共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
杨粮间作行距对小麦生长及产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对杨粮间作条件下小麦生长结果研究表明,杨树间作行距与土壤水分呈反比关系,即3～15m的行距范围内林木行距每扩大1m,土壤季平均含水量则降低1.0%,证明间作可有效减少土壤水分损失;同时林木行距与小麦叶绿素含量呈反比,说明一定程度的林木遮荫可提高小麦叶绿素含量.试验表明,小麦光合作用速率和蒸腾速率与林木行距呈正比 ,林木行距每增加1m,小麦的光合速率和蒸腾速率分别提高1.3μmol/m2·s和0.2μmol/m 2·s,说明林木行距过小,则影响作物的光合作用,进而影响小麦的生物量和产量.通过计算,在该杨树4年林龄条件下小麦取得最大产量的行距为21～22m. 相似文献
2.
行距配置对冬小麦/白三叶草间作系统小麦群体结构和光合有效辐射的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2008~2010 年冬小麦/白三叶草不同栽培方式试验(6 种小麦行距配置, 3 个行距×2 个播种量)研究表明,单作条件下, 小麦群体总茎数、叶面积指数、生物量及产量在行距25 cm 与30 cm 处理间差异不大, 均显著高于行距40 cm 处理。行距30 cm、播种量217.5 kg·hm-2 处理的籽粒产量和收获系数分别达7 857.8 kg·hm-2 和0.483。小麦抽穗期和花期, 行距30 cm 与40 cm 处理的冠层底部向上20 cm 处的光合有效辐射(PAR)值差异不大, 行间全天PAR 在50 μmol·m-2·s-1 以上的时间至少有8 h, 而单作条件下白三叶草光补偿点在30~50μmol·m-2·s-1 之间, 这预示着在行距30 cm 与40 cm 处理的小麦行间间作白三叶草能为白三叶草光合作用提供有效光能。行距30 cm 条件下, “小偃81”与“济麦22”单作以及分别与白三叶草间作处理试验表明, “小偃81”与白三叶草间作系统小麦生物量不受间作影响, 小麦叶面积指数与穗数高于“小偃81”单作。“济麦22”与白三叶草间作系统的3 项指标则低于“济麦22”单作。间作条件下, 白三叶草冠层顶部PAR 日变化呈单峰曲线, 冠层底部PAR 较小, 全天最大仅30 μmol·m-2·s-1。与“济麦22”相比, “小偃81”与白三叶草间作冠层底部PAR 全天日变化较小。因此, 行距30 cm 处理小麦行间适合间作白三叶草, 小麦品种“小偃81”比“济麦22”更适合与白三叶草间作。本研究结论可为华北平原发展冬小麦/白三叶草间作种植模式提供参考依据。 相似文献
3.
开花灌浆期小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值试验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
奢侈蒸腾耗水对作物光合及产量形成贡献较低,而开花灌浆期是冬小麦产量形成的关键期,精准调控作物蒸腾耗水、明确影响奢侈蒸腾的土壤水分阈值,对提高冬小麦的水分利用效率至关重要。本研究以冬小麦品种‘石新828’为材料,在人工气候生长箱进行盆栽试验,定量研究土壤水分对作物气孔导度、光合速率和蒸腾速率的影响,明确开花灌浆期奢侈蒸腾产生的土壤水分阈值。结果表明：气孔导度与土壤水吸力关系密切,在土壤水吸力较低时,气孔导度随土壤水吸力增加而迅速降低,而土壤水吸力较高时,气孔导度降低速度变缓。光合速率随土壤水吸力增加以抛物线的形式递减,当土壤水吸力低于1.2 MPa时,光合速率接近最大值,随后土壤水吸力继续增加,光合速率逐渐降低。蒸腾速率随着土壤水吸力增加呈线性递减,降低速率为2.3 mmol·m-2·s-1·MPa-1。光合速率与蒸腾速率的关系符合米氏方程,蒸腾速率低于2.179 mmol·m-2·s-1时,光合速率随蒸腾速率线性增加,当蒸腾速率高于此值时,单位光合速率的增加变缓,奢侈蒸腾开始产生,此值所对应的土壤水吸力为1.76 MPa,此时叶片光合速率处于较高（16 μmol·m-2·s-1左右）水平,叶片水平水分利用效率（WUEL）达到最高7.3 μmol（CO2）·mmol-1（H2O）。综上所述,小麦叶片奢侈蒸腾的发生始于水分利用效率从最高转向降低、光合速率处于较高水平而非最大。通过光合随蒸腾变化的米氏方程关系及蒸腾与土壤水吸力的线性关系,可以确定土壤水吸力1.76 MPa为小麦开花灌浆期叶片奢侈蒸腾发生的土壤水分阈值。 相似文献
4.
