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1.
本文介绍了虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环式养殖系统中的养殖试验。该养殖系统主要包括射流暴气增氧、沉淀分离和双层浮球生物过滤器过滤,过滤悬浮物能力达到90％,氨氮处理能力达到149~(gm-3.d-1)(在养殖水体15度条件下),利用臭氧催化氧化法完成杀菌、消毒及二次去除氨氮作用。在8个养殖水体为1m~3的养殖池,放养1015尾平均体重240g虹鳟鱼的循环水养殖系统中,应用动力为0．75kW、处理能力为20 T/h的BAF—20型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行循环养殖水体的处理。在养殖试验过程中,对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测,并对虹鳟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明,在水体循环周期为2次/h,换水周期为一次/每两周的条件下COD≤15mg/l、氨氮≤1mg/l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg/l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l,经对比养殖试验表明,没有循环鱼池的水体和经过浮球式生物滤器封闭循环系统的循环水体的各项指标具有明显的差别。试验表明浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统完全满足虹鳟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求,确保虹鳟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境,达到良好养殖效果。 相似文献
2.
跑道式对虾养殖生态系主要生态因子研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对广西海洋研究所古城海水增养殖试验基地的跑道式养殖池进行了一茬南美白对虾养殖主要生态因子的跟踪监测。结果表明,养殖水体中的异养菌、弧菌具有明显不同的变化趋势,异养菌在养殖前、后期稍低,中期高;弧菌为前期低,后期高且变化幅度大。异养菌为8.02×103~6.15×104cfu/m l,弧菌为1.50×10~1.42×104cfu/m l,对照的蓄水池异养菌、弧菌为1.0×103cfu/m l;养殖池的pH值为7.1~8.8,溶解氧为1.48~3.75 mg/L,皆为前期高,后期低。盐度前期约为33.8,其后则在18.1~24.6变化,氨氮为0.2~1.5 mg/L,亚硝酸盐在养殖前期<0.01 mg/L,后期>0.3 mg/L;异养菌、弧菌与各理化因子之间不具明显的线性相关;在养殖过程中,养殖对虾没有检测到白斑综合征病毒。 相似文献
3.
在封闭循环水养殖条件下,半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)的平均养殖密度(15.07±0.22)kg/m3,观测半滑舌鳎的呼吸频率,检测养殖水体中溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸氮等24 h内摄食和代谢的变化规律。结果表明:(1)半滑舌鳎摄食前、后的呼吸频率平均值分别为27.3次/min和34.7次/min,摄食后的呼吸频率显著高于摄食前;(2)投喂前、后2.5 h内,水中溶氧一直处于下降趋势,在摄食2.5 h后,水中溶氧处于稳定的上升趋势;(3)投喂后,氨氮、亚硝酸氮浓度显著增高,2.5 h后达到峰值,随后缓慢降低,在下次投喂前0.5 h达到最低值。说明半滑舌鳎摄食活动对循环水养殖水质的影响呈现规律性,也说明循环水养殖模式可以满足半滑舌鳎对水质的基本要求。 相似文献
4.
建立了一种北方池塘循环水大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生态养殖模式。在跑道池内养殖大口黑鲈,跑道池与净水池塘连通,池塘净水区域养殖鲢、鳙,种植角果藻,实现养殖尾水零排放。根据大口黑鲈投放密度、规格、摄食、排便及水质理化指标等情况开启微滤机、增氧机、底排污等设施设备,进行水质调控,当氨氮≥1 mg/L,亚硝酸盐≥0.2 mg/L时,开启外循环。经过142 d养殖,1200 m2跑道池,2000 m3水体,共收获大口黑鲈45104 kg,养殖成活率94%,产值191.7万元,利润36.38万元。试验表明开展池塘工程化循环水养殖大口黑鲈是可行的。 相似文献
5.
研究了不同浓度头孢氨苄(Cefalexin)对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon幼体发育以及对斑节对虾育苗水体中异养菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。在试验初期,无论是对照组还是施用头孢氨苄的各试验组,育苗水体中的总异养菌数量和弧菌数量都呈现出较为明显的上升趋势;在第二次施用头孢氨苄后,各试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量的增幅明显低于对照组(或出现异养菌总数和弧菌数量缓慢下降),而对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量则呈现显著的上升。施用0.5～1.0μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌有显著的杀灭及抑制作用,但对弧菌数量杀灭及抑制作用并不显著;施用1.5μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌和弧菌数量的杀灭及抑制作用显著。当幼体变态发育至仔虾第8天(P8)时,对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量分别达6.33×105和3.55×104CFU·mL-1,均远远高于试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量增长的幅度。试验组的幼体变态到P1期的时间,比对照组缩短了10h以上;试验组的成苗率也比对照组提高了3.2%～13.1%。 相似文献
6.
