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1.
为提高植物根际促生菌（PGPR）菌株产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（ACC）脱氨酶的能力,对3株PGPR菌株进行了最佳产酶条件优化及玉米促生试验。在单因素试验的基础上,研究了p H、温度、ACC底物浓度、Na Cl浓度、摇床转速对ACC脱氨酶酶比活力的影响,以p H、温度、ACC底物浓度为主要因素,进行响应面最佳产酶工艺优化。最终得到W5菌株的产酶条件为p H 8、温度32℃、ACC脱氨酶底物浓度6.0 mmol/L;BS2-2菌株的产酶条件为p H 10、温度30℃、ACC脱氨酶底物浓度6.0 mmol/L;5#菌株产酶条件为pH 9、温度30℃、ACC脱氨酶底物浓度6.0 mmol/L;较未优化前酶比活力分别提高了6.6、2、4倍。在盆栽试验中,W5菌株促生效果最为显著。利用高产ACC脱氨酶的PGPR能够促进玉米生长,可为制作为微生物复合菌剂奠定基础。 相似文献
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不同磷水平对红壤溶液中锰、铝、镁和钙浓度变化以及小麦生长的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了探明不同磷水平对红壤中土壤溶液主要金属离子变化的影响以及小麦对磷的响应,确定红壤中小麦适宜的施磷水平,采用原位提取土壤溶液和比较生物量的方法,监测了短期内红壤溶液中主要金属离子浓度变化及小麦生物量的变化。结果表明:碳酸钙的加入可以显著升高酸性红壤的p H,土壤溶液中铝、锰和镁浓度显著低于未加碳酸钙处理;800 mg/kg磷处理后铝、锰、镁和钙的浓度要比未加磷处理分别至少降低47%、44%、37%和33%。随着施磷量的增加,小麦在200 mg/kg磷处理时积累的生物量最大,随后磷增加,小麦生物量反而降低。而加碳酸钙处理小麦地下部生物量随着施磷量增加则降低。结果表明碳酸钙不仅可以有效升高土壤p H,降低土壤溶液铝浓度,还降低土壤溶液中锰的浓度。磷的加入同样可以降低锰和铝的浓度,缓解铝和锰毒害。红壤中生长小麦的适宜施磷量为200 mg/kg。 相似文献
4.
为筛选高产、优质、节水啤酒大麦新品种甘啤7号合理种植方式和适宜的肥密组合,2012~2013年,研究两种灌水条件下不同施肥水平、栽培密度对啤酒大麦甘啤7号产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,全生育期灌水一次(S1)和全生育期灌水两次(S2)处理下均为高肥水平(F4)大麦籽粒产量高于其它施肥水平,两种灌水条件下,F4较不施肥处理F1(CK)增产幅度均达到60%以上。S1与S2处理均显示:随着施肥量的增加大麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加,且各施肥水平之间籽粒蛋白质含量差异达显著水平。在F1、F2与F3施肥水平下其蛋白质含量均达到国家一级或者优级酿造标准。播种密度对啤酒大麦产量影响不显著,对啤酒大麦蛋白质含量无影响。通过肥料和密度互作效应结果分析得出:组合F3M2产量在所有组合中始终位于前四,并且其酿造品质一直良好。在相同肥密配置下,S1与S2处理的产量表现出相同的变化趋势,基本表现为大麦籽粒产量S1S2。综合生态、经济以及其酿造价值等诸多因素,建议啤酒大麦新品种甘啤7号全生育期灌水一次,肥料施用量为180 kg/hm2,种植密度为600万株/hm2。 相似文献
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采用氯仿熏蒸浸提-紫外分光光度法和消化法比较测定了田间定位试验不同施肥处理土壤、添加植物残体土壤、添加葡萄糖土壤的微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC,SMBN)。结果表明,当土壤微生物生物量氮含量较高时(>20 mg kg-1),采用分光光度法与消化法测定的SMBN具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),但当SMBN量较低时(<20 mg kg-1)时,分光光度法测定与消化法测定的SMBN没有显著相关性。当土壤中添加麦秸和玉米秸时,土壤浸提液颜色较深(黄色),不适合采用分光光度法测定SMBN。因此,熏蒸提取–分光光度法测定SMBN,仅适于土壤浸提液无色透明、且SMBN含量较高的土壤。 相似文献
