共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 531 毫秒
1.
依托前期长期定位试验,基于DNDC过程模型,对秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下冬小麦田土壤有机碳和小麦产量的长期变化规律进行了模拟研究.结果表明,DNDC模拟的有机碳含量和冬小麦产量变化与田间观测结果较一致,能较理想地模拟两种覆盖措施对土壤有机碳和作物产量的长期影响.模拟结果显示,在50 a时间尺度上,不覆盖与地膜覆盖处理下0～5... 相似文献
2.
砾石覆盖量对夏玉米作物系数及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为评价半湿润易旱地区砾石覆盖对土壤贮水量、作物生长与产量及水分利用效率的影响,利用杨凌地区夏玉米2014年实测数据及气象数据,基于Penman-Monteith公式计算了砾石不同覆盖量下全生育期内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,并根据FAO推荐的分段单值平均法,计算夏玉米各生育期作物系数,以及砾石不同覆盖量下作物水分利用效率。结果表明:砾石覆盖的保水效果主要体现在作物生长初期,拔节期最大砾石覆盖处理0~200 cm土壤贮水量较对照增大12.8%,后期由于冠层覆盖影响其效果减弱;夏玉米全生育期作物系数与覆盖量呈线性关系;覆盖量越大,不同生育阶段的作物系数也相应增加;叶面积和株高与作物系数有着较好的回归关系,可以对生育期内的玉米蒸散量进行预报;砾石覆盖可以缩短夏玉米生育期的天数,最大可缩短19 d;砾石覆盖能促进作物生长,提高作物产量,且在该试验覆盖量范围内,覆盖量越大,增产增效越明显,随覆盖量增加,各处理分别较对照提高4.65%~38.17%;作物水分利用效率随覆盖量的增大分别较对照提高2.94%~32.99%。 相似文献
3.
正覆盖作物是指在作物生产期间果园的树与树或藤与藤之间或者作物收获后能在时间或空间上填充土壤裸露间隙的作物,即覆盖作物的种植不是为了收获。种植覆盖作物有助于保持土壤水分,减少土壤侵蚀,改善土壤理化性质,减少主作物病虫害,提高主作物产量和品质,但并非所有的覆盖作物都同时具备以上优点,因此,合理选择覆盖作物很重要。1明确目标在农田里种植不同的覆盖作物产生的生态效应和经济效应不同。在实际生产中,生产者可能希 相似文献
4.
地表覆盖对黄土高原土壤有机碳及其组分的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于中国科学院长武黄土高原农业生态实验站2008年开始田间定位试验资料,分析研究秸秆覆盖与地膜覆盖对黄土高原土壤有机碳（SOC）及其组分的影响,试验包括5个处理：对照不覆盖（CK）、作物生育期9000 kg ·hm-2秸秆覆盖（M1）、作物生育期4500 kg·hm-2秸秆覆盖（M2）、夏闲秸秆覆盖（SF）、作物生育期地膜覆盖（PM）。2010（干旱年）、2012（丰水年）两次测定结果表明：0～30 cm土层平均,与CK相比,2012年土壤有机碳（SOC）含量M1处理提高了7．4％,潜在矿化碳（PCM）含量M1、M2、SF处理分别提高了37．8％、23．9％、7．2％,微生物量碳（MBC）含量M1和M2处理分别提高了59．9％和42．3％,碳库管理指数（CMI）M1、M2、SF 处理分别提高了53．1％、35．6％、13．9％;2010年M1处理CMI较CK提高了16．1％（P＜0．05）,其余处理土壤有机碳各指标与CK差异两年均不显著。不同覆盖方式对表层土壤有机碳及各项指标影响较大,随土层加深影响减弱,其中秸秆覆盖4年后碳库管理指数均有显著提高。两种活性有机碳的相对含量与其各自绝对含量的变化基本一致,且有机碳各指标间显著相关。综合来看,高量秸秆覆盖能够提高表层土壤有机碳及其组分含量,地膜覆盖对土壤有机碳及其组分积累影响不大。 相似文献
5.
免耕对土壤物理性质及作物产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在位于黄河流域半干旱区清水河县,设置免耕不同轮作方式对土壤物理性质及作物产量的影响试验。对免耕不同耕作方式下,土壤团粒结构、总孔隙度、水热变化及作物产量进行了测定。结果表明:经3 a的免耕+轮作后,土壤团粒结构,总孔隙度和水分含量均有逐年增加的趋势,其中留茬覆盖处理尤为明显。秸秆覆盖处理土壤团聚体在0.25~0.5 mm之间含量最高;常规耕作与留茬不覆盖在0.1~0.25 mm之间达到最高值。说明,留茬覆盖有利于形成大粒径的团聚体颗粒,留茬不覆盖处理对于土壤微结构的形成有良好的促进作用。同时,土壤总孔隙度在不同年际间均表现为留高茬覆盖留低茬覆盖留高茬留低茬常规耕作,可见,免耕不同轮作方式对土壤的改善有一定的积极作用。实施免耕的前2 a,作物产量不稳定,甚至造成减产,第3年免耕增产效应有所显现。 相似文献
6.
