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1.
大肠杆菌Ⅲ型分泌系统2（Escherichia coli type III secretion system 2，ETT2）参与禽致病性大肠杆菌（avian pathogenic Escherichia coli，APEC）的致病作用。本研究旨在探究ETT2结构基因epaPQR对禽致病性大肠杆菌的生物学特性及致病作用的影响，为进一步阐明ETT2的致病机制提供依据。基于CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术，构建epaPQR基因缺失株和回复株，通过生长曲线测定、运动性和生物被膜形成能力等试验，分析epaPQR基因对APEC生物学特性的影响；通过血清杀菌与组织载菌量等试验分析epaPQR基因对APEC致病性的影响。结果表明，成功构建ETT2结构基因epaPQR基因缺失株和回复株，epaPQR基因缺失后，其生长能力和生物被膜形成能力并没有显著改变（P>0.05）；但epaPQR基因缺失后，其运动能力显著降低（P<0.05），在透射电镜下观察到缺失株鞭毛数量明显减少，通过荧光定量PCR发现，鞭毛T3SS结构基因及鞭毛输出蛋白基因的转录水平均显著下调（P<0.05）。epaPQR基因缺失后其抗血清杀菌能力显著增强（P<0.05），缺失株AE81ΔepaPQR在雏鸡体内不同器官的定殖能力显著降低。结果说明，ETT2结构基因epaPQR参与调控APEC的鞭毛形成，影响APEC抗血清杀菌能力以及在体内组织器官的定殖能力，表明epaPQR在APEC致病过程中发挥重要作用，本研究为深入探究ETT2功能和APEC致病机制提供参考。 相似文献
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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes economically significant infections in poultry. The genetic diversity of APEC and phylogenetic relationships within and between APEC and other pathogenic E. coli are not yet well understood. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST), PCR-based phylogrouping and virulence genotyping to analyse 75 avian E. coli strains, including 55 isolated from outbreaks of colisepticaemia and 20 from healthy chickens. Isolates were collected from 42 commercial layer and broiler chicken farms in Sri Lanka. MLST identified 61 sequence types (ST) with 44 being novel. The most frequent ST, ST48, was represented by only six isolates followed by ST117 with four isolates. Phylogenetic clusters based on MLST sequences were mostly comparable to phylogrouping by PCR and MLST further differentiated phylogroups B1 and D into two subgroups. Genotyping of 16 APEC associated virulence genes found that 27 of the clinical isolates and one isolate from a healthy chicken belonged to highly virulent genotype according to previously established classification schemes. We found that a combination of four genes, ompT, hlyF, iroN and papC, gave a comparable prediction to that of using five and nine genes by other studies. Four STs (ST10, ST48, ST117 and ST2016) contained APEC isolates from this study and human UPEC isolates reported by others, suggesting that these STs are potentially zoonotic. Our results enhanced the understanding of APEC population structure and virulence association. 相似文献
4.
