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1.
《中国兽医杂志》2017,(12)
为了考察自制紫杉醇-姜黄素介孔SiO_2/脂质复合递药系统的体外释药行为,建立高效液相色谱法同时检测紫杉醇-姜黄素浓度;筛选适当增溶剂增加紫杉醇-姜黄素溶解度;反透析法考察各药物组的体外释药行为,绘制紫杉醇-姜黄素累积释药曲线并进行释药模型拟合。结果显示,不同药物组中紫杉醇-姜黄素释药行为表现出一定差异性,两种药物单药组累积释药量均高于混合组,自制递药系统累积释药量均高于裸药组。但紫杉醇不同递药系统组累积释药量由高到低分别为:MSNs>PLMSNs>LMSNs,姜黄素不同递药系统组累积释药量由高到低分别为:LMSNs>PLMSNs>MSNs。此外,PLMSNs组中紫杉醇-姜黄素释药行为均符合Hixon-Crowell释药模型。 相似文献
2.
替米考星微丸肠溶包衣的处方筛选 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
采用挤出滚圆方法制备替米考星载药丸芯,以丙烯酸树脂Ⅱ和Ⅲ为材料利用离心造粒包衣设备对丸芯进行包衣。结果显示,所制备的替米考星肠溶微丸在pH=1盐酸溶液中2 h内累积释放度小于10%,用0.2 mol/L的磷酸钠溶液将溶出介质pH调至6.8,继续运转45 min后累积释放度达80%以上,符合《中国药典》对肠溶制剂的要求。 相似文献
3.
分别用水中干燥法和油中干燥法制备盐酸多西环素微囊,比较各自制得的微囊质量参数及其体外释药特性,以期为盐酸多西环素缓释制剂提供科学依据.以乙基纤维素为囊材,通过正交设计分别考察各因素对微囊质量的影响,评定微囊的大小、形态、载药量、包封率等质量指标,以释放度实验研究其释药特性.结果显示,水中干燥法所制得微囊粒径20 ～ 30 μm,包封率为87.3％;油中干燥法微囊粒径范围为200～400μm,包封率为93.7％.上述结果表明油中干燥法所得微囊粒径较大,包封率、载药量均明显高于水中干燥法制得的微囊;体外释药实验表明,微囊化大大延缓了盐酸多西环素的释放时间. 相似文献
4.
《中国兽医杂志》2016,(8)
建立离子色谱法测定磷酸替米考星中的磷酸根含量,并考察替米考星与磷酸的成盐比率。方法:色谱柱为ASLL-HC阴离子交换柱(250 mm×4 mm),检测器为电导检测器,流动相为30 mmol/L氢氧化钠溶液,流速为1.0 m L/min,柱温为30℃,进样体积为25μL。结果:磷酸根离子的检测限与定量限分别为0.002μg/m L、0.006μg/m L,在0.1~4.0μg/m L范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9991),精密度良好(RSD=1.04%,n=8),平均回收率为99.11%(RSD=0.33%,n=9)。磷酸替米考星中替米考星与磷酸的成盐率约为1∶1。结论:所建立的离子色谱法专属性强、精密度好、准确度高,可用于磷酸替米考星的磷酸根含量与成盐率测定,5批磷酸替米考星样品的成盐状态良好。 相似文献
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6.
[目的]利用现代缓释技术,以替米考星为原料药,研制出溶解度较高、疗效强、可减少给药次数的替米考星长效混悬剂,并对其进行质量评价,为该药的批量生产提供可靠依据。[方法]通过正交优化法选择最优处方,并对最优处方进行含量测定试验、稳定性试验和药动学试验。[结果]替米考星长效混悬剂最佳处方为:替米考星原料药2.5g/100 mL,有机溶媒(1,2-丙二醇:乙醇=9:1)占比65%,润湿剂(吐温-80)0.3%,助悬剂(羟丙甲纤维素)5%,抗氧剂(无水亚硫酸钠)0.03%;含量测定结果为合格;影响因素试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂对高温和强光照敏感,对湿度不敏感;加速试验和长期试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂稳定性良好;药动学试验发现替米考星长效混悬剂和实验室自制替米考星溶液的AUC分别为43.164 9μg·h·mL~(-1)和26.206 5μg·h·mL~(-1),替米考星长效混悬剂的相对生物利用度为164.71%。[结论]本试验制得的替米考星长效混悬剂含量合格、稳定性良好、相对生物利用度高,可以批量生产,用于大型养殖场的大规模给药。 相似文献
7.
