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1.
Harriet Rehn Britt Berglund Jan Philipsson Ulf Emanuelson Gudrun Tengroth 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(3):137-145
The effects of grazing during summer and possible interaction effects between breed and management system on milk production and postpartum reproductive performance were studied in 93 Swedish Red and White (SRB), Swedish Holstein (SLB) and Swedish Jersey (SJB) cows with 214 initiated lactations. The cows were divided into two groups: zero-grazing with tiestalls, or grazing during summer. Effects were studied by mixed-model analysis. The results indicated that grazing (rather than zero-grazing) can reduce the milk yield in the following lactation in SLB cows, whereas it had little effect on the production of SRB cows. Grazing SJB cows produced more milk, but with a significantly lower fat content. Grazing before or during the postpartum period stimulated reproductive performance, indicating a higher conception rate in all breeds and a 13-27-day shorter interval from calving to conception in the SRB and SLB cows, whereas in the limited number of SJB cows, the trend was the converse. 相似文献
2.
《Preventive veterinary medicine》1988,6(1):17-25
An epidemiologic study of 11 653 episodes of tramped teat is presented and various risk factors identified.Swedish Red and White Breed (SRB) had a lower incidence than Swedish Friesian Breed (SLB). The incidence increased to reach a peak in the fifth (SRB) and fourth (SLB) parities. The incidence was highest in the month of calving and decreased throughout the lactation period. Dystocia and parturient paresis increased the risk of tramped teat in the month of calving in SRB cows. In SLB cows, parturient paresis increased the risk. Cows of both breeds with a positive history of tramped teat had an increased risk of recurrence in subsequent lactations. Loose-housed cows had a lower incidence than tied cows. A positive report of tramped teat increased the risk of removal, irrespective of mastitis status. 相似文献
3.
The occurrence of cystic ovaries in dairy cows in Sweden was investigated using data on almost 390 000 individuals. Longistic regression analysis was used to assess relationships between cystic ovaries and explanatory variables. Cows of the Swedish Red and White breed (SRB) had twice as many diagnosed cystic ovaries as did Swedish Friesians (SLB), and first-parity cows had half as many cystic ovaries as older cows. The odds for cystic ovaries increased with increasing parity for SRV cows, even after second parity, but not for SLB cows. The diagnosis appeared to be made earlier during lactation in SRB and in high-parity cows. Twin calving in the present lactation and cysts in the previous lactation increased the odds. Cows calving either during months with subsequent risk periods during pasturing or during months with increasing daylight had lower odds for cystic ovaries. The odds increased with increasing milk yield in the present lactation (estimated conditionally on yield in the previous lactation), but decreased with increasing production in the previous lactation (estimated conditionally on yield in the present lactation). In SRB cows, the odds decreased with increasing herd production level. 相似文献
4.
Schneider Mdel P Strandberg E Emanuelson U Grandinson K Roth A 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2007,80(2-3):179-192
The interaction of the effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis on culling in Swedish dairy cattle was analyzed with survival analysis. The data were from 978,780 cows with first calvings between 1988 and 1996. Four breeds (Swedish Red and White (SRB), Swedish Friesian (SLB), Swedish Polled Breed and Jersey) were included in the analysis, together with the SRB x SLB crossbreds. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days between first calving and culling or censoring (end of data collection). The model (Weibull proportional hazard) included the interaction of parity by pregnancy status by veterinary-treated clinical mastitis, peak test-day milk-yield deviation within herd-year-parity, age at first calving, year by season, region, breed, herd production level, and the random effect of herd. The effects of pregnancy status and veterinary-treated clinical mastitis were modeled as time-dependent covariates. The lactation was divided into five stages during which a veterinary-treated clinical mastitis and culling might occur and in which the pregnancy status was assumed to be known and culling could occur. Open cows had a pronounced effect on culling: they had a very high risk of being culled in all lactations, and it was even higher if they were treated for mastitis in early lactation. For pregnant cows, the later they got pregnant during the lactation, the greater their risk to be culled. The risk associated with cases of veterinary-treated clinical mastitis remained important throughout the lactation. 相似文献
5.
