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1.
为解决自动移栽机作业过程中由于机械手定位误差导致的抓取失败、伤苗及漏苗问题,实现整排取苗机械手准确快速定位,该文采用模糊PID控制算法实现自动取苗机械手的步进定位控制。根据整排取苗试验平台分析了机械手水平和竖直方向的定位精度需求,以两相混合式步进电机为对象建立步进电机角速度控制模型,设计模糊规则,建立模糊PID控制器,通过对误差及误差变化率的在线修正,来满足不同误差和误差变化率情况下的控制要求。应用MATLAB/Simulink进行系统仿真,从超调量、响应时间和稳定性指标验证了控制方法的可行性;以单位阶跃信号作为激励,分析PID和模糊PID的控制效果,结果表明:通过固定参数PID仿真分析,获得系统最优PID参数为KP=20,KI=0.2,KD=1,达到稳态所需的时间为0.285 s。在此参数下,模糊PID控制达到稳态所需时间为0.25 s,响应速度优于固定参数PID控制,系统无超调。固定参数PID和模糊PID控制加入扰动后的控制效果分析表明,模糊PID控制系统超调量为40%,达到稳态所需时间为1.34 s,均明显小于固定参数PID控制43%和1.45 s,表明模糊PID在具有扰动的环境中控制效果明显优于固定参数PID控制,步进电机系统快速响应,控制稳定。系统试验结果,模糊PID控制算法的最大误差为2.8 mm,定位平均相对误差为0.81%,定位准确度高,可以满足机械手水平定位精度要求。 相似文献
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为简化双刀盘甘蔗根切器的传动链,提高传动系统对时变载荷的适应性,该研究提出用双液压马达直接驱动双刀盘,并将电液比例负载敏感技术应用于根切器的传动方案,通过建模仿真和试验探究双刀盘同步精度的控制方法。建立根切器电液比例阀控马达闭环速度控制系统的传递函数,分析得到该系统的稳定裕度仅为16.5°,因此需要采用合适的控制算法提高系统的稳定性和控制精度。基于AMESim-MATLAB联合仿真,研究采用主从控制策略,主马达为PID控制,从马达分别采用PID、自适应模糊PID和滑模变结构控制算法时系统的稳定性和刀盘转速的控制精度。仿真结果为：不同控制算法下马达开启过程转速的动态调整时间分别为5.5、3.0、2.7 s,稳态阶段两个液压马达的速度差分别为20、8、5 r/min;最后搭建试验台,以实测载荷谱为负载输入,进行主从马达转速同步控制试验,得到PID、自适应模糊PID和滑模变结构控制系统启动阶段转速的动态调整时间分别为6.3、4.6、3.7 s,稳态阶段主从马达的转速差分别为47、23、13 r/min;仿真与试验结果均表明,基于滑模变结构算法的刀盘转速同步控制系统的各项指标均优于PID和自适应模糊PID控制。研究结果可为甘蔗收割机根切器传动与控制系统的优化设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
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为了解决液压机械换段过程中存在的转速波动和瞬时动力中断等问题,该文以两离合器结合重叠的五阶段全功率动力换段方法为基础,分析了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节规律。以某等差两段式液压机械为研究对象,建立了液压机械全功率换段过程变排量液压元件排量比调节模型,通过仿真分析和全功率换段过程试验,获得了换段过程液压回路压力从当前段到目标段随排量比变化的动态响应过程。结果表明,排量比变化量的仿真与试验结果基本一致,最大偏差为8.93%,验证了模型的正确性;排量比调节模型能够根据当前段状态参量和目标段压力预测出目标段排量值;阶跃排量比调节规律能有效缩短液压回路建压时间,建压时间为0.93 s,压力波动量较小,为0.64 MPa;按阶跃调节排量比至目标值,能在换段过程完成液压回路高低压侧压力平稳互换,换段前后输出转速几乎无波动、转矩连续传递。经增速机后的输出转矩为100和150N·m时,换段时间分别为1.00和1.10s,该转矩的最大波动量分别为6.80和6.84N·m,换段过程中功率连续且平稳传递。研究结果可为实现液压机械无级传动全功率换段控制及后续研究提供参考。 相似文献
