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1.
Anuwat Wiratsudakul Mathilde Cécile Paul Dominique Joseph Bicout Thanawat Tiensin Wannapong Triampo Karine Chalvet-Monfray 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(5):845-853
In Southeast Asia, traditional poultry marketing chains have been threatened by epidemics caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) virus. In Thailand, the trade of live backyard chickens is based on the activities of traders buying chickens from villages and supplying urban markets with chicken meat. This study aims to quantify the flows of chickens traded during a 1-year period in a province of Thailand. A compartmental stochastic dynamic model was constructed to illustrate trade flows of live chickens from villages to slaughterhouses. Live poultry movements present important temporal variations with increased activities during the 15 days preceding the Chinese New Year and, to a lesser extent, other festivals (Qingming Festival, Thai New Year, Hungry Ghost Festival, and International New Year). The average distance of poultry movements ranges from 4 to 25 km, defining a spatial scale for the risk of avian influenza that spread through traditional poultry marketing chains. Some characteristics of traditional poultry networks in Thailand, such as overlapping chicken supply zones, may facilitate disease diffusion over longer distances through combined expansion and relocation processes. This information may be of use in tailoring avian influenza and other emerging infectious poultry disease surveillance and control programs provided that the cost-effectiveness of such scenarios is also evaluated in further studies. 相似文献
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广东省人H7N9亚型禽流感的高危因素(接触活禽与活禽市场暴露)与活禽相关。为评价活禽交易限制、活禽调运限制与活禽H7N9免疫对人H7N9发病的影响,以接触活禽史病例数和活禽市场暴露史病例数的增减为研究视角,基于广东省2013—2018年H7N9亚型禽流感病例,采用Moran指数、K-means算法和Apriori算法等分析病例的空间分布特征、活禽高危因素导致病例的特征以及防控措施与病例数的关系。结果发现:病例的热点区域在珠三角,且向周边扩散,仅2017年的病例具有显著空间相关性。人活禽接触史病例分为3类,以中年、有基础病史、来自珠三角城市以及从事活禽销售为主;而活禽市场暴露史病例可分为4类,主要以男性、中年、无基础病史为主。未启动活禽交易限制和活禽H7N9免疫则分别增加活禽市场暴露史病例的概率是70.90%和71.70%,而启动活禽调运限制减少接触活禽史病例数的概率为70.60%。这表明,三大防控措施对减少因接触活禽与活禽市场暴露的人H7N9病例具有显著相关性。 相似文献
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Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Martin V Zhou X Marshall E Jia B Fusheng G FrancoDixon MA DeHaan N Pfeiffer DU Soares Magalhães RJ Gilbert M 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2011,102(3):196-205
Over the past two decades, the poultry sector in China went through a phase of tremendous growth as well as rapid intensification and concentration. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 was first detected in 1996 in Guangdong province, South China and started spreading throughout Asia in early 2004. Since then, control of the disease in China has relied heavily on wide-scale preventive vaccination combined with movement control, quarantine and stamping out. This strategy has been successful in drastically reducing the number of outbreaks during the past 5years. However, HPAIV H5N1 is still circulating and is regularly isolated in traditional live bird markets (LBMs) where viral infection can persist, which represent a public health hazard for people visiting them. The use of social network analysis in combination with epidemiological surveillance in South China has identified areas where the success of current strategies for HPAI control in the poultry production sector may benefit from better knowledge of poultry trading patterns and the LBM network configuration as well as their capacity for maintaining HPAIV H5N1 infection. We produced a set of LBM network maps and estimated the associated risk of HPAIV H5N1 within LBMs and along poultry market chains, providing new insights into how live poultry trade and infection are intertwined. More specifically, our study provides evidence that several biosecurity factors such as daily cage cleaning, daily cage disinfection or manure processing contribute to a reduction in HPAIV H5N1 presence in LBMs. Of significant importance is that the results of our study also show the association between social network indicators and the presence of HPAIV H5N1 in specific network configurations such as the one represented by the counties of origin of the birds traded in LBMs. This new information could be used to develop more targeted and effective control interventions. 相似文献
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Predictors for Risk Factors for Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Poultry Handlers in Live bird markets in Uganda 
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下载免费PDF全文 H. Kirunda K. K. Mugimba B. Erima D. Mimbe D. K. Byarugaba F. Wabwire‐Mangen 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(5):334-343
