四聚体所需的重组蛋白BF2-BSP。  相似文献   

9.
为了使猪源抗菌肽Protegrin-1(PG-1)在原核表达载体中获得高效表达,在不改变PG-1氨基酸的基础上,根据大肠杆菌偏好密码子表,替换PG-1部分密码子,设计两段互补的引物,利用搭桥PCR技术扩增完整的PG-1成熟肽基因,重组至融合表达载体pGEX-4T-1中,构建成抗菌肽PG-1基因融合表达载体pGEX4T-PG-1,转化至大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)plyS中,筛选得到阳性克隆,并用1.0 mmol/L的IPTG进行诱导表达.SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示在28 kD处有特异性的蛋白条带出现,经Western blot检测表明重组子已经成功地在大肠杆菌中表达了融合蛋白.纯化得到的GST-PG-1用凝血酶切割后,经用亲合层析得到分子量约为2 kD抗菌肽PG-1蛋白1.38 mg/L.对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)抑菌试验结果表明,重组抗菌肽PG-1具有明显的抑菌效果.  相似文献   

10.
肝细胞核因子1α(hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α,HNF1α)调控众多的肝脏特异性基因,参与机体的脂类、糖类和蛋白质的代谢过程。以PCR技术从本研究室已构建的真核表达载体pc DNA3.1-HNF1α质粒上扩增获得鸡(Gallus gallus)HNF1α的编码序列,在其5′、3′端分别引入的NdeⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点,以此位点将其克隆入p ET30a表达载体,并构建获得重组表达菌BL21-p ET30a-HNF1α。然后以不同浓度的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside,IPTG)(0.1~0.8 mmol/L)优化重组蛋白的诱导表达,并采用15℃的低温诱导重组蛋白的可溶性表达。十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)和Western blot分析结果显示,与未诱导组相比,重组表达菌在37℃下,经不同浓度的IPTG诱导4 h后均能产生一条约69 k D的蛋白条带,与预计目的蛋白HNF1α的大小相一致,且IPTG浓度在0.1 mmol/L时诱导重组蛋白的量高于其他浓度组,而低温诱导未能使重组蛋白可溶性表达。于是采用8 mol/L尿素变性包涵体,溶解重组蛋白,通过融合在HNF1α重组蛋白C端的6-His多肽,以Ni2+对重组蛋白进行亲和层析纯化,结合固—液两相法对目的蛋白进行原位复性。结果显示通过Ni2+亲和层析和目的蛋白原位复性相结合的一步纯化法,成功地从包涵体中获得了纯度高达95%以上的重组蛋白HNF1α,这为研究鸡HNF1α在糖脂代谢、机体生长及抗体的制备等方面提供了物质保障。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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