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1.
为了研究Cu~(2+)对厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)的毒性效应,开展了厚壳贻贝幼体在Cu~(2+)水溶液中的96h急性毒性效应实验及7d胁迫实验,将厚壳贻贝内脏团、鳃组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)、脂质过氧化水平(Lipid peroxidation, LPO)以及金属硫蛋白(Metallothioneins,MT)作为生物标志物,应用综合生物标志物响应(Integrated biomarker response, IBR)指数整合4种生物标志物。结果显示,Cu~(2+)对厚壳贻贝幼体的96 h半致死浓度为1.55mg/L,内脏团、鳃组织各个生物标志物指标呈现出不同的变化趋势,内脏团、鳃组织SOD、CAT活性以及鳃组织MT含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,内脏团组织MT含量及内脏团、鳃组织MDA含量均呈持续上升的趋势。IBR值呈先上升后下降的趋势,内脏团组织IBR值高于鳃组织。研究表明,生物标志物的变化与Cu~(2+)暴露浓度有关,IBR分析可以辨别不同暴露浓度之间的差异,可以作为量化污染物暴露效应的有效工具。 相似文献
2.
邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate,DBP）作为增塑剂,已被中国列入优先控制的污染物名单,其对海洋生物的影响已引起人们的广泛关注。为研究邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（phthalic acid esters,PAEs）对海洋贝类抗氧化防疫系统的影响,本文以厚壳贻贝（）为受试生物,研究了不同质量浓度DBP（0 mg/L、100 mg/L、200 mg/L、280 mg/L、360 mg/L）胁迫以及清水释放对其鳃和内脏团中抗氧化系统相关指标超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）活性以及丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量变化的情况。结果表明：厚壳贻贝鳃和内脏团SOD、CAT活性以及MDA含量呈现不完全相同的变化规律。DBP胁迫阶段,鳃和内脏团中SOD活性基本呈先诱导后抑制再诱导的趋势,CAT活性则先抑制后诱导,MDA含量基本呈不断升高趋势;清水释放阶段,鳃和内脏团中SOD活性基本呈先抑制后诱导的趋势,CAT活性基本处于诱导状态,之后内脏团CAT活性被抑制,MDA含量处于先升高,之后内脏团MDA含量出现降低的趋势,浓度-效应和时间-效应较为明显。研究表明,在DBP胁迫下,厚壳贻贝鳃和内脏团产生了氧化损伤,可诱导机体产生脂质过氧化现象,且15 d清水释放期间不足以让厚壳贻贝恢复到正常水平。本研究旨在为海洋贝类的健康养殖和风险评价提供科学依据。 相似文献
3.
铜在西施舌鳃和消化腺蓄积及对SOD和CAT活性影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究重金属铜(Cu2+)在西施舌鳃、消化腺组织中的蓄积规律及其对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,本文采用急性毒性实验的方法,将西施舌置于不同浓度Cu2+溶液进行实验。结果显示,鳃组织中的Cu2+在第4天时达最大蓄积量,为79.7μg/g,消化腺组织则在第8天蓄积量达最大,为139.2μg/g,Cu2+的最大蓄积均出现在0.16 mg/L胁迫组,消化腺Cu2+浓度蓄积均随胁迫浓度的增加而升高;鳃、消化腺组织CAT活性均呈先升高后降低趋势,且后者CAT活性显著高于前者;鳃组织SOD活性呈先升高后降低趋势,且受到显著诱导(P0.05),消化腺组织的SOD活性则呈下降趋势,在0.16 mg/L胁迫组,鳃和消化腺组织的SOD活性均分别在第3~4天受到极显著抑制(P0.01),表明CAT和SOD活性可作为指示西施舌受Cu2+污染程度的重要指标。 相似文献
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5.
以厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)为研究对象,开展不同暴露浓度(4、20和100 µg/L)菲(phenanthrene, PHE)的富集(10 d)和释放(5 d)实验,分别利用高效液相色谱法和荧光定量qPCR法分析了厚壳贻贝内脏团、外套膜、闭壳肌对PHE的富集和释放实验及HSP70 mRNA表达量的变化。结果显示,在10 d的富集阶段,厚壳贻贝3个组织对PHE的富集能力大小表现为内脏团>外套膜>闭壳肌;3个组织对PHE的富集含量随时间的增加而增加,同时,也随暴露浓度的增加而增加;在释放实验阶段,厚壳贻贝3个组织中PHE含量在释放前期迅速下降,但在15 d时,3个组织中PHE残留量仍均高于对照组;PHE对厚壳贻贝体内HSP70 mRNA诱导表达具有组织特异性,其中外套膜中HSP70 mRNA表达量最高。研究结果可为PHE在贝类体内的富集动力学及致毒机制研究提供参考依据。 相似文献
6.
