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1.
种植密度对玉米籽粒灌浆及脱水特性的影响 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
为了研究种植密度对玉米籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及产量的影响,探寻玉米收获时籽粒含水量与籽粒灌浆速率和脱水速率的相关性,建立玉米高产、高品质及合理密植栽培模式。以‘绿单2号’、‘绥玉10号’、‘鑫鑫1号’、‘德美亚3号’、‘吉单27’、‘嫩单11’为试验材料,采取裂区设计,种植密度为主区（种植密度设6.0万株/hm2、7.5万株/hm2、9.0万株/hm2、10.5万株/hm2 4个水平）,玉米品种为副区,测定授粉后不同时期各玉米品种籽粒灌浆速率、脱水速率、籽粒含水量、产量及产量相关性状,研究种植密度对不同玉米品种籽粒灌浆及脱水特性的影响。结果表明,‘德美亚3号’10.5万株/hm2种植密度下,授粉后55天灌浆即停止,其他玉米品种授粉后56~60天、61~65天籽粒灌浆速率差异不明显,并趋于0;授粉后41~65天,‘绿单2号’7.5万株/hm2处理籽粒含水量低于其他密度处理(P＜0.05),65天籽粒含水量最低,为41.34%;‘德美亚3号’7.5万株/hm2种植密度籽粒脱水速率表现单峰曲线趋势,峰值出现在授粉后51~55天,为3.90%/d;6个玉米品种10.5万株/hm2处理产量均低于其各自玉米品种其他密度处理,说明三江平原地区10.5万株/hm2密度不适于该6个玉米品种。综合籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及产量性状,‘鑫鑫1号’、‘绥玉10号’最适密度为6.0万株/hm2,‘绿单2号’、‘德美亚3号’、‘吉单27’最适密度为7.5万株/hm2;‘嫩单11’对密度处理不敏感。 相似文献
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3.
Chiara Lago Elena Cassani Cecilia Zanzi Michela Landoni Riccardo Trovato Roberto Pilu 《Plant Breeding》2014,133(2):210-217
Among the phytonutrients, anthocyanins have been extensively studied because of their antioxidant power, the characteristic supposedly responsible for their capacity for chronic disease prevention. Anthocyanins can also be synthesized in maize even though in Europe the colourless varieties have always been preferred. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize a new polenta variety of maize rich in anthocyanins, bred by a recurrent selection scheme, to increase the antioxidant power of this food. The recurrent selection was based on the anthocyanin content and other specific traits of the kernel. The coloured polenta obtained was analysed by TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) analysis and DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging ability, before and after cooking. The results obtained showed that even though cooking reduced the anthocyanin content by about 22%, the remaining anthocyanins exhibited twofolds higher antioxidant capacity, expressed as ARP (antiradical power) using acetone/water extraction buffer in DPPH assay, compared to the colourless control. Furthermore, our data showed that the anthocyanin content did not alter the taste of the coloured polenta. 相似文献
4.
