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1.
G Glünder 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1989,36(3):217-225
The flora of the large intestine of 92 grey herons was examined for the frequency of aerobic and microaerobic growing bacteria. Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides and E. coli were isolated from 55%, 48%, 14% and 35% of the birds, respectively. It could be demonstrated that the findings of these bacteria in the intestinal flora are depending on the age of the birds. The percentage of carriers of Clostridium perfringens, Aeromonas hydrophila and Plesiomonas shigelloides was highest in nestlings younger than 18 days, less high in older nestlings and lowest in adult grey herons. Contrary to those bacteria, E. coli was found more often in the intestinal flora at increasing age of the birds. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 6 birds. Two birds yielded positive for Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter spp., respectively. Other aerobic and microaerobic bacteria play a less significant role as part of the intestinal flora. 相似文献
2.
F Noordeen N U Horadagoda A C M Faizal R P V J Rajapakse M A A Razak A Arulkanthan 《Veterinary parasitology》2002,103(3):217-225
An experimental study was carried out in neonatal goat kids to examine the infectivity of Cryptosporidium oocysts, pattern of oocyst shedding and morphological changes in the intestine during the infection. Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from adult asymptomatic goats, and identified as C. parvum by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used in this study. Of three 4-day-old goat kids, two were orally infected with C. parvum oocysts (10(5) oocysts in 10 ml PBS/kid). One goat kid given 10 ml PBS only by the oral route served as a control. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the faeces of one infected kid on day 3 post-inoculation (pi) whereas in the other 6 days pi. The faecal oocyst counts gradually increased and the peak counts in the two kids were 2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 12 pi) and 3.2 x 10(6)g(-1) (on day 14 pi). The increase in faecal oocyst output coincided with diarrhoea in an infected kid from days 10-17 pi. Although the oocyst excretion declined gradually after the peak, both infected kids excreted oocysts until euthanized on days 20 and 22 pi. Light and scanning electron microscopic investigations of the ileum revealed the endogenous stages on the brush border of the enterocytes, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells into the lamina propria, atrophy, stunting and fusion of villi. For purposes of comparison, goat Cryptosporidium oocysts were inoculated orally (10(3) oocysts/mouse) to eight, 1-week-old mice. All experimental mice excreted oocysts from day 3 pi, and four infected mice continued to excrete oocysts up to day 42 pi. The experimental infection described in goat kids resembled the natural disease in terms of oocyst excretion, clinical signs and intestinal pathology. The ability of oocysts excreted by asymptomatic goats, to infect goat kids and mice is likely to have a major impact on the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in livestock and man. 相似文献
3.
S Sioutas R W Hoffmann C Pfeil-Putzien T Fischer-Scherl 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1991,38(3):186-194
In November 1987 high losses of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with the main symptom of skin ulcera were observed in a farm in northern Greece. Sixty-six isolates of bacteria, characterized mainly as Aeromonas hydrophila or Pseudomonas spp. could be isolated from lesions of diseased fish. Transmission experiments with these isolates using mirror carp showed that Aeromonas hydrophila strains induced identical clinical and pathological pictures after intra- or subcutaneous injection. Extracts of these Aeromonas hydrophila isolates, as well as a supernatant of culture bouillon were toxic for carp and mice, indicating the presence of endo- and exotoxins. The results prove that carp erythrodermatitis (CE) may be caused by different bacteria, mainly including A. hydrophila. 相似文献
4.
Castro-Hermida JA Pors I Otero-Espinar F Luzardo-Alvarez A Ares-Mazás E Chartier C 《Veterinary parasitology》2004,120(1-2):35-41
The efficacy of orally administered tablets containing alpha-cyclodextrin, an excipient used in the pharmaceutical industry with demonstrated anticryptosporidial activity in vitro and in neonatal mice, was evaluated in neonatal goat kids. The formulation was evaluated for hardness and was subjected to in vitro drug release studies. Twenty goat kids were orally inoculated with 10(6) oocysts of C. parvum within the first 6 days of age. Half of the animals were treated by oral administration of four tablets of alpha-cyclodextrin/day (500 mg/kg of body weight) for six consecutive days, the treatment beginning on the day of inoculation. Infection was monitored by daily examination of faecal samples from the first day to 25 days post-inoculation. The criteria studied in evaluating efficacy were: oocyst shedding, presence of diarrhoea and weight gain at 15 and 25 days post-inoculation. alpha-cyclodextrin was effective when given at the beginning of infection: there was a longer pre-patent period, a reduction in the patent period and a decrease in the intensity of infection, these differences being statistically significant (P < 0.05) compared with untreated neonatal kids. Moreover, except in one animal, the diarrhoea was prevented in infected neonatal kids. Animals from both groups increased the body weight and no significant differences were seen between the two groups. 相似文献
5.
