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1.
黑龙江省水稻气象灾害损失评估 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
以黑龙江省基本无气象灾害年水稻的产量为基本序列,利用拉格朗日插值法得到历年水稻的期望产量,将气象灾害损失量从产量中分离,从而实现对黑龙江省1949-2004年水稻气象灾害损失量的评估。结果显示:黑龙江省气象灾害1984年以前对水稻危害较大,巨灾、大灾年份比例占48.6%,平均灾损率达到29%,水稻产量年际波动大;1984年之后,水稻抗灾能力增强,全省基本无巨灾和大灾发生,平均灾损率9%。通过进一步对水稻灾害损失量与水稻各种灾害受灾、成灾和绝收面积统计结果进行分析发现,低温冷害是危害黑龙江省水稻发展的主要气象灾害。 相似文献
2.
影响云南水稻产量的灾害分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
分析了灾害性气候对云南水稻产量的影响，指出初夏干旱和8月低温是云南水稻生产的主要气象灾害。初夏干旱影响水稻的移栽期和栽播面积。8月份温是造成云南水稻减产的主要气象原因。 相似文献
3.
通过分析福建省2009年气温、降水和日照等气象因子,得出气温为显著偏高,降水量偏少,日照时数正常到偏多。分析了全年气候条件对早稻、中稻和晚稻等3类主要粮食作物生长发育期的影响,总体为农业气候资源条件良好,光温充足,虽然有农业气象灾害的影响,但是比较而言利大于弊,有利于作物的发育生长。水稻生长发育期间发生的主要农业气象灾害有低温、台风、暴雨、气象干旱等,这些气象灾害都对农业生产造成了直接或间接的影响,其中造成灾害损失严重的是台风和暴雨。本研究旨在为气象减灾和灾害评估提供参考。 相似文献
4.
主要气象灾害对福建粮食生产影响的灰色关联分析 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
利用1980-2004年福建省气象灾害统计资料,采用灰色关联分析方法分析了4种气象灾害包括旱灾、水灾、风雹灾和低温冻害对福建粮食生产的危害性。结果表明,影响福建早稻生产的主要气象灾害是风雹灾,影响晚稻、单季稻和甘薯的主要气象灾害为旱灾。通过对1995年前后福建粮食总产与4种灾害受灾面积关联分析发现,总体上看,旱灾和寒害一直是影响福建粮食生产的主要气象因子,1995年以后,旱灾和水灾的影响有所增加。 相似文献
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6.
统计,分析了贵阳市蔬菜气象灾害的成因,种类,特征及其对蔬菜生产影响的程度,结合蔬菜受害机制,再生力,影响程度,对蔬菜气象灾害进行分类,分级。初步认为暴雨,冰雹,连阴雨,,连续高温高湿,春旱,倒春寒６种气象灾害是贵阳市蔬菜生产的主要气象灾害,其中后４种气象灾害应作为防灾减灾的重点,提出蔬菜均衡上市的防灾减灾对策措施。 相似文献
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气候波动对重庆水稻产量的影响及对策 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
选用代表重庆四个区域的江津、丰都、奉节、酉阳1960-2001年的气象及水稻产量资料,采用Mann-Kendall突变检测方法对水稻产量资料序列进行分段,利用Logistic曲线进行分段拟合求取水稻的趋势产量,进而得到气象产量,利用积分回归等方法分析气候因子对水稻产量的影响。结果表明：重庆四个地区的水稻单产均在20世纪80年代前期发生突变性增长;采用Logistic分段拟合趋势产量的效果明显优于线性拟合,体现了水稻的实际变化趋势;水稻的气象产量具有较明显的年际变化,表现出一定的阶段性,20世纪60年代初期、整个70年代、90年代中后期气象产量较低,而60年代中后期、80年代中期-90年代中前期水稻的气象产量相对较高;造成重庆水稻减产的主要因素为春季低温阴雨和伏旱等灾害,因此,应采取春季保温和增蓄伏前水等措施促进水稻增产丰收。 相似文献
9.
河北日光温室气象灾害影响和气象服务评估 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
通过问卷形式,对河北省日光温室蔬菜生产经销者和技术人员对气象服务的满意度,低温冻害、寡照、大风、雪灾4种主要气象灾害对日光温室蔬菜产量、品质、贮藏、运输、销售的影响率,用于日光温室气象灾害防御及补救的费用占所有气象灾害防御和补救费用百分率,以及菜农接受气象服务的投入占收成的百分率等进行调查,并利用德尔菲法对气象灾害防御和补救费用及气象服务的效益进行定量化评估.结果表明,多数被调查者认为低温冻害和寡照对日光温室蔬菜产量和品质有较大影响,其中认为低温冻害影响率大于15％的人数分别占45.6％、53.7％,认为寡照灾害影响率大于15％的人数分别占37.8％、35.4％,认为大风和雪灾的影响相对较小;70％以上的人认为大风和寡照对日光温室蔬菜贮藏、运输和销售的影响率在20％以下,超过50％的人认为低温冻害对蔬菜贮藏影响率大于30％,认为雪灾对蔬菜贮藏、运输和销售的影响率大于30％的人数分别占31.0％、63.9％和53.0％.被调查者对日光温室4种主要气象灾害的气象服务满意度均达96％以上.对大风、低温冻害、寡照和雪灾的防御和补救的费用占所有气象灾害防御及补救费用的平均百分率分别为20.3％、15.8％、13.0％和19.4％,4种灾害的气象服务平均贡献率分别为3.08％、2.25％、1.90％和2.55％.按近l0a（2004-2013）河北省日光温室蔬菜产业年平均生产总值计算,大风灾害气象服务效益最高,平均每年达2.941亿元,其它依次为雪灾、低温冻害和寡照,总效益平均每年达9.340亿元. 相似文献
10.
我国各地区农业气象灾害演变趋势分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对我国各地区１９５３－１９６６年和１９７８－１９９６年２个时段的主要农业的气象灾害进行比较分析。结果表明,我国绝大部分区农业气象灾害存在发生频率增加、发生面积扩大及灾害发生趋于平衡等３种演变趋势。同时根据灰色系统理论诊断出各地区影响农业生产的主导气象灾害,并按照各种灾害对总受灾面积的影响序列将全国各地区粗略划分为８种类型,为制定区域农业发展战略,合理安排农业生产提供参考依据。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献