CpxR是细菌中Cpx双组分系统（two component system,TCS）的反应调控蛋白,通过调控靶基因的转录表达,在细菌细胞膜稳定及毒力方面发挥作用。本研究旨在探究TCS CpxR对禽致病性大肠杆菌（avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC）基本生物学特性、抗血清杀菌能力及致病性的影响。利用Red同源重组系统及互补质粒构建cpxR基因缺失株、互补株,然后比较分析野生株、基因缺失株与互补株的生长曲线、运动性、生物被膜形成能力、药物敏感性、抗血清杀菌能力、动物致病性的差异。结果显示：cpxR基因缺失株与野生株、互补株的生长速度和运动性能无明显差异,且缺失cpxR基因不影响APEC的生物被膜形成能力。然而,缺失CpxR导致APEC对阿米卡星和卡那霉素耐药性降低。血清杀菌试验结果显示,CpxR有助于APEC的抗血清杀菌能力。动物感染试验结果显示,野生株、cpxR基因缺失株和互补株对雏鸭的半数致死量（LD50）分别为7.50×105、7.50×106、1.33×106 CFU,表明CpxR缺失显著降低APEC的毒力。综上表明,TCS CpxR在APEC耐药性、抗血清杀菌能力及毒力方面发挥作用,为阐明APEC的环境适应性、生存能力及致病机制提供参考。 相似文献
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禽致病性大肠杆菌Hcp2b对雏鸡气管黏膜细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用通路的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T6SS （type VI secretion system）是革兰阴性菌中常见的一种分泌系统,其效应蛋白Hcp2b作用机制迄今仍未明晰。本研究以禽致病性大肠杆菌（avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC） Hcp2b蛋白为研究主体,旨在探究Hcp2b蛋白在APEC感染鸡气管黏膜过程中发挥的作用及机制。采用Red重组方法以质粒pKD3为模板构建hcp2b缺失株,pSTV-28质粒连接hcp2b目的片段构建重组载体,导入感受态Δhcp2b菌株构建回复株,并对Δhcp2b菌株的生长曲线进行测定。7日龄雏鸡气管感染hcp2b缺失株及野生株,感染后12、24 h收集鸡气管黏膜细胞进行转录组学测序及生物信息学分析。结果表明,hcp2b缺失株及回复株构建成功,hcp2b基因缺失对菌株的生长性能无影响。hcp2b基因缺失株感染气管黏膜后,mRNA的表达谱发生变化,感染后12 h,有144个基因表达量发生变化（上调差异基因87个,下调57个）;感染后24 h,有135个基因表达量发生变化（上调差异基因79个,下调56个）。生物信息学分析发现差异基因富集在Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction、Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum等信号通路。hcp2b基因缺失未影响APEC的生长特性,hcp2b基因缺失后影响雏鸡气管黏膜Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction通路基因mRNA转录水平的变化,IL-1β、IL-12b的表达均上调。该结果为APEC的致病机制研究提供了理论依据。 相似文献
6.
生物被膜是导致细菌产生耐药性的主要原因之一,本文通过探究Ⅲ型分泌系统2（ETT2）转录调节因子YqeI对禽致病性大肠杆菌生物被膜形成的影响及其影响机制,为探究ETT2对禽致病性大肠杆菌致病机制的影响提供研究基础。利用Red同源重组的方法构建yqeI基因缺失株,并通过检测野生株与缺失株生物被膜形成能力、结合转录组学测序及荧光定量检测生物被膜基因表达量等,探究转录调节因子YqeI对禽致病性大肠杆菌生物被膜形成能力的影响。结果显示成功构建了yqeI基因缺失株,且yqeI的缺失并不影响生长曲线,但生物被膜形成能力显著下降,且相关生物被膜基因转录量显著下调。禽致病性大肠杆菌ETT2转录调节因子YqeI显著影响了禽致病性大肠杆菌生物被膜形成能力,为从ETT2及yqeI的角度发掘潜在的调控网络提供依据。 相似文献
7.
Holden KM Browning GF Noormohammadi AH Markham PF Marenda MS 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2012,35(2):129-138
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains have multiple iron-uptake systems that facilitate adaptation to iron-restricted environments and are believed to assist in colonisation of the host. These systems include several TonB-dependent transporters of ferri-siderophores encoded by the chromosome and the large virulence plasmid common to APECs. The tonB gene of the virulent APEC strain E956 was replaced with a selectable antibiotic resistance marker using Lambda Red recombinase mutagenesis. The phenotype of the ΔtonB E956 mutant was compared to the parent strain under various culture conditions and in chickens experimentally infected via the respiratory route. The mutant was resistant to streptonigrin, impaired in its ability to adapt to growth in iron-depleted medium and had greater tolerance of oxidative stress than the parental strain. The mutant was avirulent in chickens, did not affect the growth of chicks and colonisation was mostly limited to the trachea. This study has demonstrated that TonB is essential for virulence in APEC. 相似文献
8.