Live bird markets (LBMs) are essential for marketing poultry, but have been linked to many outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) and its spread. In Uganda, it has been observed that demographic characteristics of poultry traders/handlers influence activities and decision‐making in LBMs. The study investigated the influence of socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers: age, sex, religion, educational background, level of income, location of residence and region of operation on 20 potential risk factors for introduction and spread of AI in LBMs. Study sites included 39 LBMs in the four regions of Uganda. Data was collected using a semi‐structured questionnaire administered to 424 poultry handlers. We observed that background of education was a predictor for slaughter and processing of poultry in open sites. Location of residence was associated with slaughter of poultry from open sites and selling of other livestock species. Region influenced stacking of cages, inadequate cleaning of cages, feeders and drinkers, and provision of dirty feed and water. Specifically, bird handlers with secondary level of education (OR = 12.9, 95% CI: 2.88–57.4, P < 0.01) were more likely to be involved in open site slaughter of poultry than their counterparts without formal education. Comparatively, urbanite bird handlers were less likely to share poultry equipment (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.22–0.63, P < 0.01) than rural resident handlers. Poultry handlers in Northern were 3.5 times more likely to practise insufficient cleaning of cages (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.52–8.09) compared to those in Central region. We demonstrated that some socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers were predictors to risky practices for introduction and spread of AI viruses in LBMs in Uganda. 相似文献
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Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala Jeff B. Bender Ruth Lynfield My Yang Marie Rene Culhane Martha Irene Nelson Srinand Sreevatsan Montserrat Torremorell 《Zoonoses and public health》2020,67(3):243-250
There has been little surveillance of influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulating in swine at live animal markets, particularly in the United States. To address this gap, we conducted active surveillance of IAVs in pigs, the air, and the environment during a summer and winter season in a live animal market in St. Paul, Minnesota, that had been epidemiologically associated with swine‐origin influenza cases in humans previously. High rates of IAV were detected by PCR in swine lungs and oral fluids during both summer and winter seasons. Rates of IAV detection by PCR in the air were similar during summer and winter, although rates of successful virus isolation in the air were lower during summer than in winter (26% and 67%, respectively). H3N2 was the most prevalent subtype in both seasons, followed by H1N2. Genetically diverse viruses with multiple gene constellations were isolated from both winter and summer, with a total of 19 distinct genotypes identified. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of all eight segments of 40 virus isolates from summer and 122 isolates from winter revealed that the summer and winter isolates were genetically distinct, indicating IAVs are not maintained in the market, but rather are re‐introduced, likely from commercial swine. These findings highlight the extent of IAV genetic diversity circulating in swine in live animal markets, even during summer months, and the ongoing risk to humans. 相似文献
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Technical and economic evaluation method for use in improving infectious animal disease surveillance networks 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dufour B 《Veterinary research》1999,30(1):27-37
With hope of improving the increasing number of epidemiological surveillance networks for animal diseases set up in recent years, a qualitative and quantitative technical and economic evaluation tool was developed and then applied to three epidemiological surveillance networks: RENESA (a French surveillance network for salmonella and mycoplasma contamination in poultry production units subject to official sanitary controls), the French Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemiovigilance Network and REPIMAT (the epidemiological surveillance network in Chad for major cattle diseases). We identified critical points in epidemiological surveillance networks using a modified version of the hazard analysis: critical control point (HACCP) method. An evaluation grid was then developed and validated by