填闲作物腐解过程及其对后茬冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了渭北旱塬地区不同填闲作物（长武怀豆（S）、黑麦草（R）及两者1∶1混合（M））翻压和氮肥水平（0、60、120 kg N·hm-2）双因素处理下,填闲作物的腐解规律、碳氮释放动态及对后茬冬小麦产量的影响,并对腐解速率与Olsen模型进行了拟合。结果表明：各填闲作物翻压后腐解规律及碳氮释放特征均表现为“前期快-中期慢-后期加快”,填闲作物腐解规律符合Olsen模型,在第276天各处理累积腐解率均达70%以上。在第0~35天,同一施氮处理下,累积腐解率和腐解速率均表现为S>M>R（P<0.05）;第35天,S、M和R各处理干物质累积腐解率分别达到61.9%、55.5%和47.5%;在0~35 d,施氮对S、M的腐解影响不显著,对R影响显著,35 d后氮肥效应逐渐减弱;填闲作物的腐解同时伴随其碳、氮的快速释放,在第21天,S、M和R碳氮残留率分别达到40%、50%和60%左右。平均来看,S的碳氮释放速率显著高于R,与M无显著差异。与裸地对照相比,翻压填闲作物能够显著提高后茬冬小麦产量,其籽粒产量增加10%~35% （P<0.05）,其中翻压长武怀豆低氮处理和混合翻压低氮处理效果最佳。 相似文献
7.
PG6微生物制剂提高作物产量机理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ＰＧ６微生物制剂能提高作物产量。本文对其增产机理做了研究，指出，ＰＧ６菌剂的使用能改善根际营养条件，并产生生长调节物质，促进作物对根际土壤中难溶磷的吸收，有利于作物的生长发育。 相似文献
8.
试验共设置裸地(CK)、秸秆覆盖(JF)、地膜覆盖(DF)3个处理,基于冬小麦2013—2014年实测数据及气象数据,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算杨凌地区冬小麦全生育期内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量,利用农田水量平衡方程计算冬小麦全生育期实际作物蒸发蒸腾量,由此计算冬小麦各生育阶段的作物系数。结果表明:秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖可以减少冬小麦全生育期的作物需水量,减少量分别为13.07 mm和17.86 mm;秸秆覆盖处理对水分比较敏感;作物系数在全生育期呈双峰变化,峰值出现在分蘖~越冬期和抽穗~灌浆期,其中CK为0.82和1.16,JF为0.89和1.05,DF为0.87和1.13;冬小麦作物系数与种植后天数和大于0℃积温呈现良好的四次多项式和二次多项式关系,其中JF与DF的相关系数均在0.88以上。 相似文献
9.
作物生产潜力模型在中国的应用 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
作物生产潜力的研究可以为提高作物产量及合理进行农业生产规划提供依据。长期以来 ,中国学者采用了包括经验模型和物理模型等多种方法计算作物的生产潜力。经验模型使用方便但计算精度比较低 ,而物理模型计算精度较高但使用比较复杂。中国目前这些方法都有使用 ,但仍以应用国外研制的模型为多。本文回顾了各类模型的特点和应用情况 ,以利于发现问题和明确研究方向 ,发展中国自己的作物生长模型。 相似文献
10.