为研究禽致病性大肠杆菌强毒株E058的毒力相关基因在鸡体内、体外表达情况以及E058和尿道致病性大肠杆菌HEC4在LB和尿液中培养的表达情况,本研究分别提取E058株在SPF鸡体内及E058株和HEC4株在LB和尿液中静置培养的总RNA,与构建的DNA芯片杂交,检测和分析RNA的差异表达情况。芯片的检测结果表明:E058株在鸡体内和LB中培养差异表达基因共有9个,上调基因为5个,分别为neuC、iutA、cvaC、aes-15和iucCD;下调基因为4个,分别为aes-8、gyrB、aec-30和mdh。另外,芯片检测结果也显示E058株和HEC4株在LB和尿液中静置培养,具有相似的基因表达情况。 相似文献
9.
Yong-Wun Jeong Tae-Eun Kim Jae-Hong Kim Hyuk-Joon Kwon 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2012,13(2):145-152
To examine the genetic background of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) that affects virulence of this microorganism, we characterized the virulence genes of 101 APEC strains isolated from infected chickens between 1985~2005. Serotypes were determined with available anti-sera and median lethal doses were determined in subcutaneously inoculated chicks. The virulence genes we tested included ones encoding type 1 fimbriae (fimC), iron uptake-related (iroN, irp2, iucD, and fyuA), toxins (lt, st, stx1, stx2, and vat), and other factors (tsh, hlyF, ompT, and iss). Twenty-eight strains were found to be O1 (2.0%), O18 (3.0%), O20 (1.0%), O78 (19.8%), and O115 (2.0%) serotypes. The iroN (100%) gene was observed most frequently followed by ompT (94.1%), fimC (90.1%), hlyF (87.1%), iss (78.2%), iucD (73.3%), tsh (61.4%), fyuA (44.6%), and irp2 (43.6%). The strains were negative for all toxin genes except for vat (10.9%). All the strains were classified into 27 molecular pathotypes (MPs). The MP25, MP19, and MP10 pathotypes possessing iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iucD-tsh-iss-irp2-fyuA (22.8%), iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iucD-tsh-iss (21.8%), and iroN-fimC-ompT-hlyF-iss (11.9%) genotypes, respectively, were predominant. Redundancy of iron uptake-related genes was clearly observed and some strains were associated with higher mortality than others. Therefore, strains with the predominant genotypes can be used for diagnosis and vaccine. 相似文献
10.
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) cause aerosacculitis, polyserositis, septicemia and other mainly extraintestinal diseases in chickens, turkeys and other avian species. APEC are found in the intestinal microflora of healthy birds and most of the diseases associated with them are secondary to environmental and host predisposing factors. APEC isolates commonly belong to certain serogroups, O1, O2 and O78, and to a restricted number of clones. Several experimental models have been developed, permitting a more reliable evaluation of the pathogenicity of E. coli for chickens and turkeys. Hence, virulence factors identified on APEC are adhesins such as the F1 and P fimbriae, and curli, the aerobactin iron sequestering system, K1 capsule, temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh), resistance to the bactericidal effects of serum and cytotoxic effects. Experimental infection studies have shown that the air-exchange regions of the lung and the airsacs are important sites of entry of E. coli into the bloodstream of birds during the initial stages of infection and that resistance to phagocytosis may be an important mechanism in the development of the disease. They have also demonstrated that F1 fimbriae are expressed in the respiratory tract, whereas P fimbriae are expressed in the internal organs of infected chickens. The role of these fimbrial adhesins in the development of disease is not yet, however, fully understood. The more recent use of genetic approaches for the identification of new virulence factors will greatly enhance our knowledge of APEC pathogenic mechanisms. Diagnosis of APEC infections is based on the clinical picture, lesions and isolation of E. coli. This may be strengthened by serotyping and identification of virulence factors using immunological or molecular methods such as DNA probes and PCR. Approaches for the prevention and control of APEC infections include the control of environmental contamination and environmental parameters such as humidity and ventilation. Antibiotherapy is widely used, although APEC are frequently resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Vaccines containing killed or attenuated virulent bacteria protect against infection with the homologous strain but are less efficient against heterologous strains. Hence, vaccination for colibacillosis is not widely practised because of the large variety of serogroups involved in field outbreaks. 相似文献