experts who were consulted in accordance with the Delphi method. A questionnaire to collect the information required for the evaluation and a scoring guide were then designed. Our evaluation procedure also included a calculation of the annual operating costs for two of the three networks studied. On the basis of the detailed results of the technical and economic evaluation, we formulated specific suggestions for improving the networks. The cost of implementing these proposals was calculated. We then simulated the effects of implementing each of the proposed improvements and a new global evaluation score was determined for each network. The 'cost per point' of each improvement was then calculated and discussed. This tool for the technical and economic evaluation of epidemiological surveillance networks for animal diseases is proposed so that it may be tested on a far wider scale and eventually be used in improving the functioning of such networks and for risk analysis in international trade. 相似文献
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《Veterinary microbiology》2015,175(2-4):369-373
From January 2010 to January 2012, we collected sera samples from 700 stray cats living in close proximity to poultry farms or poultry markets in 4 provinces in China. A number of cats had evidence of avian and canine influenza virus infection: avian H9N2 [24 by HI ≥1:20 and 16 by microneutralization (MN) assay ≥1:80]; avian H5N1 (9 by HI ≥1:20 and 3 by MN assay ≥1:80) and canine H3N2 (32 by HI ≥1:20 and 18 by MN ≥1:80). Bivariate analyses revealed that cats sampled near live poultry markets and cats with influenza-like-illness were at increased risk of having elevated antibody titers by HI against avian H9N2, avian H5N1, or canine H3N2 viruses. Hence, cats may play a very important role in the ecology of novel influenza viruses and periodic epidemiological surveillance for novel influenza infections among stray cats could serve as an early warning system for human threats. 相似文献
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Konlan S. P. Ayantunde A. A. Addah W. Dei H. K. Karbo N. 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):169-176
Feed shortage in urban and peri-urban areas has triggered the emergence of feed markets in Northern Ghana. These markets were surveyed at three locations (Tamale, Bolgatanga, and Wa markets) to determine types and prices of feedstuffs sold across seasons; early dry (November–January), late dry (February–April), early wet (May–July), and main wet (August–October). Semi–structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Three samples of each feed type in the markets were bought from three different sellers per market in each season. The samples were oven dried to constant weight and price/kg DM of each feed determined. The total respondents were 169. Out of this number, 41% were feed sellers, 46% buyers, and 13% retailers. The feedstuffs found were crop residues (groundnut haulm and cowpea haulm), agro-industrial by-products (bran of maize, rice, and sorghum), fresh grasses (Rotteboellia cochinchinensis), and local browses (Ficus sp. and Pterocarpus erinaceous). Prices of feeds differed (P < 0.05) among markets and were higher in Bolgatanga than Tamale and Wa markets. Prices of cereal bran were not different (P > 0.05) in all seasons but that of crop residues were higher (P < 05) in early to late dry season than the wet season. Majority (90%) of respondents opined that the feed market will expand due to increasing number of livestock population in the peri-urban areas.
相似文献10.
Snow LC Newson SE Musgrove AJ Cranswick PA Crick HQ Wilesmith JW 《The Veterinary record》2007,161(23):775-781
Recent outbreaks of the H5N1 strain of avian influenza in Europe have highlighted the need for continuous surveillance and early detection to reduce the likelihood of a major outbreak in the commercial poultry industry. In Great Britain (gb), one possible route by which H5N1 could be introduced into domestic poultry is through migratory wild birds from Europe and Asia. Extensive monitoring data on the 24 wild bird species considered most likely to introduce the virus into GB, and analyses of local poultry populations, were used to develop a risk profile to identify the areas where H5N1 is most likely to enter and spread to commercial poultry. The results indicate that surveillance would be best focused on areas of Norfolk, Suffolk, Lancashire, Lincolnshire, south-west England and the Welsh borders, with areas of lower priority in Anglesey, south-west Wales, north-east Aberdeenshire and the Firth of Forth area of Scotland. These areas have significant poultry populations including a large number of free-range flocks, and a high abundance of the 24 wild bird species. 相似文献
11.