基于控制授粉技术的玉米弱势粒发育与库特征的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
明确弱势粒败育和灌浆受限与其库容量或库活性关系,对于探讨弱势粒调控途径、实现密植群体产量挖潜具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉IcP、完全授粉CP),比较成功发育弱势粒(IcP处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的库容量和库活性及籽粒灌浆参数的差异。结果表明,不同控制授粉处理下,玉米弱势粒胚乳细胞增殖过程和最大胚乳细胞数无显著差异;IcP处理弱势粒可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达12.6%和21.8%,且实测百粒重、籽粒终极生长量、最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率皆表现为IcP处理高于CP处理。可见,玉米果穗顶部弱势粒败育或灌浆停滞不受其库容量的限制,籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子。 相似文献
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旨在明确玉米果穗乳熟期穗轴、籽粒、苞叶、穗柄水分运动变化。本文利用生育期一致，乳熟期籽粒脱水速率差异的品种‘先玉696’、‘合玉29’为供试材料，采用烘干减重法（《ISTA水分测定手册》2007）测定乳熟期穗轴、苞叶和籽粒含水量与不同时期变化量与吸湿法测定穗柄中水分运动，结果显示不同脱水类型品种玉米穗轴、苞叶和籽粒展现出相同的趋势苞叶＞籽粒＞穗轴，先玉696快于合玉29。脱水快品种先玉696表现出随着生育期推移茎秆向果穗输水逐渐下降，苞叶含水量前期快速降低，籽粒含水量下降较快。脱水慢品种合玉29茎秆向果穗输水量高于先玉696并且输水量没有发生变化，苞叶水分降低缓慢，籽粒含水量下降缓慢。本研究也显示籽粒脱水与苞叶、穗轴的脱水速率密切相关。籽粒生理成熟后自然脱水过程中水分并没有由果穗向茎秆转移，茎秆对果穗脱水起负效应，但不同品种输水量和变化量不同（差异不显著）。 相似文献
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B. Borghi M. Corbellini M. Cattaneo M. E. Fornasari L. Zucchelli 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1986,157(4):245-254
Artificial manipulation of sink and source was carried out in several bread wheat varieties in order to study the variations in the pattern of storage products accumulation in the grain. In a first experiment, partial ablation of the laminae did not cause any significant variation in the yield components, while total elimination of the laminae resulted in a decreased fertility of the spikelets and in a lower kernel weight. The protein content of grain turned out to be a function of the amount of vegetative organs left in the different treatments, and ranged from 11.1 % in leafless plants to 16.5% in the control. The halving of the spikes led to a 14% increase in the size of the kernels, while the protein content per spike showed a 20 % drop in comparison to the control. Reduction of sink affected nitrogen accumulation to a lesser extent than carbohydrates storage in the grain. Reduction of sink induced remarkable increases in the protein fractions: gliadins +59%, glutelins +44%, insoluble residue +30%, non-proteic nitrogen +28%, albumins and globulins + 16%. The increase of GPC or of specific solubility classes did not influence significantly the quality of the flour evaluated by the Zeleny and Pelshenke indices. The presented data suggest some caution in adopting kernel size and GPC as main selection criteria in early generations. It seems more convenient to select for a prolonged grain filling period and for a higher biomass without increasing plant height. 相似文献
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为探寻鲜食糯玉米采后籽粒糖代谢规律,以不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米品种为试材,测定了不同货架期糯玉米籽粒中几种可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量及相关酶的活性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,3种熟期鲜食糯玉米籽粒中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖和山梨醇含量均呈明显下降趋势,其中晚熟玉米下降幅度较大,果糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖含量下降幅度达到97.3%~99.8%,而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈明显上升趋势,其中早熟玉米上升幅度最大,货架8 d时其含量上升幅度均超过了20%,淀粉合成关键酶腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）和尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDPGPPase）活性主要呈单峰曲线变化趋势,其峰值出现在货架2~4 d,其趋势在变化时间上与几种可溶性糖含量的变化能够契合;室温货架期间,不同熟期的鲜食糯玉米籽粒中可溶性糖、淀粉含量的变化规律不完全一致。