转基因耐草甘膦作物的环境安全性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
世界每年因草害造成的作物产量损失达950亿美元,为了简便有效地防除多种杂草,农民希望喷施杀草谱广的除草剂。转基因耐除草剂作物的种植为农民提供了更多的除草剂选择,在扩大杀草谱、提高除草效果、增加作物安全性、改善环境、简化栽培等方面起到了积极作用。转基因耐除草剂作物的大面积种植也引起了全球对其环境安全问题的广泛关注。本文以耐草甘膦作物为例,对国内外环境安全的相关研究结果进行归纳和总结,以期为我国耐草甘膦转基因作物的环境安全评价及耐草甘膦作物的管理提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Soil structure is a dynamic property affected by physical, chemical, and microbiological processes. Addition of organic matter to soils and the use of different management practices have been reported to impact soil structure and crop production. Moderation in soil temperature and increases in microbial activity and soil water retention are often suggested as reasons for the rise in crop yield when organic matter is added to the soil. Less is known about the direct effect of changes in soil structure on crop production. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of summer cover crop and in-season management system on soil structure. The experiment was a nested design with summer cover crop as the main plot and management system as the subplot. Summer cover crop treatments included cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) incorporated into the soil in the fall (CI), cowpea used as mulch in the fall (CM), sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare) incorporated into the soil in the fall (S), and dry fallow or bare ground (B). Management systems were organic (ORG) and conventional (CNV) systems. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L.) were cultivated in rotation in the plots for three consecutive years using the same cover crops and management systems for each plot. Disturbed and undisturbed soil cores were collected at the end of the third year and used for laboratory experiments to measure physical, chemical, and hydraulic properties. Image analysis was used to quantify soil structure properties using a scanning electron microscope on thin sections prepared from the undisturbed soil cores. We found that total soil carbon was correlated with porosity, saturation percentage, and pore roughness. Pore roughness was correlated with crop production in general and with marketable production in particular. We found that the higher the complexity of the pore space, the more water retained in the soil, which may increase soil water residence and reduce plant water stress. 相似文献
12.
Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms. 相似文献
13.
Assessment of leaf cover and crop soil cover in weed harrowing research using digital images 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Objective assessment of crop soil cover, defined as the percentage of leaf cover that has been buried in soil because of weed harrowing, is crucial to further progress in post‐emergence weed harrowing research. Up to now, crop soil cover has been assessed by visual scores, which are biased and context‐dependent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether digital image analysis is a feasible method to estimate crop soil cover in the early growth stages of cereals. Two main questions were examined: (i) how to capture suitable digital images under field conditions with a standard high‐resolution digital camera and (ii) how to analyse the images with an automated digital image analysis procedure. The importance of light conditions, camera angle, size of recorded area, growth stage and direction of harrowing were investigated, in order to establish a standard for image capture and an automated image analysis procedure based on the excess green colour index was developed. The study shows that the automated digital image analysis procedure provided reliable estimations of leaf cover, defined as the proportion of pixels in digital images determined to be green, which were used to estimate crop soil cover. A standard for image capture is suggested and it is recommended that digital image analysis be used to estimate crop soil cover in future research. The prospects of using digital image analysis in future weed harrowing research are discussed. 相似文献
14.
长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
在东北黑土区中部进行长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥能够提高土壤肥力,与供试前土壤相比,施用有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都表现为增加,长期施用氮磷钾化肥处理的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷表现为增加,而全钾、速效钾则减少,长期无肥处理的土壤除全氮和全磷表现为增加以外,均呈减小的趋势;各处理土壤C/N均表现为减小,在11.32~12.01之间波动;长期施用有机肥能使土壤的pH稳定在一个适合作物生长的范围内;施用有机肥可以增加土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量,不同处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量表现为:化肥+高量有机肥(NPKM2)化肥+低量有机肥(NPKM1)化肥(NPK)无肥(CK);不同处理玉米和大豆产量由高到低的顺序均为:NPKM2NPKM1NPKCK,各处理的玉米产量年际间均表现出增加的趋势,而大豆产量年际间变化不显著。生物耗竭试验表明,长期施用有机肥可提高黑土的生产能力。 相似文献
15.
不同耕作措施对麦—豆轮作条件下土壤有机碳库与微生物商的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以长期定位试验为基础,对麦-豆轮作次序下不同耕作措施间的土壤有机碳、易氧化碳以及微生物生物量碳进行了测定,计算了土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化并对土壤各级有机碳库进行了相关分析.结果表明:两种轮作次序下传统耕作结合秸秆还田、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖与传统耕作不覆盖相比更有利于土壤有机碳库含量的提高,同时各处理表层有机碳含量明显高于其它层次并且随着土层的增加而递减.相关分析结果显示,土壤活性有机碳较大程度上依赖土壤有机碳的含量,同时也说明易氧化碳与微生物都在一定程度上表征了土壤中活性较高部分的有机碳含量.不同耕作处理的土壤微生物商均表现为NTS、NT、TS处理大于T处理,和不同耕作处理下土壤总有机碳含量的变化趋势一致.相较于其它处理免耕秸秆覆盖的土壤微生物商在各个序列中变化最明显,说明免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤有机碳含量的增加和土壤有机质的累积的贡献最大. 相似文献
16.
