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1.
为解决溴苯腈残留问题,采用连续富集传代培养的方法,从长期生产溴苯腈的农药厂污染土壤中分离筛选到1株溴苯腈降解菌株BX-1。经过形态学特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析,将菌株BX-1鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。菌株BX-1能以溴苯腈为唯一碳源生长,能在40h内将50 mg·L-1的溴苯腈完全降解,其降解溴苯腈的最适温度为30℃,最适p H值为7.5。0.1m M Fe2+能轻微地促进菌株BX-1降解溴苯腈,而Hg2+能强烈抑制该降解过程。此外,菌株BX-1对溴苯腈的降解效果与起始接种量呈正相关。借助MS/MS鉴定出菌株BX-1降解溴苯腈的中间代谢产物为3,5-二溴-4-羟基苯甲酸和2,6-二溴苯酚。该研究结果为全面阐释溴苯腈的微生物降解机制和溴苯腈污染土壤的生物修复提供了新的种质资源。  相似文献   

2.
乙草胺是一种广谱、高效的酰胺类除草剂,由于乙草胺具有较长的降解周期,还有不易挥发、不易光解、易残留的特点,如果过量、频繁使用,对人、动植物均有一定的毒害作用。为了探讨乙草胺的微生物降解机理,本研究从长期受乙草胺污染的土壤中分离到一株能降解乙草胺的菌株M-3,该菌株能以乙草胺为唯一碳源生长。通过菌落表型、生理生化特征和菌株16SrRNA基因序列的相似性分析,将其鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.)。在室内条件下,运用HPLC和HPLC-MS分析方法,研究了菌株M-3对乙草胺的降解特性,并对其代谢途径做了初步的研究。结果表明,菌株M-3在5d内对浓度为50mg/L的乙草胺的降解率可达76.6%。M-3降解乙草胺的最适温度和最适pH值分别为30℃和7.0。在对代谢产物结果进行分析的基础上推测了M-3降解乙草胺的途径,将产物鉴定为2-乙基-6-甲基-2-氯乙酰苯胺。该研究为乙草胺污染的生物修复提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
从长期经乙草胺污染的污泥中分离到一株能以乙草胺为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株Y-4,通过生理生化实验和16S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定为申氏杆菌属（Shinella sp.）。采用室内培养方法,研究了Y-4对乙草胺的降解特性。结果表明,Y-4能有效地降解浓度为5～200 mg.L-1的乙草胺,在48 h内对50 mg.L-1乙草胺的降解率达到83.3%。菌株Y-4降解乙草胺的最适pH值为8.0,最适温度为30℃,其对丙草胺和丁草胺等农药也有良好的降解效果。  相似文献   

4.
为了从重金属污染的土壤中分离筛选出能降解土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶的真菌菌株,利用抗生素作为唯一碳源进行抗生素降解真菌富集驯化培养,分离纯化耐受真菌,将纯化后的菌株回接到以抗生素作为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)及紫外分光光度法对各菌株抗生素降解能力进行检测,并通过菌落形态学特征、ITS序列和系统发育树对菌株进行分子鉴定。筛选到4株抗生素降解真菌KS248、KS256、KS257、KS272,分别鉴定为轮状镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)、微紫青霉(Penicillium janthinellum)。其中,菌株KS248、KS256、KS257具有土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶降解能力;菌株KS272具有土霉素、诺氟沙星降解能力。在抗生素初始浓度1500μg·L~(-1)、30℃、150 r·min~(-1)条件下避光培养7 d后,菌株KS272降解土霉素、诺氟沙星能力最强,降解率分别达到40.29%、10.59%,菌株KS256降解磺胺二甲嘧啶能力最强,降解率达到18.53%。筛选出的菌株均具有2种及以上抗生素降解能力,对抗生素的降解率从高到低依次为土霉素、诺氟沙星、磺胺二甲嘧啶,且随着抗生素浓度增加,菌株对各抗生素降解能力有不同程度的削弱。  相似文献   

5.
乙草胺是农业生产中用量较大的除草剂之一,长期频繁大量使用在农田土壤和水体中形成积累,影响到土壤肥力和环境生态安全。筛选到乙草胺降解菌36株,实验室纯培养条件下,72 h对初始浓度50 mg/L乙草胺的降解达到0.43%~37.98%。16S rDNA基因分析比对结果显示,筛选到的34株降解菌在系统发育地位上分别属于假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、无色杆菌(Achromobacter)、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、微杆菌(Microbacterium)、Parapusillimonas、短杆菌(Brevibacterium)、寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas)、苯基杆菌(Phenylobacterium)8个属。菌株203-08和204-05与已知菌株16S rDNA最大相似性低于97%,系统发育地位尚不确定。  相似文献   

6.
邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)是一种重要的增塑剂,广泛用于塑料、橡胶和涂料等的合成,但它并非与树脂共价连接,从而很容易扩散到环境中造成污染。为了获得一株DBP高效降解菌,本研究从长期受垃圾污染的土壤中分离到一株能以DBP为唯一碳源生长的菌株S-3。通过菌落表型、生理生化特征和菌株16S rRNA基因序列的相似性分析(测序后GenBank登录号:No.KF377815),将其鉴定为类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)。在室内条件下,运用HPLC和HPLC-MS分析方法,研究了菌株S-3对DBP的降解特性,并对其代谢途径做了初步的研究。结果表明,菌株S-3在5 d内对浓度为100 mg/L DBP的降解率可达82.7%。S-3降解DBP的最适温度和最适pH值分别为30℃和7.0。在对代谢产物结果进行分析的基础上推测了S-3降解DBP的代谢途径,将产物鉴定为邻苯二甲酸。该研究为DBP污染的生物修复提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