Sustained reproductive performance throughout the life of domestic animals can be suspected to require successful rearing of replacements. We studied associations between replacement heifer rearing conditions and reproductive performance throughout the productive life of dairy cows in southwest Sweden by linear mixed modelling. Data consisted of 3542 lactations in 1550 Swedish Reds, Swedish Holsteins or dairy cows of other or mixed breeds, representing all female animals born during 1998 in 107 herds. Median calving interval (CI) was 381, 380 and 377 days in parities 1, 2 and ≥3, respectively. Median observed productive lifetime was 27 months. The applied model included effects of cow housing system, breed, parity, respiratory disease before 3 months of age, whether oestrous detection was performed only at feeding, oestrous-detection ability, calving year, post-calving reproductive disease in a given lactation, milk yield 30 days post-calving relative to the herd mean, the interaction of breed by calfhood respiratory disease and random effects of cow and herd. Severe respiratory disease before 3 months of age in Swedish Red cows was associated with an increase in CI by 12%. Of the total variation in CI, 9.5% was due to herd factors and 12% to cow factors, as opposed to variation between lactations. 相似文献
6.
Lifetime records of 442 Holstein cows on one farm in North Queensland, Australia, were analysed to evaluate the effects of age at first calving (AFC) and first lactation milk yield on parities per lifetime, longevity, milk yield in subsequent lactations, lifetime milk production and the longevity index (LI), that is the proportion of a cow's life spent in active milk production. The mean daily yield in the first lactation was a reliable indicator of milk yield in subsequent lactations, estimated lifetime production, longevity and LI. The afc had no effect on lifetime days in milk. Neither the AFC nor the milk yield in the first lactation significantly affected the number of parities per lifetime. For the majority of cows, which produced less than 30 l/day in the first lactation, there was a significant positive relationship between longevity and AFC. However, none of the cows that produced more than 30 l/day in the first lactation survived for more than two lactations. The optimal AFC was thus two to two-and-a-half years, as these cows had the highest first lactation yield, estimated lifetime production and LI. The optimal mean daily yield in the first lactation was 20 to 30 l/day, as these cows lived longer and had a higher LI and lifetime production. 相似文献
7.
Until now, economic research to support the dairy farmer's policy with respect to the replacement decision has mainly been concerned with culling for production. However, in most cases the replacement decision for cows suffering from ill health or the after-effects thereof is also an economic one. In this paper the question approached is: how long is it profitable to continue inseminating dairy cows with poor fertility, and differing in age and productive capacity, before the decision to cull them must be made? At each heat, the criterion for the decision is that a cow should be inseminated with the aim of retention if the sum of expected differences in profits during her remaining expected life in the case of pregnancy, compared with replacement at the optimal stage of the current lactation, still exceeds zero.This criterion has been expressed in an economic replacement model for dairy cows. The essence of the model is a comparison of expected incomes of a cow present in the herd with an average herd life of 4 lactations, an average calving interval of 365 days, age and stage of lactation) below which it is not profitable to inseminate empty cows has been calculated. This was done at 10 stages in each lactation, from 65 to 245 days after calving at 20-day intervals. In the first instance, these calculations were made within a herd with an average herd life of 4 lactations, an average claving interval of 365 days, an average milk production of slightly more than 5300 kg per cow per year and a genetic increase in milk production of 1% per year. Moreover, a time preference was assumed for present over future income (discounting).In this basic situation, it appeared to be profitable to continue inseminating cows with poor fertility for a long time: even up to 8–9 months after calving in young cows with an average production level or higher. It was concluded from a sensitivity analysis that the calculated critical production levels were practically independent of several factors, especially those (e.g., milk price) that affect the expected income of both the cow present in the herd and the replacement cow. Factors which did have a considerable influence were persistence of milk production during lactation, and repeatability of a longer calving interval of the cow concerned.Finally, the possible use of the present model for the replacement decision with respect to other diseases is discussed. 相似文献
8.
