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1.
为优化带鱼下脚料酶解物和锌离子的螯合工艺条件,以带鱼加工下脚料为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计和响应面分析法,探讨酶解物与硫酸锌的质量比、酶解物浓度、p H、反应温度、反应时间等因素对酶解物锌螯合反应的影响。结果表明,带鱼下脚料酶解物螯合锌的最适条件为:质量比4.5∶1,p H值6.0,酶解物浓度4%,反应温度50℃,反应时间40 min,在此条件下螯合率达到84.16%,与模型预测值相符。该螯合工艺反应条件温和,锌螯合率高。本研究为锌螯合物的制备以及带鱼下脚料的高值化利用提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

2.
以谷氨酸和硫酸锌为原料,制备谷氨酸锌螯合物。用有机溶剂沉淀法,以螯合率为指标,筛选最佳螯合及分离提纯条件。结果表明,最佳螯合条件为:pH 6.5,螯合温度90℃,反应时间30 min;分离最佳条件为:将甲醇与螯合浓缩液按10∶1的比例混合提取谷氨酸锌螯合物,用20%的硫酸溶解该螯合物。试验证明,该条件下谷氨酸螯合锌螯合率可达80%以上。此外,定性试验结果均表明谷氨酸与硫酸锌发生了螯合反应。说明该试验条件下可制得稳定且具较高螯合率的谷氨酸锌产品。  相似文献   

3.
利用废革屑制备肽Ca螯合物的工艺探究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本论文通过水解革屑制备多肽水解液,并将水解液与Ca Cl2进行螯合反应制备多肽-Ca金属螯合物。对水解液进行理化性能进行表征,利用GPC测定水解液的分子量;设计单因素螯合实验及正交试验,考察了p H、温度、时间、肽/Ca质量比等因素对螯合反应的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。通过研究发现不同因素对螯合率的影响大小为:温度时间肽Ca比 pH;对得率的影响大小为:pH温度肽Ca比时间。最佳螯合条件:反应时间90 min,肽Ca比为4∶1,反应温度为70℃,pH为7,最佳条件下的螯合率为86.55%;最后,对肽Ca螯合物进行傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜及能量色散X射线光谱仪分析表征,结果表明Ca离子成功螯合到多肽上,得到Ca肽螯合物。  相似文献   

4.
钙螯合羊骨胶原多肽的制备及表征分析   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  
为制备肽钙螯合物并探明肽钙螯合机理,对羊骨胶原多肽与CaCl2的螯合工艺进行优化并对肽钙螯合物进行表征分析。采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计及响应面分析法,确定了最佳螯合参数：肽钙质量比2∶1,pH值7.66,53℃螯合50 min,螯合率达67.24%。红外光谱、电镜分析及能谱扫描结果表明胶原多肽与Ca2+分别在多肽内部的C=O处及肽链末端的-NH2和-COOH处发生螯合,形成了铵盐和羧酸盐;多肽与Ca2+螯合后由疏松的片状结构变成了致密的小颗粒聚集体结构。红外光谱及能谱扫描同时也证实所制备的胶原多肽中有部分钙螯合肽的存在,说明酶解可使钙由羟基磷灰石形式转变为可溶性离子钙。研究结果可为新型钙制剂生产及畜骨的高值利用提供了参考。  相似文献   

5.
为有效利用废弃猪骨制备抗氧化肽,以猪肩胛骨蛋白为原料,采用响应面分析法优化酶解猪肩胛骨蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件。结果表明,以多肽得率和DPPH自由基清除率为评价指标,与未加酶处理组进行对比,筛选出风味蛋白酶为最优酶。在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,最终确立最优的酶解工艺参数为酶解时间4 h、酶解温度55℃、酶底比6 200 U·g~(-1)、底物浓度3%、pH值6.0。在此条件下DPPH自由基清除率为75.90%,测得的多肽得率为62.80%,其中R_(adj)~2=97.05%,R2=98.95%,表明该模型拟合程度较好。本研究结果对响应面优化酶解法制备猪肩胛骨抗氧化肽工艺具有一定的实践参考意义。  相似文献   