依托黄土塬区4 a绿肥填闲种植田间定位试验,开展不同填闲作物对土壤团聚体组成及各组分有机碳在团聚体中分布影响的研究,为阐明填闲种植措施下土壤有机碳库的物理保护机制提供依据。试验设置4个处理,即冬小麦夏闲期种植长武怀豆(SB)、苏丹草(SG)、怀豆/苏丹草混播(Mix)和裸地休闲(CK)。利用干筛法将全土筛分为>5 mm、2～5 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm等4个粒级,分别测定土壤和各粒级团聚体中有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,进而计算团聚体平均重量直径及有机碳贡献率。结果表明：绿肥种植对土壤团聚体分布有显著影响,各绿肥处理均有利于0～10 cm土层土壤团聚体的形成,但对亚表层土壤团聚结构影响较小。与CK相比,在0～40 cm各土层,SB、SG和Mix处理均显著提高土壤有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量及团聚体平均重量直径,提高幅度分别为7.9%、8.0%和7.9%,其中SB更有利于表层土壤有机碳的固存,且土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系,这两者与团聚体平均重量直径之间均呈显著负相关关系。不同处理下土壤团聚体各有机碳组分含量存在差异,与CK相比,SB和Mix均显著... 相似文献
17.
This laboratory study evaluates the biofumigant effect of different organic materials with the aim of developing non-chemical alternatives for the management of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood populations. Sources of organic material from the production system were selected with the aim of reducing agricultural residue accumulation problems as well as decreasing the costs due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The selected materials were residues from pepper, strawberry, tomato and cucumber crops, orange juice industry residues, commercial manure and sheep manure, applied at different dosages. Two biofumigation assays were performed under laboratory conditions, using alkaline soils from the Torreblanca area (Murcia, Spain) and acidic soils from the Villa del Prado area (Madrid, Spain). The assays evaluated the effect of the treatments on M. incognita juveniles and other soil organisms, the nematode galling index on tomato roots (susceptible cv. Marmande) grown in the biofumigated soil and soil fertility parameters. The results showed that all biofumigant materials significantly decreased M. incognita populations and galling indices in tomato cv. Marmande. A greater effect was observed on galling indices when applying crop residues together with manure than with the residues alone. Biofumigation had a general beneficial effect on soil fertility, generally increasing nitrogen, organic carbon, pH and potassium levels, and also calcium levels when crop residues of pepper and strawberry were applied. There were no important variations in the number of saprophagous nematodes, dorylaimids and enchytraeids. 相似文献
18.
为充分了解绿洲农田农业生态系统养分循环规律,利用长期定位实验的方法,初步探讨了不同施肥处理下,绿洲农田的土壤养分及作物产量变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量有明显影响。其中,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的土壤养分含量最高,无肥CK处理养分含量最低,尤其是化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的有机质、全N和碱解氮分别比对照区平均高1.5 g/kg0、.19 g/kg和10.5 mg/kg,其他各处理养分含量处于二者之间。结果还表明,作物产量与土壤养分含量相关,尤其是与土壤有机质、全N、碱解N的含量关系密切,制约产量的首要养分因素是N素,其次是P素。CK处理由于连年作物吸收及收获带走养分,使土壤的有效养分库消耗很快,致使作物产量逐渐降低。P、K处理作物产量变化趋势和CK处理基本一致,进一步表明了N素是影响绿洲农田作物产量的首要因素。对各处理的土壤养分和作物产量变化研究表明,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理作物产量最高,平均为4 010.8 kg/hm2,因此化肥与有机肥配合施用可能是提高绿洲农田土壤肥力,增加作物产量的最佳施肥方式。 相似文献
19.
长期不同施肥方式对旱地轮作土壤养分和作物产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确黄土高原半干旱区不同施肥方式下旱地土壤养分和作物产量及其相互关系,筛选出农田最佳施肥管理措施,于2015—2018年进行田间试验,研究了9种不同施肥设置[有机肥配施磷肥(MP)、有机肥配施氮肥(MN)、磷钾肥配施(PK)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、种植作物不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、氮钾肥配施(NK)、有机... 相似文献
20.
The groundcover levels after corn ( Zea mays L.) silage harvest are rarely adequate to prevent soil erosion, but most corn-growers do not plant cover crops due to time and cost limitations. Herbicide-resistant corn hybrids provide opportunities to control weeds and to utilize cover crops in previously unexplored combinations. Field studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at Dryden and Valatie, New York, USA, to determine the potential for managing existing quackgrass ( Elytrigia repens [L.] Nevski) as a cover crop in herbicide-resistant silage corn. Three isolines of the corn hybrid, DKC493, were treated with glyphosate, glufosinate, primisulfuron, nicosulfuron or sethoxydim. Averaged over all site–years, the corn silage yields with glufosinate were similar to those with glyphosate. Glufosinate also resulted in a quackgrass ground cover greater than the 30% threshold for preventing soil erosion. Quackgrass could be managed as a perennial cover crop in silage corn–perennial forage dairy rotations in north-eastern USA. 相似文献