上述研究结果可为筛选适于贮藏的鲜食糯玉米品种和贮藏时间提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Summary Effectiveness of mass selection for kernel depth in an early maize (Zea mays L.) synthetic, i.e. NDSAB, was evaluated in eight North Dakato environments. Four cycles of selection for deeper kernels were evaluated for grain yield and associated traits by using corresponding randomly selected subpopulations of NDSAB to adjust out inbreeding effects on selected subpopulations. General combining ability (GCA) effects of selected subpopulations also were evaluated for these traits.Subpopulations selected from one to four cycles for deep kernels were reciprocally crossed to corresponding randomly selected subpopulations in a factorial mating design. Subpopulations, selfed subpopulations, and subpopulation crosses were evaluated for yield and associated traits. Subpopulations selected for deep kernels generally had deeper kernels, higher yields, heavier kernels, more kernel rows per ear, and lower test weights than corresponding randomly selected subpopulations. Differences in GCA effects among selected and unselected subpopulations generally corresponded to differences between selected and unselected parental subpopulations. Inbreeding effects from selfing were observed for all traits, but no average heterosis was detected when subpopulation crosses were compared to parental subpopulations. Reciprocal differences were observed for all traits except kernel depth, but these differences were inconsistent relative to whether deep kerneled females made superior hybrids to unselected females.Results supported the use of mass selection for kernel depth as a means of grain yield improvement in the short term for NDSAB. However, negative associations of kernel depth with test weight may restrict long term use of this procedure.Journal Article No. 1505 of the North Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn., Fargo 相似文献
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花后前期高温对玉米强弱势籽粒生长发育的影响 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
采用籽粒离体培养的方法,研究花后高温对玉米强、弱势籽粒的影响。结果表明,高温处理加快了强、弱势籽粒前期的灌浆速率,但降低了中后期的灌浆速率,导致粒重降低,且对弱势粒影响尤为显著,高温处理强、弱势粒成熟期粒重分别比对照低5.8%、17.4%;高温显著降低了籽粒不同灌浆时期的淀粉合成相关酶活性,从而使淀粉含量降低,强势粒的淀粉含量降低幅度小于弱势粒;与对照相比,高温处理后强势籽粒中的3-吲哚乙酸(IAA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著下降,赤霉素(GA3)含量则无显著差异,而弱势粒IAA、ZR含量显著降低,但GA3含量增加,可能是导致弱势粒干重受损较大的原因。 相似文献
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玉米籽粒形成期的库活性是弱势粒败育或灌浆受限的核心限制因子,明确弱势粒中内源激素及多胺水平对其库活性的调控机制,对探索密植条件下玉米弱势粒调控途径具有重要意义。本研究以典型玉米杂交种郑单958和先玉335为材料,在控制授粉条件下(不完全授粉Ic P、完全授粉CP),比较分析了成功发育弱势粒(Ic P处理)和发育不良弱势粒(CP处理)的内源激素及多胺水平差异及其与库活性的关系。结果表明,品种和年度对籽粒库活性、内源激素和多胺水平整体无显著影响。Ic P处理下弱势粒的可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶(SAI)活性显著高于CP处理,平均差异和最大差异分别达13.5%和21.8%。在玉米籽粒形成期,弱势粒中玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量在两种控制授粉处理间无显著差异。弱势粒中多胺含量表现为Ic P处理显著高于CP处理,而乙烯释放速率则恰恰相反。弱势粒中SAI活性与多胺含量显著正相关,而与乙烯释放速率显著负相关,且多胺含量与乙烯释放速率显著负相关。可见,在玉米籽粒形成期,其弱势粒中Z+ZR、IAA、GA3和ABA与其库活性即SAI活性无关;弱势粒库活性主要受多胺和乙烯含量影响,多胺促进SAI活性而乙烯则抑制其活性,二者的平衡关系决定了弱势粒成功发育与否;多胺和乙烯平衡关系受同化物质供应水平的调控。 相似文献
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小麦籽粒颜色与抗氧化作用 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
以抗活性氧活力单位、抗超氧阴离子活力单位和总抗氧化活力单位为指标，研究了白、红、紫、深紫、紫黑、蓝等不同颜色小麦籽粒的抗氧化能力，并分析了其与色素、黄酮等抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化酶活性之间的关系。结果表明，小麦籽粒颜色与其抗氧化活性之间存在着非常密切的关系，蓝、紫黑、深紫、紫等黑粒小麦籽粒的抗氧化能力高于白粒和红粒小麦。黑粒小麦的总黄酮、氨基酸、Vc、类胡萝卜素等抗氧化物质含量和SOD等抗氧化酶活性高于普通白粒和红粒小麦；并且籽粒色素含量、总黄酮含量、总氨基酸含量以及SOD活性与3个抗氧化能力指标显著或极显著正相关，Vc和类胡萝卜素含量与3个抗氧化指标之一或之二显著或极显著正相关，说明色素、黄酮、SOD、Vc和氨基酸等是蓝、紫黑、深紫、紫等黑粒小麦的抗氧化能力强于白粒和红粒小麦的主要物质基础。 相似文献
12.