6.
为了探究酶法制备鸡骨泥短肽的最佳工艺,该文研究了以中性蛋白酶酶解鸡骨泥时各因素对短肽得率和羟自由基清除率的影响,以及鸡骨泥肽清除超氧阴离子自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)的能力。试验探究了酶解过程中不同底物浓度、酶浓度、反应温度和反应时间对短肽得率和羟自由基清除率的影响,采用响应曲面优化得到了以短肽得率为目标的中性蛋白酶酶解鸡骨泥的最优工艺,当反应液p H值为7.2,反应温度42℃,反应时间2 h,底物质量分数5%,酶添加量200 mg/g,该条件下制备鸡骨泥肽,测得其短肽得率为56.16%,羟自由基清除率为54.12%。采用该酶解工艺制备鸡骨泥肽,测得其对超氧阴离子自由基最高清除率为56.01%,对DPPH自由基最高清除率为81.57%,说明鸡骨泥肽具有一定的抗氧化活性,研究结果为酶法制备鸡骨泥肽提供参考。  相似文献   

7.
食用明胶的酶解及其酶解物的甲醛捕获特性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以氨基含量为响应值,通过Box-Behnken中心组合试验对碱性蛋白酶酶解食用明胶的工艺条件进行优化,并进一步研究明胶酶解物的甲醛捕获特性.结果表明:(1)碱性蛋白酶酶解食用明胶的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量2667U·g-1,温度61℃,pH值8.0,时间180min,在此条件下,所得酶解液的氨基含量为0.277mol·L-1.(2)酶解物能捕获甲醛,其甲醛捕获率受酶解物浓度、反应温度、反应时间及pH值的显著影响,与酶解物浓度、反应温度和反应时间呈正相关,碱性环境有利于酶解物对甲醛的捕获.100℃反应1h,1％浓度酶解物的甲醛捕获率在pH值为7时达51.09％,pH值为9时高达82.77％.  相似文献   

8.
酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽工艺优化研究   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  
为优化 Alcalase 蛋白酶酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件,采用响应面分析法,以还原能力、超氧阴离子捕获率为响应值,研究了酶与底物的比值([E]/[S])、酶解温度和酶解时间对制备抗氧化肽工艺的影响.综合考虑成本和工艺要求等问题,最终确定酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件为:底物浓度2%,pH值8.0,[E]/[S]2.72%,温度52℃,时间31 min.该条件下制备的鹰嘴豆酶解产物还原能力和超氧阴离子捕获率分别为0.667和61.55%,与理论预测值的相对误差在±1%以内,说明利用该文建立的模型在实践中进行预测是可行的.  相似文献   

9.
复合氨基酸微量元素螯合肥制备工艺研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
以废弃鸡毛水解液为复合氨基酸来源,研究其与微量元素铁、锌、锰、铜螯合的最佳工艺条件,并利用有机溶剂沉淀分离法制备固体复合氨基酸亚铁、锌、锰、铜螯合物,以螯合率为指标考察影响制备工艺的主要因素。结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:复合氨基酸与亚铁、锌、锰和铜螯合反应的最佳配位体摩尔比均为2∶1;最佳pH值范围分别为5.0、8.0、4.0～5.0和6.0～7.0;反应温度为室温(222～6℃);反应时间为30.min。在上述条件下,复合氨基酸与各微量元素的螯合率均超过95%;所得复合氨基酸螯合物可与0.2.mol/L磷酸二氢钾复配,克服了传统微肥完全不能与磷酸盐复配的缺陷。  相似文献   

10.
分步酶解制备花生短肽的研究   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
为了高效制备花生短肽,在花生蛋白Alcalase酶水解的研究基础上,进一步采用N120P酶水解花生蛋白并对各种影响因素进行了系统地研究;建立了短肽得率与各种影响因素的回归模型;确定出了N120P继续酶解花生蛋白Alcalase酶解物制备花生短肽的最佳工艺参数为pH值6.0,水解时间65min,水解温度57℃,酶与底物比2061U/g,.在此条件作用下,体系中短肽得率为89.01%,比Alcalase单独酶解提高10.86个百分点;水解度为23.76%,平均肽链长度为4.21.经高效液相色谱测定,大部分水解产物的相对分子质量小于1000.  相似文献   

11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。  相似文献   

12.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.  相似文献   

13.
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,  相似文献   

14.
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.  相似文献   

15.
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.  相似文献   

16.
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.  相似文献   

18.
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.  相似文献   

19.
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.  相似文献   

20.
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.  相似文献   

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