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基于卧式厌氧装置的稻秸高固态消化与甲烷菌变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对单一稻秸高固态厌氧消化长期运行不稳的问题,接种瘤胃内含物和厌氧污泥,在卧式反应装置中研究3个有机负荷(OLR)下消化特性。结果表明,体系最高容积产气率达到了1.04 L/(L·d)。当OLR为2.26 g/(L·d)时,甲烷体积分数均值为54.39%,甲烷产率为280.90 m L/g,达到了稻秸理论产值的80.29%。卧式装置中半纤维素和纤维素最高降解率分别达到了49.71%和31.25%;纤维素酶活性显著提高,有利于纤维素的降解。当OLR升高到2.47 g/(L·d)时,氨氮质量浓度均值达到了1 082.63 mg/L。固体样品中嗜氢型Methanobacteriales数量从1.70×10~9拷贝数/g下降至1.04×10~6拷贝数/g;而嗜乙酸型Methanosarcinales数量从7.89×10~6拷贝数/g增加至9.44×10~6拷贝数/g,甲烷产率下降为256.54 m L/g。此时厌氧装置中丙酸质量浓度均值达到了253.32 mg/L。从而明确了稻秸高固态体系中产甲烷菌结构的变化。 相似文献
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研究了牛粪原料高温(55℃)干式厌氧发酵过程中产气效果和物料参数的变化规律.结果表明:接种比例3:10、8 r/min连续搅拌条件下,物料TS(总固体)产气率为311 mL/g,甲烷平均体积分数为57.1％,平均容积产气率为2.73L/(L·d);容积产气率在第3天达到最高,为5.23 L/(L·d);反应初期挥发性脂肪酸迅速积累,1d后即达到峰值,随后迅速减少;在反应初期pH值略有下降,随后逐渐升高;氨氮质量浓度和总碱度则一直呈上升趋势. 相似文献
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在中温35℃条件下,对番茄废物进行半连续式厌氧消化试验.对不同负荷率下的番茄废物产气率及稳定状态下消化液的碱度、挥发性有机酸(VFA),总固体(TS),挥发性固体(VS),氨氮等参数进行了测定.随着负荷率(OLR)从1.0～3.0 g·L-1的增加,出料消化液中VFA的浓度和VS浓度有所上升,同时单位原料产气率(y)和甲烷含量均有下降,通过曲线拟合可以得到最大原料产气率(ym).在拟合出一级反应常数k和ym的情况下,可以计算出预期达到消化产气率效果时的水力停留时间(HRT)以及OLR.根据试验结果,可以得到ym=0.61 L·g-1以及k=0.345 d-1.该模型可以应用于蔬菜废物的半连续厌氧消化过程工艺参数的优化. 相似文献
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《中国沼气》2019,(4)
文章以法国梧桐落叶为原料,在35℃±2℃的中温条件下进行批式厌氧消化试验,发酵原料VS(挥发性固体)浓度设为2%,运行时间为50 d。结果表明,发酵过程中p H值先下降后上升,最后稳定在7.25左右,VFA呈先上升后下降的趋势,最终低于500 mg·L~(-1)。氨氮含量最高达700.4 mg·L~(-1),未出现氨氮抑制,SCOD整体呈现下降趋势,发酵结束时在1000 mg·L~(-1)以下。法国梧桐落叶TS(总固体)产气率为313.65 m L·g~(-1),VS产气率为356.76m L·g~(-1),TS和VS降解率分别为28.36%和33.41%,累积产甲烷量为8628.50 m L,单位原料甲烷产率为148.92m L·mg~(-1)。以修正后的Gompertz方程对厌氧消化过程进行动力学拟合,方程相关系数为R~2=0.9965,修正后的Gompertz方程能够真实地表征法国梧桐落叶厌氧消化过程。 相似文献
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文章以茶树叶为发酵原料,厌氧活性污泥为接种物,在接种量为25%,配料TS浓度为7%和恒温35℃下,研究了纤维素酶预处理、高温蒸煮处理与Na OH预处理3种预处理方法对茶树叶厌氧发酵产气性能的影响。试验数据经过改Modified Gompertz模型处理,获得相应的厌氧消化动力学参数(最大累积产气量、最大产气速率和滞留时间),并计算出TS和VS评价指标。分析结果表明:经纤维素酶与Na OH预处理可以不同程度提高产气能力,并缩短发酵启动时间。Modified Gompertz模型拟合不同预处理茶树叶厌氧发酵累积产气量随时间变化具有较好相关性,拟合结果中质量分数4%的Na OH预处理茶树叶产气效果最好,发酵累积产气量2860 m L,最大产气速率127.9m L·d-1,总固体产气率、挥发性固体产气率分别为109.58 m L·g-1,116.73 m L·g-1,优于其他实验组与对照。因此,碱处理可能成为今后茶树叶沼气工程较理想的预处理方法。 相似文献
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《中国沼气》2018,(6)
为了探讨餐厨垃圾中各类组分的厌氧消化特性,对比其产气效率的高低,该试验对餐厨中的4种主要组成成分进行了中温厌氧消化研究。通过对比4种组分的累计产气量、每克挥发性固体的产气率、甲烷含量及消化液pH值的变化,研究餐厨垃圾不同组分厌氧消化的效率。结果表明:厌氧消化产气性能较好的组分为油脂类及蛋白质类,其次为碳水化合物类,最差的组分为蔬菜类。每克挥发性固体(VS)的累计产气量最高的为油脂类,达到了454 mL·g-1VS;最低的为蔬菜类,只有215 mL·g-1VS。4种餐厨组分在厌氧消化过程中所产沼气中的气体组成及含量差异不大,甲烷的含量均在45%～65%之间变化。在整个45 d的厌氧消化期间,各组分消化液的pH值基本保持稳定。 相似文献