A. Comin J. A. Stegeman D. Klinkenberg L. Busani S. Marangon 《Zoonoses and public health》2011,58(4):244-251
Surveillance programmes for low pathogenicity (LPAI) and high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) infections in poultry are compulsory for EU Member States; yet, these programmes have rarely been evaluated. In Italy, following a 1999 HPAI epidemic, control measures, including vaccination and monitoring, were implemented in the densely populated poultry area (DPPA) where all epidemics in Italy have been concentrated. We evaluated the monitoring system for its capacity to detect outbreaks rapidly in meat‐type turkey flocks. The evaluation was performed in vaccination areas and high‐risk areas in the DPPA, in 2000–2005, during which four epidemics occurred. Serum samples and cloacal swabs were taken from vaccinated birds and unvaccinated (sentinel) birds. We compared the detection rate of active, passive and targeted surveillance, by vaccination status, using multinomial logistic regression. A total of 13 275 samplings for serological testing and 4889 samplings for virological testing were performed; 6315 production cycles of different bird species were tested. The outbreaks detection rate in meat‐type turkeys was 61% for active surveillance (n = 222/363 outbreaks), 32% for passive surveillance and 7% for targeted surveillance. The maximum likelihood predicted values for the detection rates differed by vaccination status: in unvaccinated flocks, it was 50% for active surveillance, 40% for passive surveillance and 10% for targeted surveillance, compared to respectively 79%, 17% and 4% for vaccinated flocks. Active surveillance seems to be most effective in detecting infection, especially when a vaccination programme is in place. This is the first evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of surveillance in monitoring LPAI infections in vaccinated poultry using field data. 相似文献
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There is a variety of professions working with village chickens in developing countries, including farmers, veterinarians
and chicken traders. People from all these occupations were involved in a participatory rural appraisal to investigate husbandry
practices and trade of village chickens in Myanmar. Data were collected in two climatically different regions of the country,
in the Yangon and in the Mandalay divisions. The breeding and training of fighting cocks was practised only in the Mandalay
division, with well-trained birds sold for very high prices. Apart from this, chickens were raised in both regions mainly
for small disposable income and were generally sold when money was needed, in particular during religious festivals. Chicken
traders on bicycles, often called ‘middle men’, usually purchase birds from farmers in about 10 villages per day. Several
‘middle men’ supply birds to wealthier chicken merchants, who sell these birds at larger chicken markets. There is in general
limited knowledge among farmers about the prevention of Newcastle disease via vaccination. Commercial indigenous chicken production
is practised in Myanmar, but family poultry farming dominates indigenous chicken production in the country. 相似文献
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The Perceived Value of Passive Animal Health Surveillance: The Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Vietnam 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 T. D. Phan D. C. Dao T. T. Nguyen B. D. Truong X. N. T. Nguyen T. D. Vu K. V. Nguyen H. T. Le G. Salem M. Peyre 《Zoonoses and public health》2016,63(2):112-128
Economic evaluations are critical for the assessment of the efficiency and sustainability of animal health surveillance systems and the improvement of their efficiency. Methods identifying and quantifying costs and benefits incurred by public and private actors of passive surveillance systems (i.e. actors of veterinary authorities and private actors who may report clinical signs) are needed. This study presents the evaluation of perceived costs and benefits of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) passive surveillance in Vietnam. Surveys based on participatory epidemiology methods were conducted in three provinces in Vietnam to collect data on costs and benefits resulting from the reporting of HPAI suspicions to veterinary authorities. A quantitative tool based on stated preference methods and participatory techniques was developed and applied to assess the non‐monetary costs and benefits. The study showed that poultry farmers are facing several options regarding the management of HPAI suspicions, besides reporting the following: treatment, sale or destruction of animals. The option of reporting was associated with uncertain outcome and transaction costs. Besides, actors anticipated the release of health information to cause a drop of markets prices. This cost was relevant at all levels, including farmers, veterinary authorities and private actors of the upstream sector (feed, chicks and medicine supply). One benefit associated with passive surveillance was the intervention of public services to clean farms and the environment to limit the disease spread. Private actors of the poultry sector valued information on HPAI suspicions (perceived as a non‐monetary benefit) which was mainly obtained from other private actors and media. 相似文献
16.
