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1.
镜鲤体重相关分子标记与优良子代的筛选和培育   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  
根据性状相关分子标记的QTL分析结果进行品种培育是分子标记用于水产育种研究的重要方向之一。本研究利用镜鲤与体重相关的3个基因座(HLJ302、HLJ338、HLJ343)作为快速生长的标记,筛选出一批镜鲤亲本进行繁殖,对得到的子代进行基因分型,并将基因分型结果与检测的最大10尾个体与最小10尾个体进行比较,结果表明最大10尾具有优势基因型为每尾1.7个,最小10尾具有优势基因型为每尾0.7个,生长速度快群体与生长速度慢群体在体重相关基因型的富集上呈现显著性差异。同时选出具有富集体重相关优势基因型的子代且生长速度快的群体一个,2008年生产出子二代。综合性状好生长速度更快的镜鲤新品系正在培育之中。  相似文献   

2.
为开发与草鱼生长性状相关基因及单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记,实验采用转录组测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-Seq)对草鱼快长组和慢长组的肝脏、肌肉和脑组织分别进行分析,共获得31 465万条高质量短读序(clean reads),经组装得到34 147条拼接基因(unigene),平均长度为1 060 bp,其中有30 751条unigene获得注释。在肝脏、肌肉和脑组织中分别筛选到1 013、552和372个差异表达基因,并从中检测到4 580个SNP标记。采用SNaPshot技术对其中34个SNP标记在300尾草鱼生长性状极端群体中进行多态性检测和验证,30个SNP标记分型成功,准确率为88.24%。进一步采用一般线性模型分析30个SNP标记与生长性状的相关性,结果显示,unigene00810126-8014标记CC基因型的体质量、体长、体高、头长和尾柄长性状均值显著高于TT基因型。unigene00810126-2903标记AA基因型的体质量显著高于GG基因型。unigene00870394-525标记AA基因型的体质量和体长性状均值显著高于GG基因型。unigene02938762-011628标记的TT基因型与CC基因型在体质量、体长和头长性状上的差异均达到显著水平。这4个标记位于生长催乳素α基因(slα)、早期生长反应蛋白-1基因(egr-1)和肌球蛋白重链基因(myh)上。其他标记不同基因型个体间的生长性状均不存在显著差异。其中8个SNP标记在草鱼群体中的平均多态信息含量(PIC)、平均期望杂合度(H_e)和平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.300、0.377和0.363,表明草鱼选育群体遗传多样性较高。本研究获得与生长性状相关的1 937个差异表达基因和4个SNP标记,为草鱼分子辅助育种研究提供基础资料。  相似文献   

3.
利用分子标记辅助家系选育进行红鳍东方鲀生长性状的遗传评估,由红鳍东方鲀基础群体中选择性腺发育良好的雌雄亲本各11尾建立全同胞家系11个,每个全同胞家系随机采集10尾个体组建全同胞家系群体,从混合培育的家系中选择相对较大的个体400尾组建混合选育群体。在红鳍东方鲀遗传连锁图谱上挑选44个均匀分布于22个连锁群上的微卫星DNA标记,每个连锁群有2个标记。全同胞家系群体的遗传分析结果显示,10个高亲本排除概率微卫星标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.58~0.662和0.736~0.797,14个低亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.054~0.43和0.177~0.608,剩余20个中等亲本排除概率标记的Excl(1)和Excl(2)为0.467~0.575和0.641~0.732。利用拥有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记进行混合选育群体的亲权鉴定,结果显示:不同父母本繁殖产生的子代数量存在明显差异,父本M2和母本F4产生了124个子代,占子代个体总数的32.89%。根据亲权鉴定结果建立的系谱估计主要生长性状的遗传参数,不同日龄的体质量和体长遗传力估计值为0.17~0.21和0.15~0.18。研究表明,利用具有高亲本排除概率的微卫星DNA标记能够有效建立红鳍东方鲀系谱,进行生长性状的遗传参数估计,分子标记辅助家系选育可以作为红鳍东方鲀目标性状遗传改良的新方法。  相似文献   

