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1.
以短枝型富士苹果‘龙富短枝’（Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Longfu Duanzhi’）枝条为试材,
采用RT-PCR 结合RACE 技术,克隆获得苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a,GenBank 基因数据库的登录号
为JF516247。该基因编码区共1 035 bp,推测其编码345 个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,其具有HSL
基因家族的保守氨基酸结构域HGG 和GXSXG,与其它植物赤霉素受体基因具有较高的同源性。其启动
子序列包含植物激素和光等响应元件。实时定量qRT-PCR 分析表明,MdGID1a 在短枝型‘龙富短枝’和
普通型‘长富2 号’枝条不同生长阶段、在叶片、枝条、果实、花和叶芽中的表达水平存在明显差异。
苹果赤霉素受体基因MdGID1a 在短枝型苹果枝条伸长过程中具有一定的调控作用。 相似文献
2.
以香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）实生苗为试验材料,利用同源克隆结合RACE技术获得了两个冷诱导转录因子基因CBF/DREB1的cDNA全长序列,命名为CcCBFc和CcCBFd,GenBank登录号分别为KP336741和KP336742。序列分析显示这两个基因均没有内含子,cDNA全长为897和1 010 bp,开放阅读框分别为654和621 bp,编码217和206个氨基酸,预测蛋白分子量分别为24.0和22.9 kD,等电点分别为5.26和8.58。基于氨基酸序列的同源性比对和系统进化树分析表明,这两个基因均属于DREB1家族,与双子叶植物进化关系较近。实时定量PCR结果显示,CcCBFc和CcCBFd都能被低温（4 ℃）、干旱（20%PEG）、盐（250 mmol ? L-1 NaCl）和ABA（100 μmol ? L-1）诱导,表明CcCBFc和CcCBFd可能在香樟应对非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
3.
【目的】克隆甜樱桃中可能参与成花途径的MADS基因,分析其基本信息,研究其在不同组织中的表达情况。【方法】以甜樱桃‘萨米特’(‘Summit’)为试材,结合桃基因组分析,克隆得到14个可能参与成花的MADS基因,分别命名为PaSOC1、PaAG、PaAP1、PaAP1-2、PaAP3、PaPI、PaSVP、PaAGL24、PaSEP1、PaSEP2、PaSEP3、PaSEP4、PaSEP5、PaFLC,通过DNAMAN、SMART、protein BLAST和MEGA5等软件分析14个甜樱桃的MADS基因结构、氨基酸结构域及其进化关系,RT-PCR检测其在樱桃根、叶芽、叶、花芽、花、韧皮部中的表达模式。【结果】14个甜樱桃MADS成员大小为612~765 bp,均含有典型的MADS结构域和K-box结构域,含有6~8个内含子。分属7个亚组,PaSEP1、PaSEP2、PaSEP3、PaSEP4、PaSEP5属于SEP亚组,PaAP1、PaAP1-2属于AP1亚组,PaAG属于AG亚组,PaSOC1属于SOC1亚组,PaAP3和PaPI属于AP3/PI亚组,PaSVP属于SVP亚组,PaAGL24属于AGL24亚组,PaFLC并未聚到FLC亚组中。RT-PCR分析显示,14个MADS基因在花芽或花中均有不同程度的表达,此外,除PaAP3、PaSEP1、PaSEP4及PaSEP5之外,其他几个基因在韧皮部中也有不同程度的表达。【结论】获得的甜樱桃MADS-box基因结构高度保守,参与调控成花及花发育过程。 相似文献
4.
以苹果叶片总RNA为模板,通过克隆获得抗苹果斑点落叶病基因Mal d 1。Mal d 1开放阅读框长度为480 bp,编码159个氨基酸残基,包含2个外显子和1个内含子。蛋白结构分析显示,Mal d 1蛋白包含bet v 1-like结构域。荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,Mal d 1在苹果叶、花、果皮、果肉中均有表达,但各器官中表达水平存在差异;在不同发育时期的果皮中都有表达,表达水平随时间呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在抗性品种叶片中表达水平较高;在叶片人工接种病菌条件下表达量随时间的延长明显高于对照组。利用PRI101-AN载体和农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法转化苹果愈伤组织,转基因愈伤组织的抗病鉴定结果显示,Mal d 1过量表达增强愈伤组织对苹果斑点落叶病的抗性。 相似文献
5.
