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采用熔融共混法制备高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/淀粉复合材料,研究了淀粉含量(w淀粉)对HDPE/淀粉复合材料的流变性、微观结构、热性能、力学性能与动态力学性能的影响。结果显示,淀粉含量为20 wt%时淀粉在HDPE基体中呈微米级均匀分布,淀粉含量增加到30 wt%和50 wt%时呈球状聚集体,其平均粒径从0.6μm增加到0.8μm。随淀粉含量增加,HDPE/淀粉复合材料的断裂强力和断裂伸长率显著降低。不同淀粉含量的HDPE/淀粉复合材料均被检测到3个转变峰。HDPE低温下的γ转变峰对应为聚乙烯的玻璃化转变峰,对应于非晶态链段的运动,淀粉含量对γ转变峰影响不大。纯HDPE不存在β峰,β转变与淀粉分散相有关,随淀粉含量增加,复合材料的β峰变宽。高温区出现的α转变与聚乙烯结晶区附近受限链段的运动有关,是一个复杂的多重松弛过程。研究表明,引入一定含量的淀粉可以改善HDPE的加工流变性和韧性,为制备高性能可降解淀粉基渔用材料提供了理论和技术支撑。 相似文献
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采用熔融纺丝法制备渔用超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)/石墨烯(GR)纳米复合纤维,研究了GR含量对UHMWPE纤维结构、热性能、力学性能与蠕变性能的影响。结果显示,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中的分散情况以纳米级厚度为主,当GR含量为1‰和3‰时,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中分散均匀,当GR含量为5‰时,GR在UHMWPE纤维基体中出现大的团聚体。与纯UHMWPE纤维相比,UHMWPE/GR纳米复合纤维的断裂强度和结节断裂强度均有显著提高,表明一定含量的GR可有效增强UHMWPE的抗蠕变性能且降低其蠕变速率。当GR含量为3‰时,断裂强力提高了31.9%,蠕变率降低了27.3%。当UHMWPE经GR改性后,纳米粒子与聚乙烯链段相互作用力增强,晶区附近受限的非晶区链段增多,α转变峰逐渐增强增宽。研究表明,通过纳米改性技术,可以显著提高超高分子量聚乙烯纤维的力学性能和抗蠕变性能,为实现渔用材料的高性能化提供理论依据。 相似文献
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不可降解渔具造成的“白色污染”和“幽灵捕捞”问题已严重威胁到海洋的生态环境,开发可降解渔具材料已经成为我国渔业可持续发展的有效途径之一。本实验采用熔融纺丝法制备淀粉(STR)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/纳米蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合纤维,研究MMT对纳米复合纤维的热学性能、力学性能、动态力学性能与海水降解性能的影响。结果显示,引入MMT后,纳米复合纤维的熔融温度(Tm)移向低温,结晶度增加,而断裂强度下降。此外,MMT的加入显著降低了聚乙烯的玻璃态储能模量和内部损耗,但对淀粉相影响不显著。4个月海水降解结果显示,与STR/HDPE纤维相比,STR/HDPE/MMT纳米复合纤维失重率增加了约5%,纤维直径减小了约11%,这表明MMT加快了STR/HDPE纤维的降解过程。本实验系统研究了MMT改性淀粉基纳米复合纤维的海水降解性能,可为渔业等海洋产业用降解新材料的开发与应用提供参考。 相似文献
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以双官能团有机化改性纳米蒙脱土(nano-MMT)为改性添加剂,采用熔融纺丝工艺制备渔用nanoMMT改性聚乳酸(PLA)纤维,研究了渔用改性PLA纤维的形态结构、力学性能、热稳定性和耐磨性能。结果表明,双官能团有机化改性纳米蒙脱土的加入,能够提高PLA纤维的结晶速度和结晶度。当nano-MMT含量为0.5%时,所制得改性PLA纤维的综合力学性能最优,断裂强度为3.2 c N/dtex,断裂伸长率为26.8%。改性PLA纤维的热降解性能下降意味着nano-MMT的加入有利于其在实际使用过程中的降解。在干摩擦和水润滑两种条件下,纯PLA纤维的耐磨度分别为2.20 F/tex和5.76 F/tex。当加入0.5%nano-MMT时,纳米蒙脱土改性聚乳酸(nano-MMT/PLA)纤维在干摩擦和水润滑两种条件下的耐磨度分别为2.34 F/tex和6.03 F/tex,此时nano-MMT/PLA纤维的耐磨性能最好。当nano-MMT的含量增加时(≥0.5%),nano-MMT/PLA纤维的耐磨性反而下降。 相似文献
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为给渔用材料的合理选用提供参考,以三元共混网线材料(中高分子量聚乙烯/聚丙烯/三元乙丙橡胶,MHMWPE/PP/EPDM)作为研究对象,按不同混合比、不同直径进行网线的断裂强力及结节强力试验,分析其相应的强力、延伸性等性能。结果显示,三元共混网线材料的断裂强力随着直径增大而增加,优于同等直径普通聚乙烯网线材料,且随着直径增大,差异性越明显,最大差异时三元共混网线材料的断裂强力为2 091.4 N,是普通聚乙烯的1.8倍;在相同的网线直径条件下,三元共混网线材料断裂强力均随PP含量增加而增加;在相同的直径下,三元共混网线材料的断裂伸长率小于普通聚乙烯网线材料,结节损失率高于普通聚乙烯网线材料。三元共混网线材料,虽然断裂伸长率低、结节损失率高,但强力性能要优于普通聚乙烯,可在渔业生产中推广应用。 相似文献
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采用中高分子量聚乙烯(MHMWPE)、等规聚丙烯(iPP)、乙丙橡胶(EPDM)进行熔融共混、纺制MHMWPE/iPP/EPDM渔用共混单丝,研究i PP和EPDM含量对共混单丝的力学性能和动态力学行为的影响。结果显示,iPP或EPDM含量基本不会对共混单丝中MHMWPE的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)造成影响。共混单丝中iPP含量的增加使MHMWPE的结晶生长受阻,结晶度下降,α峰对应损耗因子峰值(tanδα)下降,α峰峰温(Tα)向高温移动。共混单丝中EPDM含量的增加使MHMWPE的结晶度下降,α转变移向低温,tanδα增加。研究表明,一定含量的iPP可有效改善共混单丝的力学性能,提高单丝的断裂强度和结节强度,EPDM的引入可进一步增加渔用单丝韧性和结节强度。 相似文献