4.
大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性状是衡量品质与产量的重要标准, 开发快长SNP 标记与挖掘优势基因型及生长主效基因, 有助于进一步解析其生长发育遗传机制, 为选育优质高产新品系奠定基础。基于简化基因组测序技术(restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RAD-seq), 在大口黑鲈美国北方亚种F0 生长性状极端群体(体重极大前1%和极小后1%)中, 筛选了与生长性状存在潜在关联的SNP 位点, 利用一般线性模型(generalized linearmodel, GLM)将SNP 位点基因型与230 尾F0 个体的体重、体长、体高和体厚进行相关性分析, 此外通过基因注释信息预测生长候选基因, 并结合优势基因型加性效应分析优势基因型聚合效果。在大口黑鲈23 条染色体上发现了4196486 个高质量SNPs, 基于种群特异基因型频率阈值0.7, 初步筛选出100 个与生长性状潜在相关的SNP 位点。关联性分析显示, 有12 个SNP 标记存在显著关联, 包括5 个标记与体重显著关联, 10 个与体长显著关联, 4 个与体高显著关联, 5 个与体厚显著关联。其中标记SNP19140160、SNP24406191、SNP3355498 和SNP9244620 分别定位至生长候选基因fam174b、diaph2、kiaa1549lb 和ppip5k1b 上。富集6~10 个优势基因型的群体较富集0~5 个优势基因型的群体在平均体重、体长、体高和体厚上分别提高了32.07%、9.63%、9.96%和10.58%。本研究所鉴定的12 个快长SNP 标记和4 个生长候选基因可助力大口黑鲈生长性状改良。  相似文献   

5.
黄河鲤全同胞家系的微卫星标记亲子鉴定   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
本研究利用11个高度多态的微卫星标记对26个黄河鲤(Cyprinus carpio haematoperus)全同胞家系中的417尾体重较大的正常体色个体(黄河鲤较大个体)和52尾红色个体(红鲤表型个体)进行了亲子鉴定。11个微卫星座位的平均等位基因数、平均观测杂合度(H_o)、平均期望杂合度(H_e)和平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为8.2、0.792、0.792和0.76。当双亲未知且置信度为95%时,11个座位的累积排除概率达99.79%。除29尾黄河鲤较大个体以外,388尾黄河鲤较大个体和52尾红鲤表型个体准确地找到了其父母本,实际鉴定率为93.82%。通过对子代数目超过20尾的7个黄河鲤家系生长性状的比较分析,本研究成功鉴定出子代生长性状优良的黄河鲤亲本组合及其家系,同时也鉴定出包含隐性红色基因的黄河鲤杂合亲本,为进一步选育表型和体色纯正且生长快速的黄河鲤新品种提供了理论依据和技术手段。  相似文献   

6.
为研究牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肌肉生长抑制基因(mstn)多态性,开发其分子辅助育种新标记,采用重测序方法对120尾牙鲆(3个双克隆杂交家系：60尾;3个雌核发育家系：60尾)的mstn基因进行单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点筛选,并对不同基因型个体的生长性状进行多重比较及SNP标记验证。结果显示,共检测到7个SNPs位点,均为颠换型突变;外显子区3个(Exonl 1:G2063A; Exonl 3:C3883T, C4009A),为同义突变;内含子区3个(Intron 1:A2444T; Intron 2:T3816C, A3832C);3’端非编码区1个(3’UTR:C4564A)。SNPs与生长性状关联分析结果表明,A3832C和C4564A标记位点与牙鲆体质量、体长、体高等生长性状显著相关(P<0.05),其中A3832C位点AA基因型和C4564A位点AC基因型在生长上表现出优势,A3832C位点CC和C4564A位点AA、CC基因型在生长上表现出劣势,其他5个SNPs位点对牙鲆生长...  相似文献   