探讨不同土壤水分条件下光辐射强度对侧柏和油松苗木光合特性与水分利用效率的影响规律,可为林木栽培和管理提供科学依据。在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,利用模拟光源研究了侧柏和油松苗木的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度随模拟光辐射增强的变化规律。结果表明:在模拟光辐射为0～2200μmol/（m2.s）的范围内,侧柏和油松叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率均随光辐射强度的增强而增大,但光辐射强度进一步增强,侧柏和油松净光合速率和水分利用效率呈下降趋势;在同样土壤水分条件下,侧柏净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率高于油松,侧柏光饱和点高于油松,而侧柏光补偿点低于油松,侧柏光能利用率高于油松;随着土壤水分的增加,侧柏与油松净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度升高,而水分利用效率降低。在土壤含水量为7.90%、13.00%和19.99%条件下,侧柏光饱和点分别为1275、1 450和1 675μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为4225和13μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为3.04、4.06和5.53μmol/（m2.s）;在土壤含水量为7.83%1、3.04%与20.15%条件下,油松光饱和点分别为11001、325和1500μmol/（m2.s）,光补偿点分别为60.30和23μmol/（m2.s）,由光饱和点对应最大净光合速率分别为1.08、3.35和4.36μmol/（m2.s）。 相似文献
5.
运用静态箱/红外气体分析仪法(static chamber/IRGA),研究了太湖流域茶园、油菜地、小麦地和撂荒地4种不同土地利用类型春季蒸散速率的变化特征,分别对3-5月不同生育期以及6：00-15：00不同时段4种土地利用类型蒸散速率进行了比较。结果表明,太湖流域春季不同土地利用类型蒸散速率总体呈现逐渐增大的趋势,但茶园修剪后蒸散速率大幅下降(36.73%),油菜地在始花期亦突现一峰值〔2.14mmol/(m2·s)〕;4种土地利用类型蒸散速率的日变化呈以12：00-15：00为峰值的单峰曲线,但茶园修剪后蒸散速率的日变化平缓,油菜地和小麦地蒸散速率的日变化幅逐渐增大。4种土地利用类型3-5月蒸散速率日均值从大到小依次为：茶园〔2.24mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 油菜地〔1.48mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 小麦地〔1.28mmol/(m2·s)〕 > 撂荒地〔1.16mmol/(m2·s)〕;3月下旬12：00-15：00,以及4月中旬9：00-15：00为茶园蒸散速率极显著高于油菜地、小麦地和撂荒地的关键时期,差异最大。 相似文献
6.
在半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区,应用英国PPS公司生产的CIRAS2型光合作用系统,测定不同土壤水分下4年生紫丁香(SyringaoblataLindl.)叶片气体交换参数的日变化和光响应特性。结果表明:丁香光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度等气体交换参数,对土壤水分和光合有效辐射的变化,具有明显的阈值响应。有利于丁香光合作用和水分有效利用的适宜土壤质量含水量范围在15%～19.5%之间,土壤相对含水量为58.8%～76.6%;适宜的光合有效辐射强度范围在600～1000μmol/(m2·s)之间。在此土壤质量含水量和光合有效辐射强度范围内,丁香的光合作用和生长过程不会发生较大的水分胁迫和强光胁迫,也不会发生蒸腾速率过高造成的无效蒸腾耗水,因而能获得较高的光合速率和叶片水分利用率。维持丁香正常生理和生长过程所需的最低土壤质量含水量在11.6%(土壤相对含水量为45.7%)左右,相应的最高光合有效辐射强度在800μmol/(m2 ·s)左右,土壤质量含水量降低或光合有效辐射强度升高,会导致严重水分胁迫和。 相似文献
7.