苹果apetala2同源基因的克隆和转化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用同源克隆的方法从苹果的花芽中分离出apetala2的同源基因MAP2。MAP2全长2 212 bp,编码549个氨基酸。分析表明, MAP2具有AP2家族典型的结构域, 是苹果的AP2同源基因。Southern杂交结果表明, MAP2在基因组中以低拷贝形式存在。采用RT-PCR的方法分析MAP2在不同组织中的表达,结果显示, MAP2在苹果营养组织、花芽以及不同花器官中均有表达, 与拟南芥的AP2、矮牵牛的PhAP2A的表达模式一致。为确定MAP2在苹果中的生物学功能, 构建了35S∶MAP2正义表达载体, 并对‘皇家嘎啦’苹果进行了农杆菌介导的遗传转化。 相似文献
6.
百合肌动蛋白基因lilyActin 的克隆与表达分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了在百合功能基因表达研究中选择一个理想内参基因,依据岷江百合cDNA 文库所获得的百合肌动蛋白（Actin）基因的EST 序列,采用RACE 技术进行该基因cDNA 全长克隆,并利用实时荧光定量PCR 分析其在不同组织中的表达模式,获得百合肌动蛋白基因cDNA 全长序列（GenBank 登录号：JX826390）,命名为lilyActin。该基因cDNA 全长1 367 bp,其中,5′非编码区91 bp,3′非编码区233 bp,开放读码框1 134 bp,编码377 个氨基酸。序列比对发现,该基因与其它15 种植物肌动蛋白核苷酸序列的相似性均在80%以上,氨基酸序列的相似性达98%。进化分析显示,百合肌动蛋白与郁金香肌动蛋白的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR 结果显示,该基因在百合的花蕾、叶片和鳞片组织中恒定表达,表明相对于其他物种的内参基因,lilyActin 更适宜作为百合属植物的内参基因。 相似文献
7.
瓜叶菊谷胱甘肽转移酶基因GST的分离及表达分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从瓜叶菊中克隆了10个谷胱甘肽转移酶（GST）基因,命名为ScGST1 ~ 10。序列相似性比较与基因表达分析结果显示,ScGST3可能是一个花青素苷转运相关的候选基因。对RT-PCR扩增的ScGST3序列分析发现,其包含一个639 bp的开放阅读框,编码212个氨基酸残基,含有3个外显子和2个内含子,属于phi型GST;氨基酸序列比较分析表明,其与仙客来（Cyclamen persicum）CkmGST3、香石竹（Dianthus caryophyllus）DcGSTF2和矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）PhAN9等花青素苷转运相关的GST具有较高的相似性;荧光定量PCR分析表明,该基因在含有花青素苷的组织中表达信号较强,在花序发育早期表达丰度最高,花序开放末期表达量下降。据此推测分离得到的ScGST3可能与瓜叶菊中花青素苷的转运与积累相关。 相似文献
8.
以‘嘎拉’苹果（Malus × domestica Borkh.）为试材,克隆了ABA信号转导过程中的响应基因蛋白磷酸酶基因MdPP2C-Like（基因序列号 MDP0000126636）。基因结构分析显示,MdPP2C-Like定位于苹果8号染色体上,含有5个外显子与4个内含子;该基因全长1 035 bp,编码344个氨基酸,预测其蛋白质分子量为37.84 kD,等电点（pI）为5.72。蛋白质结构分析发现,其存在1个蛋白磷酸酶2C（PP2C）保守结构域,并与拟南芥中的A类PP2C保守结构域高度同源。构建的系统进化树表明MdPP2C-Like与At4G32950位于同一进化支,同源性较高。亚细胞定位结果表明,MdPP2C-Like主要定位于细胞核,少数分布在细胞质。定量分析显示,MdPP2C-Like在苹果不同组织中表达量不同,根中表达量较高。对获得的转基因拟南芥株系和苹果愈伤组织进行ABA响应分析,结果表明该基因的过量表达降低了植株和愈伤组织对ABA的敏感性。以上结果表明,克隆得到的MdPP2C-Like在响应ABA信号过程中起着重要作用。 相似文献
9.