7.
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8.
在动物体内组织蛋白酶B(cathepsin B,CTSB)是以酶原形式存在于溶酶体中,能水解多种蛋白,是调控动物生长发育的重要候选功能基因。为开发与大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性状相关的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)标记,本研究对大口黑鲈EST-SNP库中CTSB基因上的SNP位点进行筛选。经PCR扩增和测序分析,从该基因中筛选到1个SNP位点(命名为C+598G),该位点属于错义突变位点,编码的甘氨酸突变成为精氨酸。采用Sna Pshot方法对C+598G位点在165尾大口黑鲈养殖样本中的基因型进行检测,并分析其在群体中的遗传多样性。结果显示,C+598G位点在养殖群体中存在CC、GC和GG3种基因型,其频率分别是40.6%、47.3%和12.1%,C和G等位基因频率分别是64.2%和35.8%;该位点在群体中的观测杂合度(Ho)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.473和0.354,符合哈代-温伯格平衡定律。进一步分析不同基因型与大口黑鲈生长性状相关性,结果表明,3种基因型个体的体质量、全长、体高、尾柄长和尾柄高性状平均值从小到大依次为GG型、GC型和CC型,其中GG型个体在体质量上显著小于CC型个体(P<0.05)。本研究获得的C+598G标记与大口黑鲈生长性状显著相关,可作为大口黑鲈分子标记辅助育种研究中的生长标记。  相似文献   

9.
利用微卫星标记高效鉴定松浦镜鲤的亲缘关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
用37尾雌和14尾雄松浦镜鲤Cyprinus carpio Songpu构建37个血统明确的全同胞家系,同池、同条件养殖。用筛选出的9个多态性微卫星标记和建立的多重PCR检测方法进行子代群体(1 318尾)的亲权鉴定。9个位点共检测到53个等位基因,各位点均为高度多态(PIC0.5),平均期望杂合度为0.742,观测杂合度为0.755。亲本基因型信息的模拟分析显示,利用9个标记将子代分配到亲本对的成功率可达100%。实际鉴定结果:1 287尾个体准确鉴定到配组的亲本对,鉴定成功率为97.6%。以上结果表明:本研究提供的标记和检测方法可用于松浦镜鲤的亲本遗传距离分析和家系亲缘追溯,也适用于群体遗传多样性监测。  相似文献   

10.
为助力黄鳝(Monopterus albus)良种选育中的亲子鉴定和系谱管理问题,利用黄鳝全基因组预测并筛选获得的16个多态性较高的微卫星标记,建立了2组微卫星多重PCR体系,并成功用于11个家系的亲子鉴定。通过Cervus 3.0软件对132尾黄鳝进行遗传多样性分析,结果显示,16个微卫星标记的平均等位基因数(Na)为5.562,平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.627和0.619,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.564。亲子鉴定结果表明,双亲基因型未知时单亲本的累积排除概率(CE-1P)为0.999 999 99,单亲基因型已知时另一亲本的累积排除概率(CE-2P)为0.999 999 91,双亲基因型未知时双亲的累积排除概率(CE-PP)为0.999 964 76。黄鳝11个家系的模拟鉴定率为99.96%,实际鉴定率为95%。模拟分析不同亲本数的结果显示,实验的16个微卫星标记在双亲性别已知的200对亲本和双亲性别未知的150对亲本的情况下,均可达到95%以上的鉴定率。利用NTSYS软件对11个家系的110尾子代个体进行聚类分析,结果显示除2尾子代外其余10...  相似文献   

11.
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.  相似文献   

12.
Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.  相似文献   

13.
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).  相似文献   

14.
There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.  相似文献   

15.
This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.  相似文献   

16.
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 103 to 3.76 × 105 cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 105 cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