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The ibeB gene in neonatal meningitis Escherichia coli (NMEC) contribute to the penetration of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). However, whether IbeB plays a role in avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) infection remains unclear. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the ibeB gene in Chinese APEC strains and examine whether IbeB is involved in APEC pathogenicity. The ibeB gene was found in all 100 detected E. coli isolates with over 97% sequence homology. These results indicated that ibeB is a conserved E. coli gene irrelevant of pathotypes. To determine the role of ibeB in APEC pathogenicity, an ibeB mutant of strain DE205B was constructed and characterized. The inactivation of ibeB resulted in reduced invasion capacity towards DF-1 cells and defective virulence in animal models as compared to the wild-type strain. Animal infection experiments revealed that loss of ibeB decreased APEC colonization and invasion capacity in brains and lungs. These virulence-related phenotypes were partially recoverable by genetic complementation. Reduced expression levels of invasion- and adhesion-associated genes in ibeB mutant could be major reasons as evidenced by reduced ibeA and ompA expression. These results indicate that IbeB is involved in APEC invasion and pathogenicity. 相似文献
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大肠杆菌的运动性主要由鞭毛提供动力，鞭毛是致病性大肠杆菌重要毒力因子之一，本文通过探究Fur及其负调控的非编码RNA——RyhB对禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）运动性的影响，为探索防控禽大肠杆菌病的潜在靶点提供科学依据。通过Red同源重组方法构建AE17△Fur和AE17△Fur/RyhB，比较缺失株与原始株运动性特征，结合转录组学数据探究Fur和RyhB对APEC鞭毛以及生物被膜形成的影响。结果显示成功构建了AE17△Fur和AE17△Fur/RyhB，转录组学结果显示Fur的缺失基本上使所有鞭毛相关的基因下调。Fur的缺失使APEC的运动性显著减弱，RyhB对APEC的运动性没有显著影响，△Fur/RyhB较△Fur运动能力有所增加。△Fur和△Fur/RyhB生物被膜形成能力显著增强，△RyhB生物被膜形成减弱，与运动性趋势基本一致。Fur对禽致病性大肠杆菌的鞭毛组装有非常重要的作用，其负调控的RyhB一定程度上可以抑制这种作用机制的影响，并进一步影响了生物被膜的形成，为寻找相关药物靶点提供可能。 相似文献
13.
Ghanbarpour Reza Sami Masoud Salehi Mahmood Ouromiei Mahla 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(1):153-157
The purposes of this study were to determine the phylogenetic background and the virulence gene profiles of Escherichia coli isolates from colisepticemic and feces of healthy (AFEC) broiler chickens. In this study, 253 E. coli isolates including 141 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and 112 AFEC isolates were examined by PCR. In general, 253 E. coli isolates distributed among group A (51.8%), B1 (15.8%), B2 (8.7%), and D (23.7%). Ten (8.9%) AFEC isolates segregated in
to B1 phylo-group and 102 (91.1%) isolates fell into six different phylogenetic subgroups. Distribution of colisepticemic
and fecal isolates differed significantly in their assignments to A and B1 phylo-groups. The three most prevalent virulence
genes were crl, fimH, and aer in isolates between both groups. The four genetic markers aer, papC, afa, and sfa were detected significantly more often among colisepticemic isolates than in fecal isolates from healthy broilers. The presence
of stx
2
gene in fecal isolates were significantly differs among the colisepticemic isolates. F17 fimbrial family encoding gene and
eae gene were detected in APEC and AFEC isolates, respectively. The colisepticemic and fecal isolates possessed the virulence
genes were detected in all of the four phylogenetic groups. Several combination patterns of the virulence genes were detected
in APEC and AFEC isolates. In colisepticemic isolates the combination of aer, crl, and fimH genes was the most prevalent pattern. None of the examined isolates harbored the cdt, cnf1, ipaH, and stx
1
virulence gene sequences. 相似文献
14.
