共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 736 毫秒
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饲养牲畜是草地放牧的目标,放牧饲养牲畜是草地饲草资源利用的最有效途径。放牧饲养要素包括草地生产率、适宜载畜率、饲草质量、牲畜生长需要和采食量及放牧方式。本文对这些要素进行了归纳分析,目的在于推进发展草地放牧饲养理论并推导草地生产和保护性利用的关键技术。本文介绍了草地生产率研究方法、适宜载畜率确定标准、划区轮牧区块数计算方法及间歇休牧期和放牧期确定方法。草地放牧饲养理论：基于土壤和气候,改善草地生产和饲草质量,制定适宜载畜率,确定合理放牧方式,满足放牧牲畜最佳生长需要,并维持草地健康,实现“双赢”或“三赢”。草地保护性利用关键技术：放牧场或割草场施肥,调整适宜的载畜率,延迟放牧及间歇休牧,确切的划区轮牧体系,放牧场和割草场等量配置,二时段饲养模式。 相似文献
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划区轮牧与草地可持续性利用的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
划区轮牧是一种充分利用饲草生长旺季而进行的集约、区块式放牧管理系统。本文总结了近年来国内外轮牧制度的发展现状,概括了划区轮牧的优势包括:提高草地生态系统的功能性、草地生产力;降低草食动物肠胃线虫感染率;分析了其与传统连续放牧相比所具有的局限性。进一步从放牧类型的延展、放牧策略的改进、人为因素的投入、生态模型研究等多角度综合考究,提出综合协调生物因素与环境、平衡生态与经济以及优化牧企合作现状的轮牧策略,以期为轮牧对于生态恢复和草地可持续性利用的生产实践应用提供科学依据和优化管理的决策参考。 相似文献
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通过对长芒草 杂草草场暖季划区轮牧、自由放牧及围栏封育3种处理方式的研究，结果表明：划区轮牧区植物群落种建群的质量百分比显著高于自由放牧区和围栏封育区。划区轮牧十分有利于长芒草草场的恢复，对今后草地资源可持续利用有着十分重要的意义。 相似文献
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为了完善草地畜牧研究与生产,系统论述了草地畜牧理论及实践体系。草地生态系统过程决定草地生态系统功能及其属性,其资源属性决定生产草食牲畜的利用途径,发展形成草地畜牧业。基于草地营养循环,草地畜牧过程由草地放牧亚系统及储料饲喂亚系统构成基本封闭的循环系统;基于能量流动和生产实践,草地畜牧过程由草地资源生产及草地资源利用、产品输出构成一个开放的线性系统,二者统一于放牧场内发生,放牧场是草地畜牧管理的基本单元。草地畜牧学是草地畜牧业的理论基础,研究草地资源生产、草地营养供给与牲畜营养需要之间的关系的学科。草地畜牧学的基本研究内容为草地土壤培肥、草地资源生产、草地资源利用。割草与放牧饲养为草地资源利用的基本方式,产量与有效营养浓度乘积的最大值或累积最大值是草地割草或放牧利用关键,放牧能是草地放牧所特有的能量消耗组分。草地放牧饲养需要有计划、有规定、有处方,形成计划放牧;草地储料饲养需要有目标、有预案、有设计,形成设计饲养;最终提高饲草转化率及饲养效益,实现放牧场管理的某一特定目标。草食牲畜饲养经历了零散饲养、连续放牧饲养、划区轮牧饲养及集约大规模饲养的发展阶段。草地畜牧为粮食节约型肉品生产途径,对于保障国家粮食安全及肉品供给安全具有重要意义,并具有积极的生态意义和富民意义。 相似文献
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不同利用方式下新疆春秋牧场植物群落特征变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在4月、6月和8月3个时期,对打草、自由放牧、分段放牧和划区轮牧4种利用方式下春秋牧场群落组成和数量特征变化进行了动态研究。结果表明,各利用方式从春季到秋季,物种数逐渐降低,划区轮牧型在各季节物种数均最多;数量特征在季节间具有相对一致的变化趋势,群落高度、盖度、密度和地上生物量4月份均以打草型最高,而6月和8月以划区轮牧型最高。暖季累计地上生物量为划区轮牧＞打草＞自由放牧＞分段放牧。划区轮牧无论在维护草地群落结构稳定性,还是在提高群落数量特征和生产性能上均具有明显的优势,而分段放牧具有潜在的优势;打草不放牧将不利于草地的更新和繁衍;长期自由放牧则不利于草地可持续发展。 相似文献
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草原划区轮牧技术应用研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
“草原划区轮牧技术应用研究”是科技厅“十五”重点攻关项目。主要研究根据不同类型草地生物量、牧草再生率，计算出合理的载畜量进行自由放牧与划区轮牧的对比研究，制定出不同草地类型轮牧小区数目、放牧天数、放牧频率、放牧周期等主要技术参数。该项目边研究、边推广，结合承包到户的家庭牧场在全区20个旗县200余万亩草地上推广应用划区轮牧技术，效果显著。本文论述了划区轮牧研究现状、研究内容、研究成果、推广应用效果及应用前景。 相似文献
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本文综述了截止2015年国内外文献,分析了家畜放牧对啮齿动物的影响。放牧家畜的践踏和排泄物等引起土壤理化性质改变影响了啮齿类空间利用等,家畜采食影响了啮齿类食物资源及其丰度,采食还引起植物营养成分改变及次生防御化合物的产生,而植被高度变化导致了啮齿动物捕食风险的增加和生活史策略的改变。这些方面的影响与综合作用改变了啮齿动物的微栖息环境、分布、食性,以及领域、采食和挖掘等行为,繁殖和生活史特征;影响了啮齿动物的种群结构、种群数量消长及其调节过程;改变了啮齿动物的群落结构和种间相互作用,引起其群落演替。在综述上述各方面研究进展的基础上,提出放牧对啮齿动物影响的作用途径及其方式,放牧条件下草-畜-鼠耦合机制,不同放牧制度对啮齿动物的影响以及整合现代学科发展的相关探索是未来研究的重点。 相似文献
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通过分析和综合肃南山地放牧系统的四季放牧试验数据,模拟了该系统的牧草供给与家畜需求的季节动态,用模式图反映了放牧系统牧草供需平衡机理。通过分析放牧系统的时间地带性的生态要素,拟合了肃南山地放牧系统的放牧函数,并建立了北半球中纬度地区的一般方程。这些模型数量化地解释了“生物的时间地带性”理论在山地放牧系统牧草供给与家畜需求平衡中的作用,对放牧管理和畜牧业持续发展具有一定的指导作用。 相似文献
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Abstract The cellulase dry matter disappearance (CDMD) and herbage nitrogen (N) of Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) were evaluated for pastures grown under subtropical conditions for two years, under five combinations of grazing frequency and intensity, each applied in a rotational grazing system. These quality factors were also evaluated for a simulated continuous grazing (CG) system. Low frequency, low intensity grazing produced lower CDMD and herbage N levels than higher grazing frequencies and intensities. These differences were, however, generally small. Overall, levels of herbage digestibility (estimated by CDMD) and N fell within similar ranges to those observed for perennial ryegrass in temperate environments. Seasonal trends in quality were characterized by high levels during late autumn to early summer (May to October) and low levels during mid‐summer to early autumn (January to April). These data would tend to support high frequency grazing as part of the management programme for perennial ryegrass. It is cautioned, however, that for subtropical conditions in South Africa, adopting frequent grazing may reduce persistence of perennial ryegrass. 相似文献
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Christopher L. Crawford Zoe M. Volenec Martin Sisanya Robert Kibet Daniel I. Rubenstein 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(1):204-209
