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1.
Between December 2002 and December 2003, the herd health planning activities on 61 dairy farms in the uk were compared with several measures of lameness and mastitis. Lameness had been reported as a problem in 53 of the herds directly by the farm and in the other eight by the nominating local veterinary practice; 54 of the farms also reported having a mastitis problem. Fifty-three (87 per cent) of the farms had some form of written herd health plan, of which 21 (40 per cent) had been in place for 12 months or less. All the farms were recording mastitis in some way, although 38 (62 per cent) of the farmers did not review these records and only four retained the results of a comprehensive record review. Farms defined as having a high incidence of mastitis were more likely to be reviewing their health records, but farms defined as having a high prevalence of lameness in a sentinel group of early lactation heifers were less likely to be reviewing their health records. 相似文献
2.
Five dairy herds with a high incidence of clinical mastitis were investigated. Two of these herds had a high incidence of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus yet had a relatively low rolling mean cell count. The mean cell counts of samples from clinical cases submitted by the dairymen from these two farms were significantly lower than the counts of similar samples submitted from the other farms. It is suggested that a possible explanation of the low cell count on these two farms was the proficiency of the dairy-men in detecting clinical mastitis. 相似文献
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Kikkers BH Ozsvári L Van Eerdenburg FJ Börzsönyi L Szenci O 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2004,52(1):19-32
Treated mastitis episodes at large Hungarian dairy farms were studied to determine the distribution of mastitis treated with antibiotics among quarters of the udder. Data were detailed records of all mastitis episodes that occurred during 1976 lactations in Farm A infected with Staphylococcus aureus (from May 1995 through July 1998) and 808 lactations in Farm B free from S. aureus (from January 1999 through March 2001). The distribution of treated quarters was compared with mathematical expectations based upon a random distribution in the case of Farm A. Results on mastitis incidences for different lactation stage groups showed an increasing incidence within subsequent lactation stage groups in Farm A. In contrast, in Farm B the mastitis incidence for lactation stage group between 35 and 100 days was the highest, but beyond 100 days the incidence decreased and reached the lowest value. Results gave strong evidence that the four quarters within the udder are not distributed randomly with respect to naturally occurring episodes of treated mastitis. More episodes than expected occurred in which only one or all four quarters were treated. Fewer episodes than expected with two or three treated quarters were observed. In both farms, the mastitis rate for rear quarters was higher than for front quarters, and the incidence of right quarter mastitis episodes was higher than that of left quarter mastitis episodes. 相似文献
4.
Clinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Ontario: frequency of occurrence and bacteriological isolates. 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5 
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下载免费PDF全文 J M Sargeant H M Scott K E Leslie M J Ireland A Bashiri 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1998,39(1):33-38
The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy herds in Ontario. The study group consisted of 65 dairy farms involved in a 2-year observational study, which included recording all clinical mastitis cases and milk sampling of quarters with clinical mastitis. Lactational incidence risks of 9.8% for abnormal milk only, 8.2% for abnormal milk with a hard or swollen udder, and 4.4% for abnormal milk plus systemic signs of illness related to mastitis were calculated for 2840 cows and heifers. Overall, 19.8% of cows experienced one or more cases of clinical mastitis during location. Teat injuries occurred in 2.1% of lactations. Standard bacteriology was performed on pretreatment milk samples from 834 cows with clinical mastitis. The bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (6.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (0.7%), other Streptococcus spp. (14.1%), coliforms (17.2%), gram-positive bacilli (5.5%), Corynebacterium bovis (1.7%), and other Staphylococcus spp. (28.7%). There was no growth in 17.7% of samples, and 8.3% of samples were contaminated. Clinical mastitis is a common disease in dairy cows in Ontario; approximately 1 in 5 cow lactations have at lease one episode of clinical mastitis. There is, however, considerable variation in the incidence of clinical mastitis among farms. The majority of 1st cases of clinical mastitis occur early in lactation, and the risk of clinical mastitis increases with increasing parity. Environmental, contagious, and minor pathogens were all associated with cases of clinical mastitis. 相似文献
5.