SUMMARY The milk production of cows after induced parturition was compared with that of non-induced cows with similar calving dates, in 37 winter-calving, pasture-fed, commercial dairy herds in south-western Victoria. Parturition was induced when most cows were between 27 and 35 weeks of pregnancy. Milk production was compared for the lactation that commenced immediately after induction. The percentage of cows whose lactations were terminated less than 120 days after calving was increased by induction. Mean percentages for untreated and induced groups were 3.0% and 5.4%, respectively . For cows with lactations of at least 120 days duration, lactation length was not affected by the prior induction of parturition. However, milk production during the subsequent lactation was 9.0% less in induced groups. Fat and protein concentrations were not substantially affected. The reduction in milk production was not affected by stage of pregnancy when cows were induced, but tended to be greater in herds that delayed milking of induced cows . 相似文献
9.
The milk yield and survival of 91 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that had had a left-displaced abomasum (LDA) corrected laparoscopically were compared with those of 193 control cows matched for herd, parity and calving date. Ninety per cent of the LDA treatments were performed within four weeks after calving. The risk of being culled during the whole observational period of at least three years was 1.5 times greater for the LDA cows than for their matched herdmates (P<0.01). The risk of being culled in the current lactation was 1.8 times greater for the LDA cows (P=0.01), but risk of being culled after the next calving following the LDA correction was similar for both groups. For the lactation in which the LDA was corrected, there was no difference in the 305-day milk production of 80 of the LDA cows and 182 of the matched cows; however, the mean interval from calving to first service during the same lactation was longer for the LDA cows (115 v 98 days) and the mean calving interval was also longer (451 v 418 days). 相似文献
10.
An epidemiologic study of mastisis in dairy cows in Sweden covering 137 002 calvings and subsequent lactations is presented and various risk factors identified.
Swedish Friesian breed (SLB) had a higher incidence of mastisis than Swedish Red and White breed (SRB). The incidence was higher during the first part of lactation and increased with parity until the seventh lactation in SRB and the sixth lactation in SLB.
Dystocia, retained placenta and parturient paresis increased the risk of mastisis during the first part of lactation in SRB, and retained placenta increased the risk of mastitis during the first part of lactation in SLB. No associations between these periparturient disorders and the occurrence of mastitis in the latter part of lactation could be found. The incidence of mastitis was increased among teat-tramp-positive cows, and a positive report of mastitis increased the risk of mastitis in subsequent calvings.
The influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of mastitis was demonstrated by a higher incidence during housing as opposed to pasture, and a decreased incidence in loose-housed cows when compared to tied zero-grazing cows during the later part of lactation. During the first part of lactation, no seasonal variation could be found, and loose-housed cows had only slightly decreased incidence during this part of lactation when compared to tied zero-grazing cows.
The removal rate was increased in the mastitis-positive cow population. 相似文献
11.
Milk yield and lactation length of Ghana Sanga and its crosses with the Friesian Raised under agropastoral system 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
K. A. Darfour-Oduro E. T. Sottie B. A. Hagan S. A. Okantah 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(3):349-356
Milk yield traits and lactation length of two breeds of cattle raised on natural pasture with little or no supplementation were assessed. A total of 42 573 daily milk records on 98 Friesian-Sanga cows collected over a period of 10 years and 17 790 daily milk records on 72 Sanga cows spanning a 6-year period were used in the study. Traits examined for each breed were daily milk yield, total milk yield, 305-day milk yield, 305-day milk yield/day and lactation length. Friesian-Sanga cows outperformed their Sanga counterparts in all traits studied. Friesian-Sanga cows had an average daily milk yield of 1.35?±?0.00 kg; average total milk yield of 266?±?12 kg; average 305-day milk yield of 339?±?10 kg; average 305-day milk yield/ day of 1.11?±?0.03 kg and mean lactation length of 201.1?±?6.9 days. Average values for Sanga cows were 1.01?±?0.00 kg as daily milk yield; 162?±?12 kg as total milk yield; 244?±?10 kg as 305-day milk yield; 0.80?±?0.03 kg as 305-day milk yield/day. Mean lactation length for Sanga cows was 164.1?±?9.4 days. Season of calving significantly (P?<?0.05) influenced daily milk yield of Friesian-Sanga cows and all traits of Sanga cows with animals calving in the major rainy season surpassing those that calved in the minor and dry seasons. Daily milk yield for both Friesian-Sanga and Sanga cows was significantly (P?<?0.05) influenced by season of lactation. Daily milk yield gradually declined from second parity towards the sixth parity for Friesian-Sanga cows. A gradual increase in daily milk yield from first to third parity was observed in Sanga cows. Year of calving significantly influenced all traits for both breeds. Genetic improvement in milk yield traits and lactation length is achievable for both breeds of cattle as co-efficient of variation of traits were moderate to high. 相似文献
12.