Enteric cryptosporidiosis was studied in the small intestine of five-day-old sucking mice after infection with 10(6) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. It was shown that excystation and the majority of subsequent endogenous stages occurred predominantly in the ileum. During the first three days of infection the number of merozoites collected in ileal washings increased over 100-fold to approximately 10(6) merozoites per mouse on the third day. In contrast to control mice, wash fluid from infected mice contained numerous strands of dislodged mucus. Estimates of mucus in the ileal washings of infected mice were similar to those made in controls until day 4 after infection when they increased and remained high throughout the remainder of the experiment. This study describes a method whereby ileal mucus washings from C parvum infected infant mice could be used as a rich source of merozoites. 相似文献
6.
R E Holland S M Boyle T H Herdt S D Grimes R D Walker 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(10):1947-1952
Serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and total vitamin A concentrations, and jejunoileal morphology were examined in neonatal calves infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Group-1 calves served as noninfected controls and, after an adjustment period, were given 50 ml of saline solution i.v. every 12 hours for 6 days. Group-2 calves were inoculated with 10(7) C parvum oocysts and, after the onset of diarrhea, were given 50 ml of saline solution i.v. every 12 hours for 6 days. Group-3 calves were inoculated with 10(7) C parvum oocysts and, after the onset of diarrhea, were treated with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO, 200 mg/kg of body weight i.v., q 12 h) for 6 days. Group-4 calves were naturally infected with C parvum. Jejunoileal biopsy specimens were excised from calves of groups 1-3 at 3 and again at 15 to 16 days of age. During the course of diarrhea and 3 days after saline or DFMO administration, water-miscible retinyl palmitate was administered orally (2,750 micrograms/kg) to each calf in each group. Cryptosporidium parvum infection was associated with significant (P < or = 0.05) reduction in postadministration serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and total vitamin A concentrations in calves of groups 2, 3, and 4. Cryptosporidium parvum infection caused significant (P < or = 0.05) reduction in villus height. Decreased villus height, villus blunting and fusion, and attenuation of the intestinal mucosa were associated with reduced absorption of vitamin A, as indicated by lower peak postadministration retinyl palmitate concentration in C parvum-infected calves. Intravenous administration of DFMO to group-3 calves did not improve retinol absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
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Natrah FM Alam MI Pawar S Harzevili AS Nevejan N Boon N Sorgeloos P Bossier P Defoirdt T 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,159(1-2):77-82
In this study, the link between quorum sensing in Aeromonas spp. and its virulence towards burbot (Lota lota) was investigated. High mortality occurred in burbot juveniles challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida HN-00, but not in juveniles challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila AH-1N. Meanwhile, both A. hydrophila AH-1N and A. salmonicida HN-00 were virulent towards larvae. The effect of quorum sensing on the virulence of A. hydrophila AH-1N towards burbot larvae was further investigated using quorum sensing mutants (N-(butyryl)-L-homoserine lactone production and receptor mutants). Challenge with these mutants resulted in higher survival of burbot larvae when compared to challenge with the wild type, and the addition of the signal molecule N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone restored the virulence of the quorum sensing production mutant. Moreover, quorum sensing inhibitors protected the burbot larvae from both Aeromonas strains. Finally, the freshwater micro-algae Chlorella saccharophila and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which are able to interfere with quorum sensing, also protected burbot from the pathogens. However, QS interference was unlikely to be the only mechanism. This study revealed that the virulence of Aeromonas spp. towards burbot is regulated by quorum sensing and that quorum sensing inhibitors and micro-algae are promising biocontrol agents. 相似文献
11.
Starkey SR Zeigler PE Wade SE Schaaf SL Mohammed HO 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2006,229(10):1623-1626
OBJECTIVE: To isolate and speciate Cryptosporidium DNA from fecal samples obtained from dairy cattle in New York State and identify factors associated with whether cattle were shedding Cryptosporidium parvum versus Cryptosporidium bovis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 115 fecal samples positive for DNA coding for the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene from dairy cattle in New York State. PROCEDURES: A PCR assay was used to amplify DNA from fecal samples; amplification products were submitted for bidirectional DNA sequencing. Logistic regression was used to test for associations between various host factors and Cryptosporidium spp. RESULTS: 70 of the 115 (61%) fecal samples were found to have C parvum DNA, 42 (37%) were determined to have C bovis DNA, and 3 (3%) were found to have C parvum deer-type DNA. The presence of diarrhea at the time of fecal sample collection, oocyst count, and breed were associated with whether cattle were infected with C parvum or C bovis, with animals more likely to be infected with C parvum if they had diarrhea, had a high oocyst count, or were Holsteins. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that C parvum and C bovis can be isolated from dairy cattle in New York State and that various factors affect whether cattle infected with Cryptosporidium spp are infected with C parvum or C bovis. Findings also lend credence to the theory that C bovis may be more host adapted and thus less pathogenic to dairy cattle than C parvum. 相似文献
12.