控制灌溉水稻叶片水平的水分利用效率试验研究 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
根据现场试验资料，分析了晚稻叶片水平的水分利用效率的日变化与全生育期变化，叶片的水分利用效率与气孔导度及外界影响因子包括光合有效辐射、土壤水分、叶气温差等的相互关系。结果表明：控制灌溉水稻叶片的水分利用效率在较高土壤水分时与对照处理差别不明显，适度土壤水分调控可以获得较高的水分利用效率；全生育期水稻叶片的水分利用效率随土壤水分变化而波动，过高过低的土壤水分均不利于水分利用效率的提高；叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率与水分利用效率均随气孔导度的增加表现出先增后减的变化规律。水稻叶片的水分利用效率影响因素分析显示：水分利用效率随叶气温差、二氧化碳浓度和空气湿度的增加而增加；有利于获得较高水分利用效率的气孔导度、光合有效辐射、空气温度和土壤水分范围分别是200～350 μmol·m-2·s-1、400～900 μmol·m-2·s-1、28～34℃和85%～90%的土壤饱和含水率。 相似文献
8.
增施CO2气肥对温室结球莴苣光合作用影响的综合模型研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
为探讨不同温度和光照条件下增施CO2气肥对温室作物生长的影响，应用红外线CO2气体分析仪测定方法，对不同CO2浓度下结球莴苣光合作用速率的变化进行了深入系统的研究，并分别建立了低温条件下和中、高温条件下增施CO2气肥对光合作用速率影响的综合模型。研究结果表明，在一定范围内，随着光照度提高和温度上升，增施CO2气肥对于光合作用的促进效果提高，但是超过饱和点后会有负的效应。本实验条件下，结球莴苣光合作用最佳的生态因子组合为：光照度897.3 μmol·m-2·s-1，温度28.9℃，CO2浓度2160 μL/L，此时的净光合速率(CO2)Pn为36.0 μmol·m-2·s-1。 相似文献
9.
不同灌溉处理下冬小麦水平衡与灌溉增产效率研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
水资源是华北平原冬小麦、夏玉米种植区最重要的生产制约因素, 农业水资源高效利用具有重大的社会需要。通过设置冬小麦不同灌溉处理, 分析了各处理的水分平衡、产量和灌溉增产效率。结果显示: 1)不同灌溉处理具有不同的水分平衡过程, 雨养农田、充分灌溉处理、返青水胁迫处理、拔节抽穗水胁迫处理和灌浆水胁迫处理的蒸散量分别为251±58 mm、482±48 mm、352±44 mm、388±22 mm 和324±53 mm; 2)灌溉量对于小麦产量的增加具有明显的正效应, 拔节-抽穗水胁迫对作物产量有较大影响, 灌浆水胁迫和返青水胁迫均没有对小麦产量造成明显影响; 雨养农业的经济产量为2 950±635 kg·hm-2, 充分灌溉下的经济产量约为5 994±994 kg·hm-2; 冬小麦返青期、拔节抽穗期、灌浆期施加适度的水分胁迫, 产量分别为5 163±885kg·hm-2、5 047±1 180 kg·hm-2、5 249±975 kg·hm-2, 与充分灌溉相比, 没有明显的产量下降; 3)小麦的灌溉增产效率存在明显的年际差异, 在丰水年或特丰水年, 灌溉增产效率为1.9 kg·m-3, 在枯水年为0.4 kg·m-3, 平水年为1.6 kg·m-3。 相似文献
10.
小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献