This study aimed at evaluate the presence and to study characteristics of Escherichia coli in the respiratory system microbiota of healthy broilers. Trachea, air sacs, and lungs of 20 broilers were analyzed at 21 days of age, reared in experimental conditions, without receiving antimicrobials. E. coli strains were isolated and identified using conventional bacteriology through morphological and biochemical characterization. The production of bacteriocin-like substances, the presence of virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of APEC (Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli) predictors, and the antimicrobial susceptibility were evaluated. E. coli was found in 85 % of the animals (17/20), in the trachea, air sacs or lungs; and it was not found in 15 % of the animals (3/20). A total of 34 isolates were recovered, 13 from the air sacs, 13 from the lungs, and 8 from the trachea, which showed no production of bacteriocin-like substances nor virulence genes associated with APEC. Most isolates, 59 % (20/34), showed resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobials, and six multiresistant strains were identified. The results demonstrated that strains of E. coli were commensal of the respiratory microbiota, and that they did not present pathogenicity to the host, since there were no clinical signs of disease, macroscopic lesions in the organs of the evaluated broilers, production of bacteriocin-like substances, nor virulence-associated genes considered as predictors of APEC in bacteria. These strains of E. coli were mostly susceptible to antimicrobials. However, the occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains suggests that these animals can act as reservoirs of resistant to antimicrobials E. coli. 相似文献
15.
Wragg P La Ragione RM Best A Reichel R Anjum MF Mafura M Woodward MJ 《Research in veterinary science》2009,86(1):27-35
Escherichia fergusonii has been associated with a wide variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in both humans and animals but, despite strong circumstantial evidence, the degree to which the organism is responsible for the pathologies identified remains uncertain. Thirty isolates of E. fergusonii collected between 2003 and 2004 were screened using an Escherichia coli virulence gene array to test for the presence of homologous virulence genes in E. fergusonii. The iss (increased serum survival) gene was present in 13/30 (43%) of the test strains and the prfB (P-related fimbriae regulatory) and ireA (siderophore receptor IreA) genes were also detected jointly in 3/30 (10%) strains. No known virulence genes were detected in 14/30 (47%) of strains. Following confirmatory PCR and sequence analysis, the E. fergusoniiprfB, iss and ireA genes shared a high degree of sequence similarity to their counterparts in E. coli, and a particular resemblance was noted with the E. coli strain APEC O1 pathogenicity island. In tissue culture adherence assays, nine E. fergusonii isolates associated with HEp-2 cells with a ‘localised adherence’ or ‘diffuse adherence’ phenotype, and they proved to be moderately invasive. The E. fergusonii isolates in this study possess both some phenotypic and genotypic features linked to known pathotypes of E. coli, and support existing evidence that strains of E. fergusonii may act as an opportunistic pathogens, although their specific virulence factors may need to be explored. 相似文献
16.
Extraintestinal infections by avian pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli (APEC) are commonly reported in poultry, but there is little information on infections by APEC in other bird species. Here we report on the characterization of extraintestinal E. coli isolated from a domesticated peacock, from the south of Brazil, that died of colisepticemia. Necropsy examination revealed congested liver, hypertrophied kidneys, peritonitis, severe typhlitis suggestive of coligranuloma, pneumonia, and airsacculitis--typical signs of colisepticemia. The isolates from lungs, kidney, heart, intestine, liver, and bone marrow all harbored the same virulence-associated factors (iucD, colV, iss, mat, fimC, ompA, traT crl, csgA vgrG, and hcp), yielded the same band pattern in amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, and were allocated to the Escherichia coli Reference Collection group B1. The isolates were resistant to bacitracin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline, but displayed slight differences in their resistance to other antimicrobials. The isolates also differed in their virulence in 1-day-old chickens, but none displayed high virulence in vivo. We conclude that the peacock died of colisepticemia after it was infected with an extraintestinal E. coli strain of low virulence that nevertheless harbored virulence factors generally associated with APEC. This study represents the first characterization of an APEC isolated from a nonpoultry bird species. 相似文献
17.