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农业装备中普遍存在多种扰动,这些扰动对Buck变换器的输出电压影响很大,传统的比例积分PI(proportional integral)控制方法较难取得满意的控制效果。针对这一问题,该文基于扰动观测理论,提出了一种抗扰动控制方法。首先,采用变参数PI控制器代替传统PI控制器,作为改进的PI控制器。该变参数PI控制器不仅具有传统PI稳定简便的特点,而且通过实时调整PI参数可使系统在不同阶段都具有较高的性能。然后,设计扰动观测器(disturbance observer,DOB)观测出参数摄动与负载变化所带来的系统扰动,将其作为补偿量补偿到前馈通道,形成复合控制器,提高系统的收敛速度与抗扰动能力。最后,通过仿真和试验,分别验证了该算法的有效性。试验证明,采用这种基于扰动补偿的复合控制器可使Buck变换器在负载突变时,恢复时间缩短了71.4%,输出电压误差减小了20.8%。在输入突变时,恢复时间缩短了58.3%,输出电压误差减小了30.0%,有效地提高了Buck变换器的稳定性和抗扰动性。该研究为提高Buck变换器的控制性能提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
液压机械全功率换段方法及功率过渡特性 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解决液压机械无级传动换段过程中存在的动力中断和换段冲击等问题,基于当前段与目标段双制动器结合重叠,提出全新的液压机械全功率换段方法,并深入探究全功率换段过程功率过渡机理及控制方法。该文以两段等差式液压机械为研究对象,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段方式的基础上,提出了五阶段液压机械全功率换段方法,通过理论分析与试验相结合的方法,研究了换段过程中液压机械转矩特性和功率特性随液压回路压差的变化规律,液压回路压差随变排量液压元件排量的变化规律。结果表明,在双制动器结合重叠的动力换段中,通过调节变排量液压元件的排量比,能够控制液压回路的高低压侧压差改变、互换,进而控制当前段制动器转矩向目标制动器有序转移,在双制动器结合重叠中完成换段,实现换段过程传递全功率。输入转速保持1 000 r/min不变,进出换段时定排量液压元件转速无波动,输出扭矩波动量约为5 N·m(负载扭矩为60 N·m和150 N·m)。该研究揭示了液压机械全功率换段的功率过渡机理,可为全功率换段的后续研究及液压机械应用提供了参考。 相似文献
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为克服机械被动仿形中弹簧形变量变化导致开沟深度不一致的问题,该文采用主动仿形方法设计开沟深度定压电液仿形控制系统,该系统基于PLC控制单元,以压力传感器检测的开沟器入土压力与设定值的偏差作为控制信号,控制电液比例减压阀输出压力,保证开沟器入土压力恒定,主要由机械系统、液压系统、控制系统组成。基于理想土壤条件下一定开沟深度对应的仿形压力输出要求,确定了系统液压回路结构、液压元件型号与参数以及控制元件类型与参数、硬件连接方式等,并开发了相应的软件程序。分别建立电液比例减压阀、液压缸、平行四杆机构等系统组成环节的传递函数,得到系统闭环传递函数,利用MATLAB对系统进行稳定性判别与单位阶跃响应分析。仿真结果表明,控制系统运行稳定,超调量为5.02%,响应时间为0.25 s,稳态误差为0.79%。搭建液压试验台,采用液压缸模拟地表起伏状况进行仿形系统试验,结果表明,在20~200 N的开沟力、10~80 mm 的开沟深度时,系统的平均响应时间为0.27~0.36 s,最大响应时间为0.4 s;平均稳态误差为1.4~1.8 N,最大稳态误差为2.7 N,标准偏差为0.78%~6.94%。试验值与仿真结果相比,平均响应时间高出4%~44%,最小标准偏差与稳态误差相差0.01%,验证了系统模型的可靠性与准确性。本文设计的控制系统降低了基于压力传感器的电液仿形控制系统的响应时间与稳态误差,可为电液仿形控制系统参数设定与理论分析提供借鉴。 相似文献
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针对在稻谷变温干燥过程中变温节点不明确、温度波动范围大和响应时间慢等问题,该研究设计了一种基于玻璃化转变的稻谷变温干燥控制系统。根据稻谷玻璃化转变曲线,确定变温控制策略,运用Logistic回归分析建立混配阀门开度和稻谷温度之间的控制模型并通过最小二乘法辨识模型参数。利用遗传算法对模糊隶属度函数进行优化,目标函数值迭代至0.118收敛,寻得最优幅宽。在Simulink仿真试验中,稻谷温度设定为42 ℃时,模糊PID控制的响应时间为66.43 s,且超调量为3.600%,优化后的模糊PID控制响应时间为37.06 s,且超调量为0.120%;在150 s加入5 s的外部信号干扰,优化后的模糊PID控制比模糊PID控制的调节时间少4.19 s且超调量减小0.050%;在稳态时输入升温信号,优化后的模糊PID控制比模糊PID控制的调节时间少16.79 s且超调量低0.338%。利用自主研制的干燥试验台进行变温试验,在变温响应试验中,优化后的模糊PID控制比模糊PID控制在目标温度和梯度升温调节时间中分别缩短了37.56 s和18.63 s;在温度稳定性试验中,稻谷温度变化范围为41.9～42.1 ℃,平均相对误差小于0.4%,变异系数小于0.5%;在建三江国家农业高新技术示范区浓江农场进行生产性验证,优化后的模糊PID控制系统响应时间小于30 s,稳态温度误差在±0.15 ℃,平均相对误差小于0.5%。测试数据表明变温干燥控制系统性能稳定,满足实际干燥作业的生产工艺需求。 相似文献