为探索奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病情况与泌乳量、泌乳期、季节之间的联系,以河北保定地区5个奶牛场为例进行调查研究。通过对调查结果的统计分析,结果显示：奶牛乳房炎多发生在泌乳90~150 d,泌乳天数越长发病头数越多;从产奶量来看,泌乳量越高发病牛比例越高;从发病季节来看,奶牛乳房炎在秋季发病率高,春季、夏季和冬季发病率低。 相似文献
6.
[目的]为了摸清辽西地区规模化奶牛场奶牛隐性乳房炎发病情况,[方法]本研究应用美国加州奶牛乳房炎检测方法(California mastitis test, CMT)对规模化奶牛场奶牛定期采集奶样进行隐性乳房炎动态监测。通过临床检查和CMT方法对辽西地区5个规模化奶牛养殖场共1 326头泌乳期奶牛进行了隐性乳房炎的监测,[结果]统计结果显示,隐性乳房炎发病率高达41.25%,发病率以夏秋季节最高,随着年龄增大,胎次增多,泌乳增加,乳房炎的发病率增高。[结论]研究结果表明辽西地区奶牛乳房炎发病情况较为严重,需要规模化奶牛养殖场高度重视,同时为该地区奶牛场乳房炎的防控提供了理论依据。 相似文献
7.
Good udder health is not only important for the dairy farmer but, because of increasing interest of consumers in the way dairy products are produced, also for the dairy production chain as a whole. An important role of veterinarians is in advising on production diseases such as mastitis. A large part of this advice is given around the planning of management to maintain or improve the udder health status of a farm. Mastitis is a costly disease, due to losses (a reduction of output due to mastitis) and expenditure (additional inputs to reduce the level of mastitis). Worldwide, published estimates of the economic losses of clinical mastitis range from ?1 to ?7 per cow on a farm, with large differences between farms, e.g. in The Netherlands, losses due to clinical and subclinical mastitis varied between ?7 and ?98 per cow per year. Moreover, farmers tended to underestimate these costs. This indicates that for a large proportion of farms there are many avoidable losses. In order to provide good support to farmers' decision-making, it is important to describe the mastitis setting not only in terms of disease, e.g. incidence of clinical mastitis, but also in monetary terms; and to make good decisions, it is necessary to provide the dairy farmer with information on the additional expenditure and reduced losses associated with alternative decisions. Six out of 18 preventive measures were shown to have a positive nett benefit, viz blanket use of dry-cow therapy, keeping cows standing after milking, back-flushing of the milk cluster after milking a cow with clinical mastitis, application of a treatment protocol, washing dirty udders, and the use of milkers' gloves. For those measures that included a large amount of routine labour or investment, the reduced losses did not outweigh the additional expenditure. The advisor cannot expect that measures that are cost-effective are always implemented. Reasons for this are the objectives of the dairy farmer can be other than maximisation of profit, resources to improve the mastitis situation compete with other fields of management, risk involved with the decision, economic behaviour of the dairy farmer, and valuation of the cost factors by the dairy farmer. For all decision-makers this means that, although financial incentives do have an effect on the management of mastitis, it is not always sufficient to show the economic benefits of improved management to induce an improvement of management of mastitis. 相似文献
8.
高寒地区秋冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(3):27-27
[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。 相似文献
9.
为了初步摸清青海省部分规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎的发病情况,本研究采集了青海省5个规模化奶牛场共142份样品,进行细菌的分离鉴定、生化实验及耐药性检测。发现在5个规模化奶牛场中都有不同程度的乳房炎发生。鉴定结果显示,在142份样品中共检出大肠杆菌20株,检出率为14.08%(20/142);金黄色葡萄球菌6株,检出率为4.23%(6/142);链球菌2株,检出率为1.41%(2/142)。耐药性检测结果显示,大肠杆菌对氟苯尼考高度敏感,对头孢他啶、丁胺卡那比较敏感,对青霉素、链霉素等其他药物耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、头孢他啶较敏感,对其他药物耐药。链球菌对阿莫西林、氨苄西林敏感,对其他药物耐药。 相似文献
10.