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为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,作者以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝-多级热拉伸纺丝实验。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整;提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度却呈现先升高后降低的趋势。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71cN/dtex和4.56cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91cN/dtex和5.24cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。 相似文献
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为纺制高性能渔用聚乙烯纤维,实验以齐鲁石化生产的高密度聚乙烯为原料,进行螺杆挤出机熔融纺丝—多级热拉伸纺丝实验。结果显示,一级拉伸倍数为8.17倍时,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为5.71和4.56 cN/dtex;当采用二级拉伸工艺,一级拉伸倍数8.17倍,总拉伸倍数为9.52倍时,所制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度和结节强度分别为7.91和5.24 cN/dtex,比现行国家标准中规定的聚乙烯单丝优等品指标高出41.3%和34.4%。研究表明,二级拉伸工艺可使聚乙烯大分子链在纤维中的排列更加规整,提高大分子链的取向度,制备的渔用聚乙烯纤维的综合渔用性能更好。随着总拉伸倍数的提高,聚乙烯纤维的断裂强度、声速取向和热性能均显著提高。随拉伸倍数提高,渔用聚乙烯纤维的结节强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势。 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
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Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
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T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte
total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown,
suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose
production. Epinephrine-mediated (10-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any
glucagon (10-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine
indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver.
Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content
in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from
alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte
glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by
cortisol implantation.
Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte
metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify
the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species. 相似文献
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Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
CHRISTOPHE LETT CLAUDE ROY ANNE LEVASSEUR CARL D. VAN DER LINGEN CHRISTIAN MULLON 《Fisheries Oceanography》2006,15(5):363-372
Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems. 相似文献
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This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L−1) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo
rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%).
Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The
levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport.
The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate
(SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments
and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings.
Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms
of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers. 相似文献