K. Alvåsen M. Jansson Mörk I.R. Dohoo C. Hallén Sandgren P.T. Thomsen U. Emanuelson 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2014
Dairy cow mortality (unassisted death and euthanasia) has increased, worldwide and in Sweden. On-farm mortality indicates suboptimal herd health or welfare and causes financial loss for the dairy producer. The objective of this study was to identify cow-level risk factors associated with on-farm cow mortality. Cows with at least one calving between 1 July 2008 and 30 June 2009 from herds enrolled in the Swedish official milk recording scheme with >40 cow-years were included. Each cow was followed from the day of calving until she calved again or left the herd (died, slaughtered or sold). The effects of potential risk factors on on-farm cow mortality were analysed using a Weibull proportional hazard model with a gamma distributed frailty effect common to cows within herd. The event of interest (failure) was euthanasia or unassisted death. An observation was right censored if the cow was slaughtered, sold, calved again or had an on-going lactation at 500 days after calving. The lactations were split into seasons (January to April, May to August and September to December) and at 30 and 100 days in milk in order to evaluate seasonal effects and the effect of disease in different lactation stages. Primiparous and multiparous cows were analysed separately. The highest hazards for both primiparous and multiparous cows were found for traumatic events and diseases, both in the lactation stage in which the cow died and in the preceding stage. The hazard was higher in early lactation and lower in 2nd parity compared to higher parities. Increased age at first calving (for primiparous cows), calving between January and April, dystocia and stillbirth also increased the mortality hazard. Differences were also found between breeds, between milk production parameters at first test milking and between management types. The results from this study show the importance of good management and preventive health actions, especially around calving, to avoid mortality in dairy cows. 相似文献
13.
Kale M Bulut O Yapkic O Gulay MS Pehlivanoglu F Ata A Yavru S 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2007,78(3):130-132
Some production parameters of seropositive cows (age, first calving age, 305 day mature equivalent last milk yield production, lifetime mature equivalent milk yield production, lifetime total milk production, lifetime total milking period, lifetime monthly milk production, lifetime daily milk production, lifetime total days of milking, number of inseminations per pregnancy (for last pregnancy), number of calves and calving interval (for last pregnancy)) were analysed in the current study. The study population was clinically healthy Holstein cows from a commercial dairy herd in southern Turkey. Of 109 animals, 65 cows were seropositive by ELISA and the prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection was 59.6%. The prevalence of seropositive cows in 2nd (62.8%), 3rd (64.7%), 4th (61.5%), and 5th (66.6 %) lactations was slightly higher than that of cows in 1st (52.6%) lactations. No statistical differences were observed between BLV seronegative and seropositive cows for production and reproduction parameters analysed in this study (P > 0.05). 相似文献
14.
Anna Wedholm Elin Hallén Lotte Bach Larsen Helena Lindmark-Månsson Anders Hans Karlsson Toomas Allmere 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(1):8-15
Abstract The milk composition in a Swedish herd, consisting of Swedish Red and White cows (SRB) and Swedish Holstein cows (SLB), and in a Danish herd, consisting of Danish Holstein-Friesian cows (SDM), was evaluated. Concentrations of the major milk proteins (κ-casein, αS1-casein, β-casein, β-lactoglobulin A, β-lactoglobulin B and α-lactalbumin) of 134 individual milk samples were determined by reversed phase (RP) HPLC. Other parameters determined included milk fat, urea, lactose, calcium, lactoferrin, somatic cell count and protein degradation (determined as level of free amino-terminals). Analysis of variance was used to compare concentrations of analysed milk variables between SRB and SLB or between SLB and SDM. Concentration of total protein, total casein, β-casein and κ-casein were significantly higher in SRB milk compared with SLB milk. Concentration of α-lactalbumin and calcium were significantly higher in SDM milk than in SLB milk. The concentration of urea was higher in SLB than in SDM milk and is suggested to reflect differences in feeding regimes between the investigated Swedish and Danish herd. 相似文献
15.