不同水循环率对大菱鲆生长和水质的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
研究了封闭循环水养殖系统中不同水循环率对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)生长和水质变化的影响。试验设置4个水循环率梯度12,24,36,48次/d,大菱鲆初始平均体重为200.36 g。经43 d养殖,12次/d组大菱鲆最终平均体重为277.98 g/尾,而48次/d组达到了296.24 g/尾;12次/d组水体氨氮(TAN)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO2--N)浓度分别为0.41~1.50 mg/L和0.12~0.38 mg/L,而48次/d组分别为0.33~0.56 mg/L和0.05~0.09 mg/L。试验结果显示,提高水循环率可降低系统中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的积累速度,优化养殖水质,减小水中有害物质对大菱鲆的胁迫作用,从而加快大菱鲆的生长速度,但对化学需氧量(COD)的去除没有显著影响。 相似文献
7.
设计制作了养殖槽底部流水并带有净化装置的循环水海参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖系统,饲养规格为(0.39±0.03)g的幼参,通过测定氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、COD等指标,以及海参的生长情况,研究该系统水质变化规律及养殖效果。结果表明,水质稳定后开启循环水养殖幼参,密度为0.47 kg/m3,干净化槽中加入硝化细菌后,7~12 d换水时,氨氮和亚硝酸盐的最大值分别为0.190 mg/L和0.077 mg/L。试验期间没有使用任何药物,海参的成活率为95%。 相似文献
8.
循环水养殖系统启动运行前往往需要经过一段时间的生物膜预培养,使生物膜达到成熟稳定,从而保证系统的水质净化功能。本研究通过养殖试验,研究了生物滤器负荷挂膜的技术方法,以期实现生物膜的快速成熟和系统的快速启动。为此,构建了6组循环水系统组成的养殖车间,建成后立即投入试验生产。试验为期120 d,养殖种类为红鳍东方鲀,初始放养平均体重(632.5±2.26)g。期间,红鳍东方鲀平均增重29.91%,养殖成活率98.7%,养殖密度由(19.34±1.89)kg/m3增加到(32.17±3.40)kg/m3,投饵率由0.2%增加到0.5%–0.7%,每日换水量由50%逐渐减至10%。结果表明,在生物膜的生长期,通过对投饵量及新水补充量的有效调节,可以把养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝氮浓度控制在安全范围以内,以保证养殖鱼类的生长。生物膜在50天左右达到完全成熟,此后便可依靠生物膜的净化作用将氨氮浓度控制在0.5?1.2 mg/L、亚硝氮浓度控制在0.2?0.5 mg/L、pH值控制在6.5–7.5、COD值低于4 mg/L、细菌总数控制在800–2100 cell/ml的安全范围内。利用生物滤器负荷挂膜技术,在合理调控水质指标的条件下,循环水养殖系统建成后可以立即投入生产,实现生物滤器挂膜与养殖生产的同步进行。 相似文献
9.
本研究构建了一种简单的七彩神仙鱼循环水养殖系统,记录并分析了养殖60 d内水质的变化情况。统计数据表明,氨氮刚入新池时呈现先升后降的趋势,最高数值可达0.92 mg/L,随后慢慢降低至零,因倒池出现波动,随后趋于稳定,保持在0.1 mg/L以下;亚硝酸盐的开始数值为0,随着氨氮指标降低而逐渐升高至1.132 mg/L,而后开始缓慢下降,数值同样会因倒池出现波动,但最终趋于零值;总体pH值变化范围是7.8～8.3,为适用于鱼体生长的的弱碱性水质;同时,日摄食量的变化趋势也反应出七彩神仙鱼在此循环养殖系统中生长较好。 相似文献
10.
产乳酸芽孢杆菌对对虾养殖水体水质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在温度(28±1)℃、盐度28下,将产乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂添加到养殖10尾凡纳滨对虾、容水200L的0.3m~3室内玻璃钢桶中,使芽孢杆菌终密度为10~4、10~5、10~6 cfu/mL,以无益生菌添加组为对照组。定期测定养殖水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的含量,以及总异养菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌的数量。试验结果显示,试验结束时,添加芽孢杆菌各试验组养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和弧菌的含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);添加高密度芽孢杆菌试验组(10~6 cfu/mL)养殖水体中总异养菌的数量显著高于对照组(P0.05);添加芽孢杆菌对养殖水体中的硝酸盐氮含量未产生显著的影响(P0.05);添加芽孢杆菌后养殖水体中的芽孢杆菌数量在第4d后会出现下降趋势。试验还发现,在养殖后期初次投入芽孢杆菌时会引起养殖水体中氨氮含量的短期升高。试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌能改善对虾养殖水体水质,可作为益生菌用于对虾养殖中。 相似文献
11.