An intervention study was carried out on 52 dairy farms in England and Wales to determine whether the implementation of a well-specified mastitis control plan in herds with an incidence of clinical mastitis of more than 35 cases per 100 cows per year would reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis, and also reduce the incidence of increases in the somatic cell counts of individual cows. A clearly defined plan for the diagnosis and control of mastitis was developed by two veterinary specialists from the research literature. The herds were randomly allocated to receive the plan either at the start of the study (intervention herds) or after one year (control herds). Data on mastitis management and the farm environment were collected during farm visits. After one year there was a significant 22 per cent reduction in the proportion of cows affected with clinical mastitis on the intervention farms compared with the control farms. There were also significant reductions of approximately 20 per cent in the incidence of clinical mastitis and in the occurrence of increases in the somatic cell counts of individual cows from below, to above 200,000 cells/ml. 相似文献
11.
12.
AIM: To estimate the incidence of clinical mastitis and the frequency of isolation of mastitis-causing organisms from clinical cases in one lactation season (July 2005 to May 2006) on 14 dairy farms from the Northland region of New Zealand. METHODS: Cases of clinical mastitis were determined by trained farm personnel who recorded the identity of affected cows. Pooled milk samples from affected quarter(s) were aseptically collected by the farm personnel, for microbiology. Mean numbers of affected cows and quarters were compared at the population and farm level per 305 cow-days-at-risk (DAR). RESULTS: One or more cases of clinical mastitis occurred in 559/3,765 (14.8%) lactating cows. The average incidence of clinical mastitis was 0.19 cases per 305 DAR. The incidence in rear quarters (56.2%) was 1.3 times (p=0.027) that of front quarters (43.8%). The incidence of clinical mastitis and numbers of affected quarters were signifi cantly infl uenced by the stage of lactation (higher in early lactation), age (higher in older cows) and farm. At the cow level, the most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (23.7%) and Streptococcus uberis (23.3%). No causative organisms were identifi ed in 19.9% of the samples. Each cow had an average of 1.8 quarters affected during a case of clinical mastitis. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a higher incidence of staphylococcal clinical mastitis on dairy farms from Northland than has been reported in other regions of New Zealand. 相似文献
13.
Gianneechini R Concha C Rivero R Delucci I Moreno López J 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2002,43(4):221-230
Twenty-nine dairy farms were selected to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis, prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and bacterial aetiology in the West Littoral Region of Uruguay. In samples taken by the owner and frozen at -20 degrees C during a week the incidence rate of clinical mastitis was determined as 1.2 cases per 100 cow-months at risk. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated pathogen in 37.5% of 40 milk samples from clinical cases obtained in 1 month. No bacteria grew in the 32.5% of the total samples. A sub-sample including 1077 dairy cows from randomly selected farms was used to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. These samples were taken on one visit to each farm. The prevalence was 52.4% on a cow basis and 26.7% on an udder quarter basis. In 55.1% of the quarters of the selected animals with more than 300,000 cells/ml there was no growth. The isolated pathogens from sub-clinical cases and their relative frequencies were: Staphylococcus aureus 62.8%, Streptococcus agalactiae 11.3%, Enterococcus sp. 8%, coagulase-negative staphylococci 7.4%, Streptococus uberis 6.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1.8%, Escherichia coli 1.5% and Staphylococcus hyicus coagulase-positive 0.6%. 相似文献
14.