Rangelands and the wildlife and livestock they support are critical to human livelihoods, but rangeland ecosystems increasingly suffer from overgrazing and degradation. Planned grazing, a strategy that commonly involves time-controlled rotations of high-density (bunched) groups of cattle across a pasture, is marketed as a method to enhance rangeland health and lessen livestock impacts. However, the behavioral mechanisms underlying any potential rangeland improvements resulting from rotational, high-density planned grazing have rarely been examined. To investigate these mechanisms, we compared planned grazing with conventional continuous grazing management in a savanna ecosystem in Kenya. We surveyed cattle grazing behavior, measured changes in vegetation characteristics through surveys conducted before and after cattle grazing, and measured native ungulate abundance following grazing using camera traps. Stocking rates were held constant across treatments, resulting in a commensurate decline in total foliar hits per pin (a proxy for vegetative biomass) across treatments. Planned grazing management altered cattle behavior and reduced grazing selectivity by restricting movements, causing cattle to walk more slowly while grazing and to take more bites per step. Vegetation survey results supported this finding: cattle in the planned grazing treatment ate significantly more Pennisetum grasses (typically avoided because of their unpalatability), creating the opportunity for regrowth of more palatable species after seasonal rains. We also documented significantly higher zebra presence in planned grazing plots after cattle grazing, likely due to increased relative abundance of more palatable grass species. This investigation of grazing behavior, and specifically decreased grazing selectivity as a mechanism underpinning the benefits of planned grazing, shows that when conducted at appropriate stocking densities, planned grazing has the potential to help mitigate rangeland degradation and improve rangeland sustainability for both livestock and wildlife in pastoral African savanna ecosystems. 相似文献
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Wang CJ Tas BM Glindemann T Mueller K Schiborra A Schoenbach P Gierus M Taube F Susenbeth A 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2009,93(2):245-252
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of rotational and continuous grazing on herbage mass (HM), organic matter digestibility (dOM) and intake (OMI) and live weight gain (LWG) of sheep grazing on the inner Mongolian steppe, China at a stocking rate of 4.5 sheep/ha during the growing season. In the years 2005 and 2006, four 2-ha plots were used of which two were divided into four 0.5 ha paddocks each for rotational grazing, where sheep were moved each 10 days to the next paddock. The dOM was estimated from faecal crude protein concentration and OMI by oral administration of titanium dioxide. Herbage mass was similar in both grazing systems and dOM and OMI were higher (p < 0.05) at continuous grazing than at rotational grazing, but LWG did not differ probably because of extra energy expenditure for grazing and walking in a larger area. The dOM and OMI decreased (p < 0.05) with progress of the growing season and differed between years. Since precipitation during the growing season in both years was lower than the 30 years average which was probably the reason that positive effects of non-grazing periods on herbage regrowth and quality at rotational grazing could not occur, further studies are required in years with average precipitations before a final evaluation of these grazing systems can be made. Moreover, it seems necessary to quantify energy expenditure for physical activity of animals in grazing studies. 相似文献
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放牧系统单元是放牧过程中形成的草地、家畜、人居三位一体的稳定格局,具有移动性、适应性、灵活性、多样性、地带性(地理地带性和时间地带性)和脆弱性,可以提供支持(如土壤保持)、供给(如草畜产品)、调节(如气候调节)、文化(如文化传承)等多种服务功能。放牧系统单元的组分?草地、畜群、人居之间的相互割裂是放牧管理不当的严重问题,容易造成草地退化和牧民贫困等生态和经济问题。放牧系统单元的重建对我国草地畜牧业转型适应具有重要意义,根据自然环境和社会经济条件,放牧系统单元的重建可以采取3种模式:1)联户/合作社为单位的现代游牧模式;2)家庭/小型牧场为单位的定居放牧模式;3)合作社/大型牧场为单位的划区轮牧模式。 相似文献
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Heather Neilly Peter O’Reagain Jeremy Vanderwal Lin Schwarzkopf 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(2):205-212