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插电式四驱混合动力汽车能量管理与转矩协调控制策略 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为克服传统比例-积分-微分(proportion integration differentiation,PID)以及模糊逻辑算法的缺陷、保障汽车经济性并改善乘员的乘坐舒适性,该文采用自适应模糊PID算法,建立了驾驶员模型。使用基于发动机输出转矩最优的能量管理控制策略,简述了驱动模式判别条件及转矩分配方法。提出1种"发动机调速+离合器模糊PID控制+发动机动态转矩查表+双电机转矩补偿控制"转矩协调控制方法,简述了模式切换步骤。在dSPACE实时仿真系统上对控制策略进行了硬件在环仿真。仿真结果表明,该控制策略在能量管理方面控制效果良好,动力部件的输出与控制策略完全吻合且平均车速误差下降37.1%。引入转矩协调之后,整车最大冲击度下降47.5%。该文的研究方法可以为制定复杂混合动力系统的控制策略提供参考。 相似文献
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基于无线传感器网络的水产养殖池塘溶解氧智能监控系统 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
为了便于对规模化水产养殖池塘溶解氧的监控,该文研制了一种基于无线传感网的水产养殖池塘溶解氧智能监控系统,实现对池塘溶解氧的分布测量、智能控制和集中管理。针对常规模糊PID控制器自适应能力低,提出了一种可变论域模糊PID控制器,根据溶解氧误差和误差变化的大小动态调整模糊控制单元的输入输出变量论域,能较好地解决了模糊控制规则数量与溶解氧控制精度之间的矛盾,实现了PID控制器参数的自整定。根据池塘溶解氧变化的非线性、大时滞和大惯性等特点,设计基于变论域模糊PID控制器与增氧机转速PID调节器构成的池塘溶解氧串级控制系统,溶解氧控制器的输出为增氧机转速调节器的输入,增氧机转速调节器输出改变增氧机转速使溶解氧浓度快速跟踪目标值。根据溶解氧测量数值序列的变化趋势,基于灰色理论和权重构建组合灰色溶解氧预测模型,以预测值作为变论域模糊PID控制器的反馈值,实现对溶解氧的预测控制,起到超前调节的目的。在试验池塘和对照池塘分别采用变论域模糊PID控制器和模糊PID控制器对池塘溶解氧进行调控,对照池塘溶解氧的响应时间比试验池塘延长15 min左右,超调量扩大2.96倍,对照池塘溶解氧的标准差、均方差、最大误差和最小误差指标比试验池塘扩大3~4倍。试验结果表明可变论域模糊PID控制器能够改善池塘溶解氧控制系统的动态性能,提高控制系统的稳态精度,有效地抑制影响池塘溶解氧稳定的诸多不确定因素的干扰,满足水产养殖对池塘溶解氧的要求,为解决非线性和大时滞复杂对象的控制问题提供一个新的控制思路。 相似文献
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基于Matlab和模糊PID的汽车巡航控制系统设计 总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2
该文设计了一种基于Matlab和模糊比例积分微分PID(proportional-integral-derivative)的汽车定速巡航控制系统,该巡航控制系统由模拟数字信号输入装置、定速巡航控制电子控制单元和节气门执行器等器件组成。为提高汽车巡航的精度和稳定性,提出了一种基于Matlab和模糊PID的自适应模糊控制方法,该控制算法在线优化模糊控制规则以及输出比例因子,既保留了传统模糊控制的优点,又有效改善了系统的控制品质,实车试验结果表明,试验车(上海大众帕萨特1.8MT)在40、60、80、100km/h定速巡航控制系统稳定时间分别在38、53、65、80s,超调量分别是0.5、0.4、1.2、1.0km/h。该系统稳定速度快,超调量小,系统工作稳定,可以较好地满足汽车巡航系统中控制需求。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
15.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献