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生物炭添加对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在(35±1)℃条件下,采用序批式厌氧消化工艺进行了L9(33)正交试验,以生物炭添加量、生物炭粒径和接种量为因素探索生物炭添加对鸡粪厌氧消化产气特性影响,得出了鸡粪添加生物炭厌氧消化产气的最佳工艺组合。结果表明,各因素对鸡粪厌氧消化产沼气特性的影响从大到小依次为:生物炭添加量(极显著)、生物炭粒径(不显著)、接种量(不显著)。最佳处理组合总固体产气率为345.96 m L/g,挥发性固体产气率为420.62 m L/g,比对照组提高了45.24%。生物炭粒径对甲烷体积分数有极显著影响。 相似文献
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为弄清羊、鸭、兔粪便厌氧消化产沼气潜力及特性,试验以各新鲜粪便为发酵原料,以自行培养的厌氧污泥为接种物,在(35±1)℃、(25±1)℃和常温(9～19℃)条件下进行了批式厌氧消化试验,研究了各粪便厌氧消化的产气速率与产气量、酸碱度变化、消化料液COD及NH4+-N的去除效率。试验结果显示：(35±1)℃时各原料总固体（TS）产气率为：羊粪0.273 m3/kg,鸭粪0.441 m3/kg,兔粪0.210 m3/kg;(25±1)℃（羊粪为(27±2)℃）时为：羊粪0.206 m3/kg,鸭粪0.359 相似文献
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Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. Playn O. Prez-Coveta A. Martínez-Cob J. Herrero P. García-Navarro B. Latorre P. Brufau J. Garcs 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(6):645-658
Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m−1) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day−1. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day−1), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day−1 was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。 相似文献
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对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。 相似文献
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对《种子法》存在问题的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李鹏 《农业机械化与电气化》2011,(6):129-130
《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。 相似文献
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About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered. 相似文献
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在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。 相似文献
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Gunter Wriedt Marijn van der Velde Alberto Aloe Fayçal Bouraoui 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(5):771-789
We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications. 相似文献
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在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。 相似文献
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车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。 相似文献