A comparative field trial of cephalonium and cloxacillin for dry cow therapy for mastitis in Australian dairy cows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
OBJECTIVE: To investigate and compare the therapeutic efficacy of dry cow agents containing either cephalonium or cloxacillin within Australian dairy herds. DESIGN: A treatment-control trial. METHODS: Milk from infected quarters of cows with high somatic cell counts in milk on eight Australian dairy farms was cultured to identify bacterial pathogens. Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups and one group was treated with cephalonium at drying off and the other group was treated with cloxacillin at drying off. Milk samples from infected quarters were collected immediately after calving and were cultured for pathogens. The effect of treatment on bacteriological cure was examined and somatic cell counts from infected cows from the first two herd tests after calving were examined for a treatment effect. On four farms, milk samples were collected for culture from all cases of clinical mastitis identified within the first 7 days after calving. The effect of treatment upon incidence of clinical mastitis after calving was examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between treatments on quarter cure rates for new infections, for chronic infections and for infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis. Infected quarters treated with cephalonium had a significantly higher cure rate than quarters treated with cloxacillin when Corynebacterium bovis and Staphylococcus epidermids were included as pathogens combined (80.3% versus 70.7%). There was no significant difference between the treatments on somatic cell counts of infected cows at the first two herd tests after calving. There was no difference between treatments on the incidence of clinical mastitis in the first 7 days after calving. 相似文献
15.
奶牛乳腺炎无乳链球菌的分离鉴定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
无乳链球菌是比较常见的导致奶牛乳腺炎的病原菌,该菌也是山羊、绵羊慢性乳房炎的病原菌之一,也能引起婴儿败血症、脑膜炎和肺炎等。人医临床上对该菌以B群链球菌相称。试验从内蒙古呼和浩特市周边5个牛场中患有乳房炎的病牛中采集120份乳样,通过分菌培养、形态学观察、生化试验,鉴定出14株无乳链球菌,同时对这14株菌进行了药物敏感试验、动物致病性试验等。试验结果发现,所分离到的无乳链球菌对青霉素类、氨基糖苷类药物高度敏感,对磺胺类、氟哌酸、喹诺酮类药物中度敏感。动物致病性试验对小鼠的致死率达到80%以上。 相似文献
16.
L.E. Redding F. Cubas-Delgado M.D. Sammel G. Smith D.T. Galligan M.Z. Levy S. Hennessy 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2014
Very little is known about the use of antibiotics on small dairy farms in lower/middle-income countries. The use of these drugs can have profound impacts on animal health, farmer income and public health. A survey of 156 farmers was conducted in Cajamarca, a major dairy-producing center in the highlands of Peru characterized by small farms (<15 cows) to assess patterns and determinants of antibiotic use and farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics. The reported incidence of disease on these farms was relatively low (0.571 episodes of disease per cow-year), but more than 83% of the reported episodes were treated with antibiotics. The most commonly used antibiotics were oxytetracycline, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole drugs; antiparasitic drugs were also used to treat what were likely bacterial infections. An increased incidence of treated disease was significantly associated with smaller farm size, lower farmer income, the previous use of the Californian Mastitis test on the farm and antibiotic knowledge. Farmers’ knowledge of antibiotics was assessed with a series of questions on antibiotics, resulting in a “knowledge score”. Increased knowledge was significantly associated with the use of antibiotics for preventative reasons, the purchase of antibiotics from feed-stores, the experience of complications in animals after having administered antibiotics, the number of workers on the farm and the educational level of the farmer. Overall, antibiotics appeared to be used infrequently, most likely because therapeutic interventions were sought only when the animal had reached an advanced stage of clinical disease. Few farmers were able to define an antibiotic, but many farmers understood that the use of antibiotics carried inherent risks to their animals and potentially to the consumers of dairy products from treated animals. The results of this study are useful for understanding the patterns of antibiotic use and associated management, demographic and knowledge factors of farmers on small dairy farms in rural Peru. 相似文献
17.