渔港是近海污染物的重要汇集地之一,其中重金属污染尤为突出,但往往缺乏充分的环境监测数据和科学研究。本研究采集了广东和广西4个渔港的表层海水和翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)样品,测定海水和贻贝软组织中的重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Cr)含量,同时分析贻贝肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPx)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活力以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量等与抗氧化防御系统有关的生物标志物水平,并利用综合生物标志物响应(integrated biomarker response, IBR)指数法对不同渔港重金属污染水平进行综合评价。结果表明,海水和贻贝软组织中重金属含量均为较低水平,海水重金属综合污染指数(PI)由高至低依次为蛇口渔港>南澫渔港>达濠渔港>渔万渔港,处于自然本底状态。贻贝体内重金属综合污染指数(Pin)由高至低依次为渔万渔港>蛇口渔港>南澫渔港>达濠渔港,处于无污染水平。另外,蛇口渔港海水与贻贝组织中Cu浓度在4个渔港中均表现为最高。IBR指数评价结果表现为蛇口渔港>渔万渔港>达濠渔港>南澫渔港,蛇口渔港的IBR值最高,这与海水重金属综合污染指数结果相一致。相关性分析表明,IBR指数与海水和贻贝体内重金属综合污染指数无显著相关性,但与海水和贻贝组织中Cu的浓度具有显著正相关性。综上,蛇口渔港重金属污染风险相对较高,渔港环境中Cu污染可能需要重点关注,IBR指数综合评价与化学分析相结合在渔港环境污染评价方面具有较好的应用价值。 相似文献
7.
以斑尾刺虾虎鱼(Acanthogobius ommaturus)肝脏内6种酶(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;丙二醛,MDA;过氧化氢酶,CAT;谷胱甘肽还原酶,GR;谷胱甘肽S-转移酶,GST;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,GPx)作为生物标记物,同时引入生物标志物综合响应指数(IBR),结合沉积物数据评价了莱州湾水质污染状况。结果显示,3种酶分别与沉积物中重金属浓度相关性较高:即SOD与重金属Pb浓度有较强相关性,GR与重金属Pb、Cr浓度为负相关,GPx与重金属Hg、Cu浓度为中等程度负相关。近岸的河口、港口附近所调查站位生物标志物活力(含量)普遍偏高,而远离河口、港口海域的站位相应的生物标志物活力(含量)偏低。生物标志物综合响应指数(IBR)范围在0.42～6.10之间,平均为2.12,最高值站位在龙口港西南,而最低值站位在湾内北部中央,表明在湾内东北部、黄河口及近南岸海域3个区域中IBR值均呈现出由近岸向湾中央逐渐减小的趋势。 相似文献
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9.
灿烂弧菌对厚壳贻贝免疫指标和消化酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究灿烂弧菌对厚壳贻贝免疫指标和消化酶活性的影响,用1×10~6、1×10~7、1×10~8个/mL 3个浓度的灿烂弧菌刺激厚壳贻贝,探讨弧菌刺激后厚壳贻贝的一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MAD)等免疫指标和淀粉酶、蛋白酶等消化酶的变化情况。结果显示,灿烂弧菌刺激48 h后,厚壳贻贝足、鳃、消化腺等组织中仅消化腺的NOS活性较对照组有显著升高,且酶活性随初始细菌浓度的升高而升高,故选用消化腺来测定灿烂弧菌刺激后72 h内的免疫指标和消化酶活性的变化。灿烂弧菌刺激后,48 h内NOS活性较对照组均显著升高。NO含量较对照组均显著升高,与NOS显现相同变化趋势。SOD活性在各浓度灿烂弧菌刺激下较对照组均显著升高,而MAD含量在实验组中含量显著低于对照组。淀粉酶活性在实验组中显著低于对照组,总体呈现先下降后升高的趋势。蛋白酶活性在各实验组中均呈现先升高后下降的趋势。研究表明,灿烂弧菌对厚壳贻贝免疫指标和蛋白酶活性的升高有诱导作用,但对蛋白酶的活性有抑制作用。本研究初步探明了厚壳贻贝对灿烂弧菌的免疫应答机制,为进一步研究灿烂弧菌和厚壳贻贝相互作用机制以及厚壳贻贝免疫机制奠定了基础。 相似文献
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11.
Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
12.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
13.
Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 
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下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
14.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future. 相似文献
15.
Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Franz Lahnsteiner 《Aquaculture Research》2017,48(7):3901-3909
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos. 相似文献
16.
T. Citarasu K. Venkatramalingam M. Micheal Babu R. Raja Jeya Sekar M. Petermarian 《Aquaculture International》2003,11(6):581-595
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could
lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment
in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load
in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g).
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Effects of cortisol on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and responsiveness to hormones in the sea raven,Hemitripterus americanus 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte
total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown,
suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose
production. Epinephrine-mediated (10-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any
glucagon (10-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine
indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver.
Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content
in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from
alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte
glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by
cortisol implantation.
Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte
metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify
the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species. 相似文献
18.
Simulation and quantification of enrichment and retention processes in the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
CHRISTOPHE LETT CLAUDE ROY ANNE LEVASSEUR CARL D. VAN DER LINGEN CHRISTIAN MULLON 《Fisheries Oceanography》2006,15(5):363-372
Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems. 相似文献
19.
This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L−1) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo
rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%).
Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The
levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport.
The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate
(SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments
and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings.
Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms
of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers. 相似文献
20.
Gabrielle C. Canonico Angela Arthington Jeffrey K. McCrary Michele L. Thieme 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2005,15(5):463-483
- 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
- 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
- 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.