Summary Data are presented which support early generation selection for white kernel color in the progeny of red/white kernel wheat crosses which are segregating at 12 or more loci for yield (or any other trait of interest). The optimum generation for selecting white kernels is determined by the frequency of seeds produced with the potential to produce plants having desired quantitative alleles from both parents, and by the frequency of white kernels produced. The F2-produced seed (F3 embryo) is shown to be the optimum generation for selecting white kernels, given that 12 or more loci are segregating for a quantitative character such as yield. When the red parent is a 2 or 3 loci red genotype, selection among F4-produced seed for white kernel color may be desirable when 5 or fewer genes are segregating for the second trait. The results have direct application for all highly heritable, recessive, sporophytic traits.Contribution from the Cornell Agricultural Research Station, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853. Paper No. 723. Research supported by Hatch project 419 相似文献
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玉米灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒碳水化合物积累与淀粉合成相关酶活性变化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
玉米果穗顶部籽粒通常较中、下部籽粒充实差,粒重轻,其机制不清楚。本研究旨在探明玉米果穗不同部位籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性变化及其与籽粒灌浆的关系。以玉米品种登海11为材料,分别进行春播和夏播试验,观察果穗不同部位籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉的含量及淀粉合成相关酶活性变化。结果显示,与夏播玉米相比,春播玉米具有较多的每穗粒数、较高的百粒重和产量。虽然产量在春播和夏播间有差异,但两季玉米籽粒的最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、百粒重、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量、最大淀粉积累速率、平均淀粉积累速率均表现为果穗下部籽粒中部籽粒上部籽粒。灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(St S)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性变化均呈单峰曲线,果穗上部籽粒AGPase、St S和SBE活性峰值和平均值均显著低于果穗中、下部籽粒。相关分析表明,淀粉积累速率、籽粒灌浆速率与AGPase、St S和SBE活性均呈极显著正相关。说明玉米果穗顶部籽粒较低的AGPase、St S和SBE活性是其灌浆较差、粒重较低的重要原因。春播玉米粒重较高,与其灌浆期较强的淀粉合成能力有关。 相似文献
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青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了在培育高产优质青贮玉米新品种过程中,提高选择效率,筛选源库比例适宜,营养品质较好的品系,从整株角度对青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关关系研究,在田间条件下以31份青贮玉米优良品种/系为试验材料,研究青贮玉米各器官与产量和品质关系。结果表明：选取的不同品种/系青贮玉米的干物质质量、含水量、产量和品质均有较大差异,通过相关分析表明,茎秆、叶片(r2产量=0.528**)和苞叶占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.396*)、苞叶和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与整株中性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片和籽粒(r2=0.381*)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株酸性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片、籽粒和穗轴与其呈负相关。茎秆、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与粗蛋白含量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴(r2=0.660**)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.407*)、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株淀粉含量呈负相关,籽粒(r2=0.359*)和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与其呈正相关。 相似文献
15.
Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F2 through F1 when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F2 base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study. 相似文献
16.
玉米果穗不同部位籽粒激素含量及其与胚乳发育和籽粒灌浆的关系 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
以玉米品种登海11为材料, 分别进行大田和温室试验, 观察灌浆期果穗不同部位籽粒玉米素(Z)+玉米素核苷(ZR)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA3)含量变化及其与胚乳发育和籽粒灌浆的关系。结果显示, 籽粒最大胚乳细胞数目、最大胚乳细胞增殖速率及平均速率、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和百粒重表现为果穗下部籽粒>中部籽粒>上部籽粒。在胚乳细胞活跃增殖期或活跃灌浆期, 籽粒Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量以果穗下部籽粒最高, 中部籽粒其次, 上部籽粒最低。GA3含量则为果穗上部籽粒>中部籽粒>下部籽粒。两个试验的结果趋势一致。胚乳细胞增殖速率和籽粒灌浆速率与籽粒Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量呈极显著正相关, 与籽粒GA3含量呈显著负相关。说明玉米果穗上部籽粒轻主要是由于这些籽粒的胚乳细胞增殖速率小, 导致其胚乳细胞数少, 这与其灌浆期较低的Z+ZR、IAA和ABA含量及较高的GA3含量有密切关系。 相似文献
17.