7.
利用微生物消除农药污染是一项安全、经济、有效的方法,降解动力学模型的构建有助于理解污染物的生物降解行为和估测系统中特征污染物的浓度变化,菌株对高浓度污染物的降解效果是降解菌在受污染水体中实际应用的关键。本研究采用基础培养基中定量添加毒死蜱和定时取样分析毒死蜱残留浓度的方法,探讨两株蜡状芽孢杆菌(HY-1和HY-2)的接种体培养时间、接种量和降解菌对毒死蜱的降解动力学,同时研究了降解菌对高浓度毒死蜱的降解率。结果表明:HY-1和HY-2最适接种体培养时间分别为10 h和19 h,接种体培养时间对菌株降解毒死蜱的影响较大。两菌株最适接菌量为8%(v/v),接种量从4%增至8%时,接种量对HY-1降解毒死蜱的影响大于HY-2。当毒死蜱的初始浓度为40 mg.L 1、80 mg.L 1、100 mg.L 1和120 mg.L 1时,一级动力学方程ln(C0/Ct)=kt可以用来拟合两菌株对毒死蜱的降解动力学及确定降解动力学参数,当毒死蜱初始浓度再次增加时,仅HY-2对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~120 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-1对毒死蜱的降解速率常数分布在0.013 5~0.015 7;当毒死蜱初始浓度为40~200 mg.L 1时,菌株HY-2的降解速率常数分布在0.008 0~0.015 3。菌株HY-2比HY-1可以在较高的毒死蜱浓度下发挥降解作用,且降解率较高。因此,两菌株在毒死蜱污染水体的净化去毒方面具有重要意义。  相似文献   

8.
通过室内恒温(25℃)避光培养试验,研究了黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征。在适宜水分条件下,将土壤样品分别进行常规、灭菌、选择性抑菌剂加入等处理后培养并测定土壤乙草胺含量和土壤微生物量。结果显示:在灭菌土壤中乙草胺的残留量较未灭菌土壤显著增加,未灭菌土壤中乙草胺残留数量与微生物量变化密切相关,表明微生物活性是影响乙草胺降解的主要因素。适当的水分有益于土壤中微生物生长,从而促进了土壤中乙草胺的降解。加入青链霉素后乙草胺残留量远大于放线菌酮和常规培养,表明细菌比真菌具有更强的降解乙草胺的能力。随着乙草胺的施药量增加,初期微生物量显著降低,是导致乙草胺总降解率下降的主要原因。  相似文献   

9.
为实现砂姜黑土地区秸秆资源化利用以及作物增产，本研究从该区小麦-玉米轮作土壤中筛选具有促生功能的纤维素降解菌株。通过羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMC)与吲哚乙酸(IAA)分泌量测定，筛选出1株具有高效降解纤维素的促生菌株。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定，该菌株为普沙根瘤菌(Rhizobium pusense)，命名为X2。小麦秸秆降解和玉米盆栽初步试验结果显示，X2菌株经液态发酵15d后小麦秸秆降解率为16.1%，较对照显著提升65.4%；接种该菌株后盆栽土壤中碱解氮含量较对照显著提高了72.7%，植株根系的平均直径、表面积以及地上部干物质量显著增加了22.0%、28.6%和33.3%。为进一步提高该菌株的活性，采用单因素试验对菌株的培养条件进行优化，结果表明，X2菌株在装液量为25 mL/250 mL、氮源为酵母粉、pH为6.0时生长和产IAA能力最优，产酶的最适pH为5.0。综上，所筛菌株X2具有秸秆降解和玉米促生能力，可在砂姜黑土地区为秸秆资源化利用提供新的微生物资源。  相似文献   

10.
水稻秸秆降解复合菌系的筛选构建及其田间应用效果   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
  【目的】  筛选并构建适宜原位还田水稻秸秆快速腐解的高效多功能复合菌系,以提高秸秆原位还田的腐解速率。  【方法】  秸秆原位腐解菌株从水稻田带有腐烂秸秆的表层土壤中筛选分离,分别采用DNS法、摇瓶培养观察法和失重法测定了腐解菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶活性、滤纸崩解能力及水稻秸秆降解能力,对降解效果较好的菌株进行了16S rRNA或18S rRNA鉴定。选取无拮抗作用的菌株构建复合菌系,并在实验室条件下测定各复合菌系的滤纸酶活性和秸秆降解率。挑选降解效果较好的复合菌系进行田间试验,分析了秸秆降解率、土壤有机质及速效养分含量,调查了水稻产量。  【结果】  从土壤中共分离到秸秆降解率均高于19.8%的菌株有6个,包括B2、B5、B6、F1、F5、F12,经鉴定分别为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis,B2)、耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans,B5)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,B6)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae,F1)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger,F5)、长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum,F12),其中F12 (长枝木霉)的秸秆降解率最高(29.1%)。以该6个菌株构建了7组复合菌系,复合菌系B2+F12、F1+F5+F12、B2+F5+F12的秸秆降解效果较好,在液体培养基中,对秸秆的降解率分别达到32.9%、29.8%、40.3%。利用这3组复合菌系进行田间试验,结果表明,复合菌系B2+F5+F12表现最好,与未施菌剂相比,原位还田的水稻秸秆降解率提高了37.1个百分点,土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别增加了2.1 g/kg、1.9 mg/kg、0.6 mg/kg、1.7 mg/kg,水稻产量提高了6.3% (P<0.05)。  【结论】  施用复合菌系B2+F5+F12不仅具有良好的水稻秸秆降解能力,同时能增加土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,并促进作物产量的提高,具有较好的应用潜力。  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

15.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

16.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

19.
Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.  相似文献   

20.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

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