根据拟南芥AtICE1蛋白序列在苹果基因组中Blast比对得到苹果同源蛋白序列,利用DNAMAN软件设计特异性引物并克隆苹果冷信号基因（MDP0000662999）,暂命名为MdICE1。以从新疆红肉苹果与‘富士’杂交F1代中选出的‘紫红3号’叶片诱导出的红色愈伤组织为试材克隆MdICE1,测序发现该基因的开放阅读框长度为1 626 bp,编码541个氨基酸。进化树分析表明,MdICE1与AtICE1在同一进化支上,推测它们具有相似的功能。氨基酸序列比对发现,MdICE1存在bHLH基序。低温处理有利于苹果愈伤组织花青苷的累积;与培养在24 ℃下的愈伤组织相比,低温（8 ℃）诱导苹果愈伤组织冷信号基因MdICE1以及花青苷合成相关转录因子基因MdMYB10和MdbHLH3的表达。酵母双杂交试验证明MdICE1可以与MdMYB10相互作用;亚细胞定位发现MdICE1蛋白存在于细胞核内;转化大肠杆菌并诱导获得了MdICE1的重组蛋白,为进一步研究MdICE1蛋白在花青苷代谢途径中的功能奠定了基础。 相似文献
10.
以茶树（Camellia sinensis）大叶且无蕾不开花的突变体‘大叶龙’及其母株为材料,通过同源克隆结合RACE-PCR方法,克隆了LEAFY（LFY）同源基因的全长cDNA序列,两种序列分别命名为CsLFL1和CsLFL2,其cDNA全长分别为1 448和1 466 bp,各自包含1 191和1 197 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码396和398个氨基酸。它们与漆树科、无患子科以及壳斗目（山毛榉目）一些物种的LFY同源序列具有77% ~ 79%的一致性,具有植物LFY成员作为转录因子的脯氨酸富集区、亮氨酸重复、酸性和碱性结构域以及保守的C–端等典型结构特征。系统发育分析表明,它们属于双子叶植物LEAFY分支,并且亲缘关系最近,说明两者的形成是发生在茶树物种进化过程中较晚期的复制事件。两种序列在正常开花母株及‘大叶龙’中没有区别,在母株花芽中强烈表达,在母株和‘大叶龙’叶芽中有微弱表达。这些结果说明CsLFL1和CsLFL2代表了茶树中LFY的同源基因,并且可能参与茶树的成花启动过程。 相似文献
11.
以5 个砧木（平邑甜茶、八棱海棠、楸子、新疆野苹果、东北山荆子）与富士苹果嫁接组
合的2 年生幼树为试材,采用盆栽方法和碳氮双标记示踪技术,研究了5 个组合的生长特性及其对氮素
的吸收、分配、利用特性和光合产物分配状况。结果表明：富士/平邑甜茶组合生长量最大、富士/东北山
荆子组合生长量最小。富士/平邑甜茶组合对15N 的利用率最高,富士/楸子组合最低。15N 和13C 均主要分
配在叶中,其次是1 年生茎,最少的为2 年生茎;富士/东北山荆子组合叶中的15N 和13C 分配率最高,
富士/平邑甜茶组合根中的15N 和13C 分配率最高。从碳氮营养角度来看,富士苹果以平邑甜茶作砧木最
好。 相似文献
12.
苹果无融合生殖砧木‘青砧1 号’是1999 年通过杂交育种获得,母本为平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）,父本为柱型苹果株系CO（Malus × domestica Borkh.）。该砧木树体柱形,无融合生殖坐果率97.0% ~ 98.1%,种子繁殖,实生苗整齐,可以直接作为基砧嫁接‘嘎拉’、‘乔纳金’、‘烟富3’ 和‘烟富6’等主栽品种,表现亲和性好,成苗率高;嫁接树抗重茬病能力强,并且成花早,产量高,果实品质优,适于在环渤海湾、黄土高原等中国苹果主产区应用。 相似文献
13.