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以去离子水为萃取剂,以紫外分光光度法测定芦丁含量,探索从槐米中提取芦丁的中试工艺最优条件。分别以加入硼砂、亚硫酸钠的质量、p H值、萃取时间和温度五个单因素考察了对芦丁产率的影响。试验结果表明,在20 L中试反应釜中,用去离子水为萃取剂,槐米中芦丁的最佳提取工艺为:槐米、硼砂、亚硫酸钠质量比为100∶1.5∶2.5,萃取液温度维持90℃,p H值控制8~9,萃取时间为30 min。获得的萃取液中芦丁含量为0.46%,芦丁的产率为17.5%,这一研究结果为大规模工业提取槐米中芦丁提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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为解决玉米秸秆结构致密导致秸秆发酵难于直接降解的问题,首先分别采用0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的HCl溶液对其进行预处理,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物进行中温(38℃)发酵产氢试验。结果表明,玉米秸秆的累积产氢量和产氢速率随着盐酸质量分数的增大先增加后降低,0.6%HCl处理效果最佳,单位累积产氢量和产氢速率分别为87.90 m L/g和3.05 m L/(g·h)。再以0.6%HCl溶液预处理的玉米秸秆为底物进行发酵产氢的单因素和正交试验,研究了秸秆粒径、底物浓度、初始p H值对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;适度增加底物浓度可增加产氢量;适宜的发酵初始p H值有利于产氢细菌的生长繁殖;得到较佳的工艺参数组合为秸秆粒径150μm、底物浓度15 g/L、初始p H值为7,此时累积产氢量为112.87 m L/g。 相似文献
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选取长白山针叶林与阔叶林A层土壤,以0.25~12.5 mmol L~(-1)不同终浓度2,2'-连氮-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)为底物,考察漆酶氧化产物在0~32、0~54和0~95 min吸光值线性变化率,并藉此获得3个不同时间段线性拟合漆酶活力值;以一级反应动力学方程拟合最大吸光值增幅及相应平均反应时间,计算吸光值平均变化率,并藉此获得非线性拟合漆酶活力值。当ABTS浓度为7.5 mmol L~(-1)时,反应体系吸光值增幅和酶活最大。阔叶林反应体系吸光值增量显著大于针叶林,前者在0~300 min持续增加,且不同算法间漆酶活力差异不显著;后者仅在0~21 min显著变化,且非线性拟合漆酶活力值显著高于线性拟合。非线性拟合测算的漆酶活力变异系数整体上低于线性拟合。因此,森林土壤漆酶活力测定应重视酶底物浓度、反应时间、算法和林分条件变化带来的显著影响。 相似文献
9.
对竹子硝酸还原酶活力的研究表明:因竹叶提取液偏酸,用 pH8.5的25mmol/L 磷酸盐缓冲液(含聚乙烯吡略啉酮(PVP)65mg/ml),提取(最终 pH为7.5)的叶片酶活力最高,酶反应达最高速率时的底物 KNO_3浓度为25mmol/L。在漫射光下,用 50mmol/LKNO_3诱导6h,叶片酶活力达高峰。光照对竹子酶活力具诱导作用,其中以光强5000lx 诱导12h、8000lx 诱导8h 最佳。中龄叶对 KNO_3和光照的诱导反应最敏感,诱导产生的酶活力比嫩叶和老叶高,尚未展开的嫩叶酶活力极低。不同叶龄叶酶活力,与叶片氨基氮和叶绿素含量呈极显著的正相关。在竹根中未能检测出硝酸还原酶活力。 相似文献
10.
超声波辅助酶法提取红腰豆多糖工艺优化 总被引：4，自引：7，他引：4
为了开发利用红腰豆多糖资源,该文探讨了超声波技术协同复合酶处理提取红腰豆多糖的工艺条件并对其结构进行了初步分析。在50℃下,以多糖得率为指标,通过正交试验筛选复合酶最佳配比,利用Plackett-Burman试验设计分析各因素显著性,再采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理进行响应面分析优化;采用紫外和红外光谱扫描及苷键分析对红腰豆多糖结构进行初步分析。结果表明:复合酶最佳质量配比为木瓜蛋白酶∶果胶酶∶纤维素酶=3∶1∶3。酶解p H值和超声功率对提取红腰豆多糖影响达到极显著效应,复合酶添加量和超声时间为显著因素。最佳工艺参数为液料比80∶1 m L/g、复合酶添加量4.0%、酶解p H值5.0、酶解时间1.5 h、超声功率400 W、超声时间34.0 min,红腰豆多糖得率为14.15%。经紫外和红外光谱扫描表明红腰豆多糖经DEAE-52纤维素层析柱和Sephadex G-200层析柱两步纯化后纯度较高,具有多糖的特征吸收峰;通过高碘酸氧化和Smith降解分析可推测红腰豆多糖的连接方式为α(1→4)和(1→6)连接。研究结果为酶法联合超声波处理技术在红腰豆多糖提取过程中的应用及其后续红腰豆多糖结构表征、生物活性等方面的研究提供理论依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献