Boujenane Ismaïl El Aimani Jalila By Khalid 《Tropical animal health and production》2015,47(1):207-211
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of clinical mastitis and time of first mastitis occurrence on reproductive and milk performance of Holstein cows. Data were collected in a dairy farm from 2008 to 2012 on 1725 cows, among which 464 cows with mastitis. To determine the influence of clinical mastitis on reproductive and milk performance, models included fixed effects of parity, calving season, calving year, and group (cows with and with no mastitis). To determine the effect of time of 1st mastitis occurrence on reproductive performance, the mastitic cows group was further reclassified into three groups: prior to 60 days, between 60 and 90 days and greater than 90 days postpartum. For milk performance, the mastitic cows group was divided into two groups: before and after peak milk yield. Clinical mastitis had significant effects on calving to first AI interval, milk yield, and fat yield, but a non-significant effect on days open, number of inseminations per conception, and milk fat percentage. Mastitic cows had a calving to first AI interval 6.1 days longer and 549.6 kg milk and 20.4 kg fat per 305 days of lactation lower than those with no mastitis. Time of 1st mastitis occurrence did not have any significant effect on reproductive performance. Further, milk and fat yields of cows diseased before peak milk yield were 506 kg and 23.9 kg, respectively, lower than those of cows affected after peak milk yield. Extra attention needs to be paid to mastitis during the early postpartum period.
相似文献16.
Udder health at a Swedish research farm with both organic and conventional dairy cow management 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Our aim was to compare udder health in groups of organically and conventionally managed cows, using data from a longitudinal study in a Swedish dairy-research farm. Management of the groups was identical except for feed composition and the feeding regimen. Our dataset included all lactating cows calving from 1 September 1990 to 31 August 2001 (145 organically and 151 conventionally managed cows). Udder health was assessed by the geometric average somatic-cell count (SCC) within 150 days after calving, by the number of monthly SCC tests >200,000 cells/ml within 150 days after calving and by presence of lactations with veterinary-treated cases of clinical mastitis. The effect of animal group was analysed by multivariable linear, Poisson and logistic-regression models, controlling for factors such as lactation number, breed, year, season and milk yield. The groups did not differ in any measure of udder health. We had power to rule out differences of at least 33,000 cells/ml in the geometric average somatic-cell count, an incidence rate ratio of 0.65 in the incidence of high-SCC milk-testing occasions, and an odds ratio of 0.43 in veterinary treated cases of mastitis. 相似文献
17.
During 3 consecutive calving seasons, calving performance, placental characteristics and endocrine profiles of total 98 pregnancies of late pregnant Swedish Red and White (SRB) and Swedish Holstein (SLB) dairy heifers and cows, were investigated. Ninety-four singleton pregnancies and 4 sets of twins were recorded. In animals with singleton pregnancy, 8 stillbirths, 7 weak calves, 3 premature parturitions and 1 abortion were registered. In the SLB heifers, 19% of stillbirth (5/26) were observed, while 5% (2/42) were noted for the SRB heifers. One stillborn calf derived from the SRB cows and none was found from the SLB cows. In the heifers and cows delivering a normal living calf with unassisted parturition, the placentome thickness monitored by ultrasonography was constant towards the end of pregnancy. The numbers of foetal cotyledons varied individually between animals but in total, fewer cotyledons were found in the foetal membranes of the SRB animals than in the SLB animals (69 +/- 19) vs. (88 +/- 29) (p < 0.05). No morphological and numerical differences of the placentome thickness in animals delivering a stillborn or weak calf, compared to animals delivering a normal living calf, could be observed. In animals with unassisted parturition and without birth complications, the levels of progesterone (P4), PGF2alpha metabolite (PG-metabolite), cortisol, oestrone sulphate (E1SO4) and pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) were not different by breeds and parities. In animals carrying stillbirth, higher levels of E1SO4 were found in 3 SRB animals and 1 SLB heifer, whereas lower levels of E1SO4 were recorded in 3 SLB heifers during the last week of pregnancy, compared to the profiles found in animals with unassisted parturition. Additionally, the levels of PAGs remained low and constant in 1 SRB cow (delivering a stillborn calf), 1 SRB heifer (giving birth prematurely), 4 animals (carrying twins) and 1 aborting SRB cow. Our results show a very high rate of stillbirth in especially SLB heifers and deviating profiles of E1SO4 and PAGs in animals with impaired parturition were recorded. 相似文献
18.