Rangelands are areas used primarily for grazing by domestic livestock; however, because they support native vegetation and fauna, their potential role in conservation should not be overlooked. Typically, “off-reserve” conservation in agricultural landscapes assumes a trade-off between maintaining the ecological processes that support biodiversity and successful food production and profitability. To evaluate this potential biodiversity trade-off in rangelands, we need to understand the effect of different livestock grazing strategies on biodiversity, in relation to their performance in terms of profitability and land condition. We monitored reptile community responses to four cattle-grazing strategies (heavy, moderate, and variable stocking rates and a rotational wet season spelling treatment) in a replicated, long-term grazing trial in north Queensland, Australia. Simultaneously, measures of profitability and land condition were collected for the different grazing strategies. Overall, reptile abundance was not negatively impacted by the more sustainably managed treatments (moderate, variable, and rotational) compared with heavy stocking, although the effect of grazing treatment alone was not significant. Profitability and land condition were also higher in these treatments compared with the heavy stocking rate treatment. As drought conditions worsened over the 3 yr, the negative impact of the heavy stocking treatment on both profitability and biodiversity became more pronounced. Heavy stocking negatively impacted reptiles and was also the least profitable grazing strategy over the long term, resulting in the worst land condition. This suggests that in this tropical savanna rangeland there was no trade-off between economic performance and reptile abundance and diversity. Grazing regimes with a moderate stocking rate or flexible management strategies were better able to buffer the effects of climate variability. The consequence was a more resilient reptile community and better economic outcomes in dry years. 相似文献
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Skyler T. Vold Lorelle I. Berkeley Lance B. McNew 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(6):933-945
Grassland birds have undergone substantial population declines throughout much of their historic ranges in North America. Most of the remaining grassland bird habitat is restricted to rangelands managed for livestock production, so grazing management has strong implications for grassland bird conservation efforts. We conducted 1 830 point-count surveys at 305 sites during 2016–2017 to evaluate the relative effects of three livestock grazing systems on the abundance and community composition of grassland birds in a northern mixed-grass prairie ecosystem of eastern Montana, United States. Our objectives were to 1) evaluate effects of grazing management on abundance and community composition of grassland obligate birds, focusing specifically on grazing systems, stocking rates, and interactions with rangeland productivity; 2) evaluate the importance of local vegetation characteristics for grassland birds within grazing systems; and 3) assess the effectiveness of rest-rotation grazing to create patch-heterogeneity in rangeland vegetation through the alteration of structural components and the response of grassland birds to these treatments. Overall, we found inconsistent responses in abundances of grassland birds relative to livestock grazing systems and no discernable differences among grazing systems relative to community composition. However, local abundances were often driven by interactions between grazing system and rangeland production potential, suggesting the effects of livestock grazing management were generally mediated by rangeland productivity. In addition, associations between avian abundance and grazing management parameters (e.g., stocking rate) were species specific. Ubiquitous guidelines for livestock grazing systems may be inappropriate for grassland bird conservation efforts in the northern mixed-grass prairie, and high stocking rates may negatively impact populations of dense-grass obligate grassland birds in this region. 相似文献
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红池坝人工草地放牧方式和放牧强度的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在红池坝人工草地对放牧方式和放牧强度进行比较研究,同时对已给定的载畜量加以验证,以便制定该草地的最适放牧制度。研究结果表明,适于该地区的放牧管理制度是划区轮牧;各个阶段的载畜量与牧草生长速度之间的关系可用数学模型表示为:Y=179.5＋5.48X,在每公顷7.5个绵羊单位的载畜量下进行中度放牧强度可获得草地最大产草量,并保持其稳定。 相似文献