Sobrinho LS Rossi CN Vides JP Braga ET Gomes AA de Lima VM Perri SH Generoso D Langoni H Leutenegger C Biondo AW Laurenti MD Marcondes M 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,187(1-2):302-306
The aim of the present study was to determine the coinfection of Leishmania sp. with Toxoplasma gondii, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) in a population of cats from an endemic area for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. An overall 66/302 (21.85%) cats were found positive for Leishmania sp., with infection determined by direct parasitological examination in 30/302 (9.93%), by serology in 46/302 (15.23%) and by both in 10/302 (3.31%) cats. Real time PCR followed by amplicon sequencing successfully confirmed Leishmania infantum (syn Leishmania chagasi) infection. Out of the Leishmania infected cats, coinfection with FIV was observed in 12/66 (18.18%), with T. gondii in 17/66 (25.75%) and with both agents in 5/66 (7.58%) cats. FeLV was found only in a single adult cat with no Leishmania infection. A positive association was observed in coinfection of Leishmania and FIV (p<0.0001), but not with T. gondii (p>0.05). In conclusion, cats living in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis are significantly more likely to be coinfected with FIV, which may present confounding clinical signs and therefore cats in such areas should be always carefully screened for coinfections. 相似文献
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We present epidemiological data on the frequency of infections with haemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. (feline haemoplasmas) in domestic cats in Germany. From November 2004 to October 2006 135 blood samples of anaemic patients and cats without clinical symptoms were examined with conventional and real-time PCR methods. In 15,6 % of the samples DNA of one or more haemoplasma species could be detected. 8,9 % of the samples (12 cats) were infected with "Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, whereas 7,4 % (10 cats) were infected with Mycoplasma haemofelis. Out of these, one cat harboured both species.The recently described species "Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis" was found in 2.2 % of all samples (3 cats) and was restricted to animals coinfected with M. haemofelis. No correlation could be detected between the infection with haemotrophic Mycoplasma spp. and clinical signs of anaemia or disease. Infections were significantly correlated with age, male gender or coinfections with retroviruses (FIV, FeLV). Our data indicate, that chronically infected carriers without clinical symptoms are frequent in the investigated cat populations in Germany and that the screening of blood-donors for the presence of Mycoplasma spp. infections is advisable before clinical use. 相似文献
14.
Pathogenesis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in conventional and gnotobiotic piglets. 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The pathogenesis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis was studied in 52 conventionally reared and 20 gnotobiotically reared piglets by inoculation with different doses of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The prepatent period of C. parvum in both groups of animals were variable, depending on the number of oocysts administered. The patent period of C. parvum in conventionally reared piglets was 8 or 9 days; in gnotobiotic piglets cryptosporidia were found in feces until Day post infection (DPI) 16, when the last piglet was necropsied. Cryptosporidiosis in conventionally reared piglets is a self-limited diarrheal disease associated with morphological changes within the intestine. The most severe lesion was seen in the posterior jejunum and ileum from DPI 3 to DPI 7, and consisted of villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration in the lamina propria. In gnotobiotic piglets cryptosporidia induced severe enterocolitis which occurred at least until DPI 16. The characteristics of enteric lesions were similar to those found in conventionally reared piglets. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis in both groups of animals shifted in the course of infection in the caudal direction and terminated in the large intestine. Examination by scanning electron microscope showed that infected absorptive cells had thicker and longer microvilli than those on non-infected cells; neighboring non-infected cells were hypertrophic, bulbously protuberant with minute microvilli with no distinct intercellular borders. Numerous cryptosporidia in the heterotopic glandular epithelium in the submucosa of cecum and colon on DPI 9 and 10 were found. No differences in the location and degree of cryptosporidial infection between colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived conventionally reared piglets were found. Sow's colostrum does not appear to protect piglets from C. parvum infection. The role of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis in piglets is discussed. 相似文献
15.
Cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that may cause severe neonatal diarrhoea or even mortality in newborn ruminants: its oocysts are extremely resistant to normal environmental conditions and to most common disinfectants. KENO?COX, a patent pending amine-based formula, was tested for its ability to inactivate C. parvum oocysts. The Daugschies assay (2002), a standardized assay for chemical disinfection initially described for Eimeria spp., was adapted for C. parvum oocysts. KENO?COX diluted in water at 2% and 3% concentration and incubated with oocyst suspensions for 2h, allowed a significant reduction in viability, lysing 89% and 91% of oocysts respectively. Infectivity of the remaining C. parvum oocysts was assessed by inoculation to C57 Bl/6 neonatal mice. Each mouse received 2.5 μl of a suspension initially containing 500,000 oocysts before contact with KENO?COX. Six days post inoculation, the intestinal parasite load was significantly reduced by 97.5% with KENO?COX 2% compared to that of the mice inoculated with untreated parasites. KENO?COX 3% completely eliminated infectivity of oocysts. The number of oocysts remaining infectious in the inoculum treated with KENO?COX 2% was calculated from an inoculated dose-response curve: it was estimated at about 48.6 oocysts among the 500,000 oocysts initially treated corresponding to 99.99% of inhibition. These results demonstrate the high efficacy of KENO?COX against C. parvum oocysts. Combined with an appropriate method of cleaning, the application of KENO?COX may be a useful tool to reduce cryptosporidial infectious load on farm level. 相似文献
16.
Activity of decoquinate against Cryptosporidium parvum in cell cultures and neonatal mice 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that is an important cause of diarrhea in neonatal calves and humans. No treatment is currently available for neonatal calves. We have recently learned from colleagues in the pharmaceutical industry that dairy practitioners are sometimes using decoquinate for the treatment of neonatal bovine cryptosporidiosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the clinical observations in calves can be substantiated by laboratory investigation. Oocysts of the KSU-1 isolate of C. parvum were used to infect human ileocecal epithelial cells in vitro to measure the efficacy of treatment using an ELISA based assay. No activity was observed at 10 or 50microM decoquinate, but at 100microM an 8% inhibition of development was seen. Oocysts of the AUCp-1 isolate of C. parvum were then used to infect suckling mice. The numbers of oocysts observed in suckling mice treated with 2.5 or 5.0mg/kg decoquinate were not significantly different from untreated control suckling mice (p0.05). The results of our study suggest that decoquinate should have little efficacy for treatment of neonatal bovine cryptosporidiosis if administered once per day and that any clinical improvement observed in treated calves may be due to factors unrelated to decoquinate's effect on C. parvum. 相似文献
17.
T Soveri 《Nordisk veterinaermedicin》1984,36(1-2):38-42
Eighteen captive, nonpoisonous snakes which suffered from bacterial infections were studied. The most usual bacteria found were gram-negative rods; especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila and Proteus spp. The most common disorders caused by them were stomatitis, septicaemia, bronchopneumonia and abscesses. The sensitivities of ten isolated bacteria to antimicrobial drugs were tested. Neomycin and gentamicin seemed to be effective, especially against P. aeruginosa. 相似文献
18.
Glünder G 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,109(6):266-270
Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli in particular, do not belong to the intestinal flora of granivorous pet birds. This is indicated by the fact that the feces of only 9% of healthy budgerigars and 17% of finches tested were positive for enterobacteria. Stressful situations such as overcrowding in small cages coincident with increased noise and low light levels can enhance the colonization of the gut with E. coli. On the other hand it seems nearly impossible to colonize the intestine of budgerigars with E. coli or Klebsiella spp. even under favourable conditions. The frequent findings of enterobacteria in deceased granivorous birds suggest that E. coli and other enterobacteria are involved in the course of diseases with predisposing factors. Nutritional experiments with young chickens suggest that a diet consisting exclusively of seeds has an inhibitory effect on intestinal colonization with E. coli. Determination of Aeromonas hydrophila in nearly 3500 wild and pet birds provides statistically significant evidence that the composition of the intestinal flora may depend on dietary habits: infection was found in 1.9% of the granivorous and herbivorous species, in 7.1% of the omnivorous and in 12.4% of the carnivorous and insectivorous birds. The occurrence of enterobacteria and Aeromonas hydrophila in the digestive tract is obviously influenced by the composition of the nutrients. 相似文献
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为了解嗜水气单胞菌的肉鸭健康带毒、致病与耐药情况,对贵州省三穗县某肉鸭屠宰场临床健康肉鸭随机取样,进行嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析。结果显示,分离菌具有嗜水气单胞菌典型的培养特征,菌落形态、菌体形态和生化特性均与嗜水气单胞菌相符;16 S rRNA基因序列系统进化树显示,该分离菌与嗜水气单胞菌聚为一支,同源性均>99%;动物回归试验显示,该分离菌对小鼠有较强的致病性;毒力基因PCR检测显示,该分离菌携带aer、hly、epa、act、alt和ahp等6种毒力基因;药敏试验结果显示,该分离菌对复方新诺明、磺胺嘧啶、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星等15种药物耐药;耐药基因PCR检测显示,该分离菌携带qnrB、Sul1和IntI1等3种耐药基因,与药敏试验表型相符。研究结果为嗜水气单胞菌的生物学特性研究及防控提供参考依据。 相似文献