An apple orchard consisting of a single cultivar under the condition of natural pollination must have suitable pollinizers such as Crab apples to ensure stable fruit production. We selected ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’ as pollinizers for the cultivar ‘Fuji’, and investigated the rate of fruit and seeds in ‘Fuji’ fruits produced by pollen of the pollinizers. We developed a method for tracing pollen flow based on the leaf color of progeny and S-RNase allele of ‘Maypole’, and on Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) analyses of ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’. These were powerful tools for determining the distance insects (mainly Osmia cornifrons) carry pollen from the pollinizers to ‘Fuji’. Although the fruit set of ‘Fuji’ apples was not reduced with increasing distance between ‘Fuji’ apple trees and pollinizers (probably due to pollen flow from other commercial cultivars planted outside the area), the rate of ‘Fuji’ apple fruit produced by the pollen of the pollinizers decreased with increasing distance. The rate of fruit produced by the pollinizers was 84% and 77% when ‘Fuji’ was 2.5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, and 71% and 64% when ‘Fuji’ was 5 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively, but was reduced to 47% and 39% when ‘Fuji’ was 10 m from ‘Maypole’ and ‘Dolgo’, respectively. However, the spacing could cause reduced fruit size, and require extra fruit thinning for producing large fruits. It could also cause reduction of the yield for increasing the planting area of pollinizers. We recommend that pollinizers should be planted not more than 10 m from ‘Fuji’. 相似文献
14.
以梨矮化砧木‘中矮1 号’新梢叶片为试材,根据苹果基因组中相关序列信息设计特异引
物,通过RT-PCR 的方法克隆了梨赤霉素合成过程中关键酶--贝壳杉烯酸氧化酶（KAO）基因的编码
框全长序列。该序列全长1 568 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）编码503 个氨基酸,相对分子量为57.59 kD,等
电点为9.47,氨基酸序列与其它物种已知的KAO 序列具有53.14% ~ 98.61%的相似性,且具有细胞色素
P450 家族蛋白典型的功能结构域和跨膜结构域,将该基因命名为PcKAO1,GenBank 登录号为
KC153027.1。用同样的方法克隆了对照梨品种‘早酥’（乔化）和‘锦香’（半矮化）的PcKAO1 基因,
通过比对分析发现3 个品种的PcKAO1 基因间仅有个别碱基差异,其编码的蛋白序列完全一致。RT-PCR
半定量分析表明：PcKAO1 基因在‘中矮1 号’各个检测的器官组织中均有表达,其中以种子和子房中的
表达量最高;在3 个品种的新梢叶片中,除新梢生长初期（5 月10 日）之外,其他时期矮化砧木‘中矮
1 号’均低于乔化和半矮化的对照品种‘早酥’和‘锦香’,而在这些时期‘中矮1 号’新梢生长逐渐减
缓乃至停长。 相似文献
15.
根域蓄水调控对苹果叶片光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以14年生盛果期红富士/平邑甜茶(Malus×domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’/M.hupehensis Rehd.)为试材,研究"埋砖蓄水"根域调控处理对根域土壤环境和苹果树叶片生长、光合性能特性、抗氧化酶活力等的影响,为进一步优化有限灌溉条件下的果树栽培管理技术提供理论依据。试验结果表明:根域蓄水调控能显著提高不同深度土层含水量,增加苹果植株叶片含水量及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn);使叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和性能指数(PIABS)提高,Tfm值降低,即提高了光能转化为化学能的转化速率;叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性及MDA含量均显著低于对照。根域蓄水调控改善了根际土壤水分环境,提高了植株光合碳同化速率和电子传递速率,显著减少活性氧的产生,延缓叶片衰老,延长了叶片功能期。 相似文献
16.
Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante Cristiano André Steffens Luiz Carlos Argenta 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011
Covering apple orchards with nets protects them from hailstorms but this changes the amount and quality of the light supplied to the trees. This study was carried out to assess the effects of shade provided by white protection net on yield and fruit quality of apple orchards in Southern Brazil, along three growing seasons (2002/2003, 2003/2004, and 2004/2005). ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apple trees (on MM111 rootstock, raised as slender spindles, with a spacing of 5.5 m × 3 m) were left uncovered (control trees) or covered with white net. The white net reduced the photosynthetically active radiation (λ = 400–700 nm) accumulated over the trees’ canopy along a day by 18.4%, leading to a higher leaf chlorophyll content in both cultivars, and a higher specific leaf area in ‘Gala’. The shade provided by the net did not affect yield and increased fruit average weight in both cultivars. At harvest, the number of seeds per fruit and severity of russet were not affected by netting in both cultivars, as well as the incidence of watercore in ‘Fuji’. The main beneficial effects of the white net were the reduced incidence of sunburn on ‘Gala’, reduced incidence of bitter pit during cold storage in both cultivars, and reduced incidence of apple scab at harvest and of decay after cold storage in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fly damage in ‘Gala’ (assessed in one season) was reduced by netting. However, netting affected negatively some fruit quality attributes. ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’ apples from trees protected by the net had a poor skin color (pale blush and a more intense green background color) at harvest. The net reduced flesh firmness and SSC, and increased the starch index of ‘Gala’ apples at harvest, and reduced flesh firmness and SSC, assessed after cold storage and shelf life, in fruits of both cultivars. 相似文献
17.
Three trials assessed the effects of two 6-benzyladenine (BA) formulations, CyLex® and Accel®, and carbaryl/thiram (C/T) combination sprays as secondary or post-bloom thinners of ‘Fuji’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Ethephon was applied as a primary thinner at full bloom (FB) on ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’, while NAA was used on ‘Golden Delicious’. CyLex and Accel were applied at different rates at 20 days after full bloom (dAFB) while C/T was applied as a tank mix either once, twice or three times at seven day intervals from 18 dAFB on ‘Fuji’. The ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were treated with either Accel or C/T. In ‘Fuji’, all CyLex treatments achieved target crop load levels and resulted in increased fruit weights, but neither Accel nor C/T achieved thinning or fruit weight targets. In ‘Delicious’ Accel showed no thinning effect, while C/T thinned slightly. Accel had no thinning effect on ‘Golden Delicious’. Accel caused development of pygmy fruit in both ‘Fuji’ and ‘Delicious’. All C/T, CyLex and Accel treatments increased fruit soluble solids in ‘Fuji’, while the CyLex and Accel treatments also increased fruit firmness over ethephon alone. Although not achieving target levels of thinning, C/T was more effective than Accel, however neither Accel or C/T improved fruit size. It is concluded that Accel is an ineffective thinner of ‘Fuji’, ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, while CyLex is an effective and consistent thinner of the difficult to thin cultivar ‘Fuji’. 相似文献
18.
苹果NBS-LRR1 基因的鉴定与表达分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
NBS-LRR 蛋白是植物细胞内普遍存在的主要抗性蛋白家族,该家族的蛋白包含有NBS 结构域和LRR 结构基序,在植物抵御各种病原物的侵袭中发挥重要作用。从‘嘎啦’苹果中鉴定了一个NBS-LRR 类基因,命名为MdNBS-LRR1,（GenBank 登录号：JX126858）。该基因全长为3 116 bp,包含一个2 826 bp 的开放读码框,编码包含941 个氨基酸残基的蛋白质;其氨基酸序列含有典型的NBS-LRR类抗病基因所具有的NB-ARC 结构域。Blast 分析发现MdNBS-LRR1 与大豆NBS-LRR 类抗性蛋白具有较高的氨基酸序列一致性（60%）。RT-PCR 分析结果表明,MdNBS-LRR1 在‘嘎啦’苹果的幼叶、茎、功能叶、芽、皮和花等组织中均有表达,在幼叶中的表达量最高,茎中最低。苹果轮纹病病原菌侵染可促进MdNBS-LRR1 基因表达上调,接种后24 d 表达量最高,是对照的10.6 倍左右,另外,在‘嘎啦’苹果幼苗叶片中,SA、MeJA 和ACC 均可诱导该基因的表达,表明MdNBS-LRR1 基因的表达受到与抗病相关信号转导途径的调控。 相似文献
19.