17.
The sea raven, Hemitripterus americanus, is a sit-and-wait, low metabolic rate, marine teleost. The objective of this study was to determine i) whether cortisol implantation (50 mg. kg-1) for 7 days altered hepatocyte metabolism, and hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine, glucagon and insulin, and ii) whether 8 weeks of food-deprivation modified the above response. Cortisol implantation significantly increased hepatocyte total glucose production and oxidation from alanine compared to the sham group. There was no cortisol effect on glycogen breakdown, suggesting that the activation of other pathways, including gluconeogenesis, are required to account for the increased glucose production. Epinephrine-mediated (10-5M) glycogen breakdown and insulin-mediated (10-8M) total glucose production were enhanced in hepatocytes of cortisol implanted sea ravens, but there were no change in any glucagon (10-7M) effects. The enhanced glycogen breakdown in the absence of similar increases in total glucose production with epinephrine indicates mobilization of carbohydrate reserves for endogenous use by the liver. Food-deprivation for 8 weeks significantly decreased condition factor, plasma cortisol concentration and liver glycogen content in the sea raven, but had no effect on plasma glucose concentration. Hepatocyte total glucose production and flux rates from alanine increased significantly with food-deprivation. Moreover, food-deprivation increased responsiveness of total hepatocyte glucose production to the actions of glucagon and insulin, but not to epinephrine; none of these effects were modified by cortisol implantation. Our results indicate that cortisol in the sea raven exerts both a direct and an indirect or permissive effect on hepatocyte metabolism by modifying hepatocyte responsiveness to epinephrine and insulin stimulation. Cortisol implantation did not modify the effects of glucagon or food-deprivation in this species.  相似文献   

18.
Important environmental processes for the survival and recruitment of early life stages of pelagic fishes have been synthesized through Bakun's fundamental triad as enrichment, concentration and retention processes (A. Bakun, 1996, Patterns in the Ocean. Ocean Processes and Marine Population Dynamics. San Diego, CA, USA: University of California Sea Grant). This conceptual framework states that from favourable spawning habitats, eggs and larvae would be transported to and/or retained in places where food originating from enrichment areas would be concentrated. We propose a method for quantifying two of the triad processes, enrichment and retention, based on the Lagrangian tracking of particles transported within water velocity fields generated by a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. We apply this method to the southern Benguela upwelling ecosystem, constructing putative maps of enrichment and retention. We comment on these maps regarding main features of the circulation in the region, and investigate seasonal variability of the processes. We finally discuss the results in relation to available knowledge on the reproductive strategies of two pelagic clupeoid species abundant in the southern Benguela, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardinops sagax). Our approach is intended to be sufficiently generic so as to allow its application to other upwelling systems.  相似文献   

19.
This study evaluated the effects of three levels of loading density (200, 300 and 400 g L−1) and four levels of duration (1, 3, 6 and 9 h) on the mortality, plasma cortisol and chloride levels and growth of rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings in a transport simulation. While total immediate mortality was low (4–12%), delayed mortality was high (27–49%). Initial capture and handling were found to constitute the most stressful phase as indicated by elevated plasma cortisol. The levels of cortisol continued to rise at 6 and 9 h after transport, with the highest level observed at 9 h after transport. The level of plasma chloride fell after transport across all density levels and treatment durations. Specific growth rate (SGR, %/day) and total bacterial density (cfu/g) were not different between and within treatments, and between treatments and the controls. This study demonstrates that transport has a profound effect on the stress responses of rohu fingerlings. Although the level of immediate mortality was low, the higher level of delayed mortality has serious implications in terms of production inefficiency for grow-out farmers.  相似文献   

20.
  • 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly.
  • 2. Tilapias are well‐suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high‐yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments — from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries. In some countries, particularly in Asia, nearly all of the introduced tilapias produced are consumed domestically; tilapias have contributed to basic food security for such societies.
  • 3. This review indicates that tilapia species are highly invasive and exist under feral conditions in every nation in which they have been cultured or introduced. Thus, the authors have concluded that, despite potential or observed benefits to human society, tilapia aquaculture and open‐water introductions cannot continue unchecked without further exacerbating damage to native fish species and biodiversity. Recommendations include restricting tilapia culture to carefully managed, contained ponds, although exclusion is preferred when it is feasible. Research into culture of indigenous species is also recommended.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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