《现代畜牧兽医》2016,(6)
本研究比较了口服复方替米考星可溶性粉与单独肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液在鸡体内药物代谢动力学特征和相对生物利用度。36只健康鸡,随机分为3组,给药剂量均为20 mg/kg,翼下静脉采血,高效液相色谱法检测鸡血浆中的药物浓度。采用药动学软件Win Nonlin 6.1的非房室模型分析方法,计算出药物的动力学参数。鸡口服复方替米考星可溶性粉、肌注替米考星注射液和静注磺胺二甲嘧啶钠注射液后的药时曲线下面积(AUC)分别为:9.49±3.64、37.17±10.82、12.40±4.11、61.31±11.38μg×h/m L。复方替米考星可溶性中替米考星相对于肌肉注射的替米考星的生物利用度为75.98%,复方制剂中磺胺二甲嘧啶钠的绝对生物利用度为60.63%。复方替米考星可溶性粉和单方药物相比,药动学参数经t检验,t_(1/2)、T_(max)、C_(max)、AUC、MRT等存在显著性差异(P0.05)。结果表明复方替米考星可溶性粉单剂量口服给药吸收较慢,达峰时间显著延迟,平均驻留时间显著延长,有利于抗菌作用的发挥。 相似文献
8.
为改善替米考星的水溶性，提高其生物利用度，试验选用聚乙二醇6000和泊洛沙姆188作为载体，采用熔融法制备替米考星固体分散体。以体外累积溶出度为评价指标，通过正交试验筛选最佳制备工艺，选用X-射线衍射法、傅里叶红外光谱法、扫描电镜法进行物相鉴定。结果显示，替米考星固体分散体最佳制备工艺为联合载体PEG6000：P188=20:1、药载比1:3、搅拌时间1 h、固化时间12 h；物相鉴定表明，替米考星为非晶态，固体分散体为晶体结构，替米考星以无定形态分散于载体中；替米考星固体分散体在2 min时溶出度达到71.8%，15 min时完全溶解，显著提高了替米考星的溶出速率。该制备工艺简单，选用联合载体制备替米考星固体分散体，能够有效避免单一载体制备替米考星固体分散体出现的缺陷，有效提高溶出度，方便临床饮水用药。 相似文献
9.
替米考星脂质体的制备及体外释放度的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目的 研究替米考星脂质体的制备工艺以及体外释放。方法 以pH梯度法制备替米考星脂质体,以包封率为指标优化其制备工艺,观测其形态、粒径和Zeta电位,并进行体外释放实验。结果 电子显微镜下可见多层囊状脂质体,测得三批替米考星脂质体的平均包封率为96.93％,平均粒径112.3 nm,平均Zeta电位为+9.9 mV,体外释放符合一级动力学方程释放规律。结论 替米考星脂质体制备工艺简单、包封率高、成型良好,体外释放具有明显的缓释效果。 相似文献
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11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。 相似文献
12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections
of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal
(GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April
2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs
located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming
areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology
laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum
columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying
degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal
abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy
season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different
nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those
observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes.
But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the
results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. 相似文献
13.
Rassnick KM Gieger TL Williams LE Ruslander DM Northrup NC Kristal O Myers NC Moore AS 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(3):196-199
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks. 相似文献
14.
B. Cinar Kul N. Bilgen J.A. Lenstra O. Korkmaz Agaoglu B. Akyuz O. Ertugrul 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2015,132(6):449-453
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded. 相似文献
15.
Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Johansson AM Gardner SY Levine JF Papich MG LaFevers DH Fuquay LR Reagan VH Atkins CE 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):887-895
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses. 相似文献
16.
Waruiru RM Thamsborg SM Nansen P Kyvsgaard NC Bogh HO Munyua WK Gathuma JM 《Tropical animal health and production》2001,33(3):173-187
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round. 相似文献
17.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host. 相似文献
18.
Troxel MT Vite CH Van Winkle TJ Newton AL Tiches D Dayrell-Hart B Kapatkin AS Shofer FS Steinberg SA 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2003,17(6):850-859
The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma. 相似文献
19.
Bazin H 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2003,26(5-6):293-308
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing. 相似文献