克隆并分析禽病原性大肠杆菌(avian pathogenic Escherichia coli,APEC)部分毒力基因,探寻APEC毒力因子的变异和进化发生关系。以APEC中国分离株为模板,PCR扩增其部分毒力基因(fimC,kpsM,csgA,papC,felA,cvaC,iss),并测定了这些毒力基因扩增片段的核苷酸序列,与GenBank中的同一基因进行序列比较。PCR扩增产物经克隆、酶切鉴定,均与预期结果一致,序列分析结果表明上述毒力因子在APEC中的保守性非常高,均能达到99%以上。与其他来源大肠杆菌的同一基因的同源性也非常高,但不同基因间有所差别。APEC分离株的受试部分毒力因子的变异程度非常小,保守性很高,一些毒力因子与人源致肠外感染大肠杆菌的毒力因子同源性也很高,说明APEC与人源致肠外感染大肠杆菌的亲缘关系很近。 相似文献
18.
John Hwa Lee Atul A. Chaudhari In Gyoung Oh Seong Kug Eo Sang-Youel Park Chetan V. Jawale 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2015,79(3):229-234
In this study, the immune responses to and protective efficacy of a live attenuated Salmonella-delivered vaccine candidate secreting the papA, papG, iutA, and clpG antigens of Escherichia coli were evaluated against infection with avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) in layer chickens. Primary vaccination was done at age 7 d and booster vaccination at age 5 wk. The levels of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A specific to the 4 antigens were significantly higher in the vaccinated group than in the control group. A potent lymphocyte-proliferation response and increased levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 in the plasma and in culture supernatants of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes from the vaccinated group suggested significant induction of the cell-mediated immune response in this group compared with the control group. Upon challenge with a virulent APEC strain at 8 wk of age, the vaccinated group had no deaths, whereas the control group had a 15% mortality rate. In addition, the morbidity rate was significantly higher in the control group (55%) than in the vaccinated group (15%). Thus, giving primary and booster vaccination with the Salmonella-delivered APEC vaccine candidate significantly elevated both mucosal and cellular immune responses, which protected the chickens against colibacillosis. 相似文献
19.
The current understanding of the pathogenesis of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in colisepticaemia is limited. This review discusses putative virulence determinants per se, such as a number of surface organelles including fimbriae and flagella; together with other factors such as iron sequestering mechanisms, which are involved in the survival of E. coli in the host rather than initiation of infection. It is concluded that avian colisepticaemia is a multi-factorial disease and that to date only a limited number of virulence factors of APEC have been thoroughly elucidated. 相似文献
20.
Morgan Bihannic Reza Ghanbarpour Frédéric Auvray Laurent Cavalié Pierre Chatre Michèle Boury Hubert Brugère Jean-Yves Madec Eric Oswald 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1)
F17 fimbriae are produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli involved in diarrhea and septicemia outbreaks in calves and lambs. These proteins result from the expression of four different clustered genes, namely f17A, f17D, f17C and f17G, encoding a pilin protein, a periplasmic protein, an anchor protein and an adhesin protein, respectively. Several variants of f17A and f17G genes have been reported and found genetically associated with typical virulence factors of bovine pathogenic E. coli strains. In this study, a new F17e-A variant, closely related to F17b-A, was identified from a collection of 58 E. coli isolates from diarrheic calves in Iran. While highly prevalent in Iranian F17-producing clinical isolates from calves, this variant was rare among E. coli from a French healthy adult bovine population, suggesting a possible association with virulence. The f17Ae gene was also found in the genome of the Shiga-like toxin variant Stx1d–producing bovine E. coli strain MHI813, and belonged to a gene cluster also encoding a new F17-G3 variant, which greatly differed from F17-G1 and F17-G2. This gene cluster was located on a pathogenicity island integrated in the tRNA pheV gene. The gene coding for a third new F17f-A variant corresponding to a combination of F17c-A and F17d-A was also identified on the pVir68 plasmid in the bovine pathogenic E. coli strain 6.0900. In conclusion, we identified three new F17-A and F17-G variants in cattle E. coli, which may also have significant impact on the development of new diagnostics and vaccination tools. 相似文献