Hamilton-West C Rojas H Pinto J Orozco J Hervé-Claude LP Urcelay S 《Research in veterinary science》2012,93(1):121-124
Backyard poultry production systems (BPS) are an important and widespread form of poultry production. There is a common perception that biosecurity standards in BPS are generally poor and BPS are usually associated with animal diseases and zoonoses. In this study BPS were identified in the vicinity of six wetlands, having these a higher risk of presenting and introducing avian diseases such as HPAI and Newcastle disease, as defined by the national veterinary services, in to Chile's main poultry production area. BPS were characterized through a field questionnaire and the main areas covered by the survey were BPS structure, biosecurity and value chain. The BPS identified in this study share most characteristics on biosecurity, poultry management and product commercialization, but it was possible to identify a certain degree of variation within and among the study sites. BPS in Chile are similar to those in other regions, with a relatively small flock size (average 37 birds), a low level of biosecurity measures and lack of poultry disease management. Management findings include that most farmers used mixed/partial confinement, with low or no biosecurity and disease control measures in place. Eggs were the main output and were used mainly for home consumption or sale at local markets. Sick birds' treatment with drugs approved for other species or for human use could represent a risk to human health, owing to the possible presence of drug residues in poultry products. Despite the different structures of the poultry sector worldwide, BPS can play a major role in disease maintenance and spread because its management conditions characteristics and the lack of animal health services adapted to these production systems. This should be an alert message to the veterinary authorities to improve coverage of veterinary assistance and surveillance activities in backyard poultry production. 相似文献
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TE Burns C Ribble C Stephen D Kelton L Toews J Osterhold H Wheeler 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2012,53(2):158-166
The risk of avian influenza outbreaks in poultry is partially dependent on the probability of contact between domestic poultry and wild birds shedding avian influenza (AI) virus. The major objective of this study was to document wild bird activity on poultry farms to determine which wild bird species should be targeted for AI surveillance in Canada. We collected data in 2 major poultry producing regions of Canada, southwestern Ontario and the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, on the relative abundance of various wild bird species found on poultry farms and on how these species utilized habitat around poultry farms. We reviewed the published literature to determine what was known about AI pathobiology in the species we observed. From these results we created a list of 10 wild bird species that are a priority for further study. These species are the European starling, barn swallow, rock dove, American crow, northwestern crow, American robin, dark-eyed junco, song sparrow, horned lark, and common grackle. Abundance of these and other species varied between provinces and seasons. 相似文献
18.
广东地区近2年禽流感H9亚型HA基因的序列分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对2013-2014年从广东地区养鸡场、活禽交易市场获得的12株禽流感H9亚型病毒的HA基因的序列分析,发现当前流行的病毒主要属于H9.4.2.5分支。潜在的氨基酸糖基化位点有7～8个,变异主要表现在HA蛋白的145-147 aa和313-315 aa处增加了2个位点。受体结合位点发生变化,第198位aa由G变为L,具有可感染人的分子特征。以上基因变化提示当前毒株具有了致病力增强的分子基础,且其与疫苗株有较大的差异,提示现有的疫苗不能提供较有效的保护。 相似文献
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Serological and Virological Surveillance of Avian Influenza A Virus H9N2 Subtype in Humans and Poultry in Shanghai,China, Between 2008 and 2010 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Q. Wang L. Ju P. Liu J. Zhou X. Lv L. Li H. Shen H. Su L. Jiang Q. Jiang 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(2):131-140
We report the serological evidence of low‐pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 infection in an occupational poultry‐exposed population and a general population. A serological survey of an occupational poultry‐exposed population and a general population was conducted using a haemagglutinin‐inhibiting (HI) assay in Shanghai, China, from January 2008 to December 2010. Evidence of higher anti‐H9 antibodies was found in serum samples collected from poultry workers. During this period, 239 H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from 9297 tracheal and cloacal paired specimens collected from the poultry in live poultry markets. In addition, a total of 733 influenza viruses were isolated from 1569 nasal and throat swabs collected from patients with influenza‐like symptoms in a sentinel hospital, which include H3N2, H1N1, pandemic H1N1 and B, but no H9N2 virus was detected. These findings highlight the need for long‐term surveillance of avian influenza viruses in occupational poultry‐exposed workers. 相似文献