Xin-Ran SONG Shu-Ting HU Kai ZHANG Ze-Jin CUI Jian-Sheng LI Xiao-Hong YANG Guang-Hong BAI 《作物学报》1962,46(12):1831-1838
As the storage organ of maize, kernel development and accumulation of storage production directly determines maize yield and quality. In this study, a stable defective kernel mutant, named as defective kernel 101 (dek101), was identified during the development of double haploid (DH) lines in maize. The dek101 kernels displayed severely shrunk kernel appearance, significantly reduced kernel weight, lethal embryo, defective endosperm and were incapable of germinating. The dek101 showed obvious developmental abnormalities at 12 days after pollination (DAP). The fresh weight, dry weight and volume of the kernels were no longer increased after 21 DAP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation revealed that the starch granules of dek101 were significantly smaller compared with wild-type kernels. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the mutant trait was controlled by a recessive single gene. Using 441 F2 individuals and 1648 F3 individuals, dek101 was narrowed down to a genomic region of about 300 kb between the InDel marker IDP2182 and IDP4600 on chromosome 1, which contains five predicted genes. These results laid the foundation for mining functional genes related to maize kernel development and deciphering the mechanism of grain development. 相似文献
18.
以山西省中晚熟区大面积推广、生育期基本相同的20个玉米品种为试验材料,对穗部相关性状与收获期子粒含水率进行相关性分析和通径分析。相关性分析结果表明,收获期子粒含水率与穗粗、轴粗、粒厚、苞叶总面积、收获时苞叶含水率呈极显著正相关,与粒宽呈显著正相关,与行粒数呈极显著负相关。通径分析结果表明,对收获期子粒含水率直接作用大小排列为穗行数>穗粗>苞叶含水率=粒厚>轴粗>行粒数>粒宽>穗长>苞叶总面积。因此,要选育收获期子粒含水率低的玉米新品种,应着重选育苞叶总面积小、收获时苞叶含水率低、穗粗与轴粗、子粒厚度薄、子粒宽度窄、行粒数多的基因型。 相似文献
19.
C.A. Mangolin C.L. de Souza Jr. A.A.F. Garcia A.F. Garcia S.T. Sibov A.P. de Souza 《Euphytica》2004,137(2):251-259
Maize cultivars often have low kernel oil content. To increase the oil content, efficient maize breeding programs have to be developed, which require the knowledge of the inheritance of this trait. Thus, the objective of this research was to map quantitative trait locus (QTLs) and estimate their effects for kernel oil content in a tropical maize population. Two maize inbred lines, contrasting for kernel oil content, were used to develop an F2 population. Four hundred and eight F2 plants were self-pollinated, and their kernels (F2:3 progenies) were used for kernel oil evaluation. A genetic map with 75 microsatellites was developed, and the QTLs were mapped using the composite interval map (CIM); also, estimates of genetic and phenotypic variances, and heritability coefficient were computed. The map presented 10 linkage groups, spanned 1,438.6 cM in length with an average interval of 19.18 cM between adjacent markers. The kernel oil content averaged 58.40 g kg–1, and the broad-sense heritability was high (h2= 0.98). Thirteen QTLs were mapped, which were distributed into eight chromosomes, and explained 26.64% of the genetic variation. QTLs in chromosomes 1, 5, and 6 contributed the most for kernel oil content. Nine out of 13 QTLs with favorable alleles were from the parental inbred with the highest kernel oil content. The average level of dominance was partial, but gene action of the QTLs ranged from additive to overdominance. Eight out of 13 mapped QTLs were already reported for temperate maize populations. 相似文献
20.
旨在研究东北地区低温冷害对春玉米灌浆的影响,确定春玉米灌浆期间冷害影响农业气象指标。用人工气候室通过模拟自然低温（平均15℃、17℃、19℃）方法,对灌浆初期盆栽春玉米进行（3、5、7天）胁迫处理。结果表明：春玉米在灌浆初期经不同天数的低温处理后,穗粒数减少,穗粒重、百粒重和叶绿素降低,成熟期延迟,果穗秃尖长度和籽粒含水量增加,作物产量呈不同程度的下降。温度越低,持续时间越长,对玉米产量的影响越严重。其中在15℃低温下处理7天后,玉米产量下降最大,较对照穗粒重减少了32.4%,百粒重减少9.2%。可见,灌浆初期低温对春玉米产量结构影响最大的因素是结实率和籽粒干物质含量的双重降低。 相似文献