[目的]以新疆天山北坡昌吉市郊区散养和规模化奶牛养殖场为对象,对奶牛体况、环境压力、牛体污染、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标进行了调查分析。[方法]选择奶牛散养户5户和规模化奶牛养殖场的干奶期、泌乳初期和泌乳中期奶牛,分别于冬季和夏季进行体况、环境压力、乳房炎、血液性状等健康指标的测定与分析。[结果]干奶牛体况值略低于奶牛体况评分的理想值（3．5）;奶牛呼吸数夏季增加,超过50次／min;规模化奶牛养殖场的污染程度比散养户要高,尤其是冬季50％以上奶牛的牛体污染评价值高于3。规模化奶牛养殖场的奶牛乳房炎发病率达40％,并发现了感染金黄色葡萄球菌的病例。低血糖奶牛占一半以上．特别是干奶期比较突出。血液Alb和BUN偏低,干奶期牛群的BUN大多低于7mg／dL。血液中谷草转氨酶（AST）偏高,谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）偏低,Ca含量正常,Mg含量较低。[结论]规模化奶牛养殖场存在干奶期奶牛能量及蛋白质不足;冬季环境恶劣并且污染程度较重,牛体污染及乳房炎发病率高;飞节损伤引起的肝功能衰退等现象,需要改进。 相似文献
18.
Karimuribo ED Fitzpatrick JL Bell CE Swai ES Kambarage DM Ogden NH Bryant MJ French NP 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2006,74(1):84-98
In a cross-sectional study of 400 randomly selected smallholder dairy farms in the Tanga and Iringa regions of Tanzania, 14.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)=11.6-17.3) of cows had developed clinical mastitis during the previous year. The point prevalence of subclinical mastitis, defined as a quarter positive by the California Mastitis Test (CMT) or by bacteriological culture, was 46.2% (95% CI=43.6-48.8) and 24.3% (95% CI=22.2-26.6), respectively. In a longitudinal disease study in Iringa, the incidence of clinical mastitis was 31.7 cases per 100 cow-years. A randomised intervention trial indicated that intramammary antibiotics significantly reduced the proportion of bacteriologically positive quarters in the short-term (14 days post-infusion) but teat dipping had no detectable effect on bacteriological infection and CMT positive quarters. Other risk and protective factors were identified from both the cross-sectional and longitudinal included animals with Boran breeding (odds ratio (OR)=3.40, 95% CI=1.00-11.57, P<0.05 for clinical mastitis, and OR=3.51, 95% CI=1.29-9.55, P<0.01 for a CMT positive quarter), while the practice of residual calf suckling was protective for a bacteriologically positive quarter (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.48-0.81, P相似文献
19.
Suraj Gunawardana Dulari Thilakarathne Indra S. Abegunawardana Preeni Abeynayake Colin Robertson Craig Stephen 《Tropical animal health and production》2014,46(7):1105-1112
A study of the risk factors associated with mastitis in Sri Lankan dairy cattle was conducted to inform risk reduction activities to improve the quality and quantity of milk production and dairy farmer income. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected dairy farms was undertaken to investigate 12 cow and 39 herd level and management risk factors in the Central Province. The farm level prevalence of mastitis (clinical and subclinical) was 48 %, similar to what has been found elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia. Five cow level variables, three herd level variables, and eight management variables remained significant (p?相似文献
20.
奶牛乳腺炎是奶牛场的多发病和常发病,在世界各地的养殖场均有很高的发病率。环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)作为近年来被广泛研究的非编码RNA在奶牛乳腺炎发生过程中也发挥了一定的作用。采集患有乳腺炎的奶牛乳腺组织和健康乳腺组织检测circ0000316的表达量,同时采用大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)刺激奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,建立奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症模型,检测炎症模型中circ0000316的表达量。结果显示,成功建立了奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症模型,且circ0000316在奶牛乳腺炎组织和奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎症模型中均呈现低表达,为研究circRNA在乳腺炎发生过程中的作用奠定了基础。 相似文献