Seasonal changes in leaf photosynthetic rate and partitioning of 13C taken up by leaves were compared in relation to the development of early watercore using susceptible ‘Orin’ and resistant ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). There was no difference between the cultivars in leaf photosynthetic rate from mid-July to mid-October. The extent of watercore in ‘Orin’ increased from mid-July and peaked in late-August, followed by a decrease through mid-October, while no watercore was detected during the experimental period in ‘Fuji’. Fruit fresh weight and soluble solids content (SSC) were higher in ‘Orin’ than ‘Fuji’ during the earlier stages. Leaf dry weight of ‘Orin’ was higher than that of ‘Fuji’ throughout the experimental period. Accumulation of dry matter in the fruit increased in both cultivars and ‘Orin’ kept significantly higher level than ‘Fuji’ from mid-July to mid-October. The amount of 13C distributed to ‘Orin’ fruit at 5 days after labeling was significantly higher than ‘Fuji’ in mid-July just before watercore started to occur. 13C taken up by ‘Orin’ fruit with prevalent watercore was also higher than ‘Fuji’ in late-August but the difference was not significant. In mid-October when early watercore was gradually reducing, 13C recovered by ‘Orin’ fruit decreased and was significantly lower than ‘Fuji’. The difference of partitioning pattern of 13C between the cultivars was associated with the susceptibility to early watercore as well as the changes in fruit growth and SSC. The seasonal changes in the amount of 13C distributed to ‘Orin’ fruit were also related to the fluctuations in watercore severity. The results suggest that active phloem transport might be the cause of early watercore in our previous work, which might be induced by the increased partitioning of assimilates to the fruit during summer in susceptible ‘Orin’ compared to resistant ‘Fuji’ and not by the higher potential of leaf photosynthesis. 相似文献
20.
’Fuji’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh cv. ‘Fuji’) sometimes develop a discolouration in the peel during cold storage, typically in the periphery of sunburned peel. We refer to this particular postharvest disorder as ‘Fuji’ stain as we have not observed it in any cultivar other than ‘Fuji’ and the discolouration looks like a stain on the peel. Because peel discolouration occurs, peel pigments are thought to be involved. Hence the concentrations of anthocyanins, epicatechin, quercetin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids in peel disks taken from areas exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain were compared to concentrations observed in peel disks not exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain. In 2005, peel from sunburned apples exhibiting ‘Fuji’ stain was compared to peel from three areas of sunburned apples not exhibiting stain [i.e. sunburned peel, the area around the sunburned peel (halo), and the area around the halo (OH)]. Additionally, stained peel was compared to the sun-exposed side of non-stained non-sunburned apples (NSNB). The second year, 2006, we compared stained peel to NSNB peel and the area outside the stained area (OS) on those fruit with stain. The concentrations of idaein, epicatechin, and quercetin glycosides were consistently low in the stained peel both years. This is in contrast to our earlier studies in which sunburned ‘Fuji’ apples had high concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and low concentrations of idaein, and non-sunburned apples had low concentrations of quercetin glycosides and epicatechin and high concentrations of idaein. The consistent and unique characteristic of stained peel reported here indicates an association of these compounds with the incidence of stain. In 2005, chlorogenic acid concentrations in the stain peel were lower than other peel types, but in 2006 they were higher. Differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations were observed among many of the peel types. However, there is not a clear association between stain development and changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations due to significant differences not being observed in both years. While our research provides insight into pigment changes associated with ‘Fuji’ stain formation, more work is needed to help clarify the inconsistencies observed between the 2 years. 相似文献