[目的]为了研究不同产犊季节对荷斯坦奶牛第一胎泌乳性能的影响,以便为长江中下游地区荷斯坦奶牛合理安排配种时间提供科学依据。[方法]利用海丰奶牛场有限公司2009年引进2480头澳系进口荷斯坦牛产犊季节及其第一胎泌乳性能的数据,分析不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数、全泌乳期实际产奶量、305d校正奶量、305d脂肪产量和305d蛋白产量的影响。[结果]表明:不同产犊季节对第一胎泌乳天数和全泌乳期产奶量影响极显著(P0.01),显著影响305天脂肪产量(0.01P0.05),春季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最长(358±10d),而冬季产犊的奶牛泌乳天数最短(299±18d),春季与夏季产犊奶牛的全泌乳期产奶量显著高于秋季、冬季产犊奶牛(P0.05),夏季产犊奶牛305d脂肪产量最高。[结论]综合各产犊季节样本量及相应泌乳性能,认为该场澳系进口荷斯坦牛最适宜产犊季节为夏末秋初,此时泌乳性能最好。该结果对同类地区引进澳系进口荷斯坦牛繁殖与生产管理有借鉴作用。 相似文献
19.
产犊间隔（calving internal,CI）又称胎间距,即两次产犊间的时间间隔,能够综合反映奶牛发情、配种、妊娠和产犊等繁殖性能,是衡量奶牛繁殖性能的一个重要指标,同时也是影响奶牛产奶量和产犊数量的重要因素,对奶牛养殖经济效益具有直接影响。最新研究显示,适宜产犊间隔与牛群泌乳能力相关,泌乳能力越高,适宜产犊间隔应越长。但是,即使中国规模化牛场产奶量已经有了大幅提升,中国大多数牧场还在追求更短的产犊间隔。为此,作者对影响荷斯坦奶牛产犊间隔的因素及其研究进展进行概述,并简要阐述了产犊间隔对牛场经济效益的影响,以期为中国荷斯坦奶牛养殖确定适宜产犊间隔提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
20.
The levels of oestrone sulphate in plasma of pregnant cows was followed from 30 days of pregnancy until parturition. The Swedish Jersey Breed (SJB) showed significantly lower levels of oestrone sulphate between 101 and 200 days of pregnancy than either the Swedish Red and White (SRB) or the Swedish Lowland Breed (SLB). No significant difference was noted between SRB and SLB. On days 141-160 of gestation the oestrone sulphate values were still below the 10 nmol/l level for the SJB while they were above this level for the SRB and the SLB, and the difference was significant. In the SJB, levels above 10 nmol/l were reached on days 161-180 of gestation. In the second part of this study the levels of oestrone sulphate were measured around parturition in SRB cows. At parturition, the levels of oestrone sulphate rose to peak values of 79.9 +/- 5.2 nmol/l and then decreased to 6.6 +/- 0.5 nmol/l on the day after calving. In one cow peak values of 66.0 nmol/l were reached 2 days prior to parturition, and subsequently dropped to 7.0 nmol/l at parturition. This cow had retained foetal membranes. A possible relationship between low oestrone sulphate levels prior to parturition and retained foetal membranes is discussed. 相似文献