Mariel Gullian Francisco J Espinosa‐Faller Alicia Núñez Norberto López‐Barahona 《Aquaculture Research》2012,43(4):595-606
This research was carried out to study the effect of turbidity on the effectiveness of ultraviolet light (UVC) for removing heterotrophic bacteria (HB) from two commercial recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). We developed a simple and straightforward UV disinfection model based on water turbidity to predict the cost‐effectiveness of disinfection. The UVC from RAS1 (12.8 m3, 80 L min?1, indoor system) was tested at 9.2, 9.9, 16.3, 17.2, 23.1 and 28.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) after 24 h of exposure. The RAS2 (140 m3, 1140 L min?1, outdoor system) was tested at 8.0, 9.2, 11.0, 12.1, 16.0, 24.2, 27.0, 31.3 and 31.7 NTU after 72 h. An increase in turbidity in the water was achieved by rearing Oreochromis niloticus fish. The RAS1 achieved a maximum UV efficiency (89.8%≈1 Log) at 9.2 NTU after 24 h and RAS2 at 8.0 NTU (86.4%≈0.9 Log) after 72 h of exposure. For RAS1, the UVC removed 90% of HB in 24 h when the turbidity was <9.9 NTU. For RAS2, without restrictions on particle size and relatively high phytoplankton abundance, the UV was unlikely to be a cost‐effective way of removing HB at turbidity above 11.0 NTU. 相似文献
12.
利用自制的硝化细菌菌剂促进移动床生物膜反应器(Moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)的挂膜启动,分析不同载体氨氮负荷、碳氮比条件下反应器运行状况,并进一步进行了实验室模拟循环水养殖草金鱼实验。结果显示,利用自制硝化菌剂能够完成整个移动床反应器的启动过程,在接种15 d后使循环出水氨氮稳定在1 mg/L以下。单位体积载体氨氮负荷实验表明,MBBR能够在100 mg TAN/(L填料·d)条件下,使出水满足一般水产养殖水质要求(氨氮0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮0.1 mg/L)。进水碳氮比在1以内时MBBR能够稳定高效运行。在实验室模拟循环水养殖过程中,经菌剂强化的MBBR能维持循环出水氨氮低于0.5 mg/L,亚硝氮低于0.05 mg/L。 相似文献
13.
水温14~16℃下,将初始体质量为(5.0±1.0)g的大菱鲆养殖在40L水体的水族箱中,研究在不同Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度(0.04、0.08、0.16、0.32、0.64、1.28、2.56、5.12、10.24mg/L)下大菱鲆的生长及碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性。结果表明,当水体中Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度低于2.56mg/L时,鱼的生长较快,其中Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度为0.64mg/L时生长最快;当Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度低于0.64mg/L时,大菱鲆肝脏的碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性随着Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度的提高而增加,当Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度超过0.64mg/L时,碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活性急剧下降;0.64mg/L组的碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力均较高,随着Mn(Ⅱ)质量浓度增加,碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力先增后减;据剂量效应推测,0.64mg/L为Mn(Ⅱ)表现出毒性作用的临界质量浓度。 相似文献
14.
汞暴露对草鱼器官组织中碱性磷酸酶活性的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
测定暴露于不同汞离子质量浓度(0 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.10 mg/L、0.15 mg/L、0.20 mg/L、0.25 mg/L)下草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)血清、鳃、肝胰脏、脾、肾脏和肌肉等组织器官中碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性。研究目的在于评价汞离子对草鱼生理代谢的影响。暴露周期为21 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,血清AKP活性在0.05mg/L、0.10 mg/L和0.15 mg/L汞暴露组无显著性变化(P>0.05),而在0.20 mg/L、0.25 mg/L组显著下降(P<0.01);鳃AKP活性在0.10 mg/L和0.15 mg/L汞暴露组显著上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),而0.05 mg/L、0.20 mg/L和0.25mg/L组无显著变化(P>0.05);肝胰脏和脾脏AKP活性在所有实验组均显著下降(P<0.01);肾脏AKP活性在0.05mg/L组无显著变化,其他实验组均显著升高(P<0.01);肌肉AKP活性在所有实验组均无显著性变化(P>0.05)。本研究说明草鱼暴露于不同汞离子浓度下,具有不同生理功能的器官组织的AKP活性变化存在较大差异 相似文献
15.
Effects of formaldehyde on nitrification in biofilters of small‐scale recirculating systems 
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下载免费PDF全文 Kim T. Fredricks Aaron R. Cupp Susan M. Schleis Richard A. Erickson Mark P. Gaikowski 《Aquaculture Research》2018,49(9):3207-3217
Florfenicol (Aquaflor®) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating diseased fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Treating diseased fish in RAS is challenging because of the potential to damage nitrifying bacteria in the biofilters. Impaired nitrification can lead to concentrations of ammonia and nitrite that compromise fish welfare. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a FDA‐approved parasiticide and fungicide, Parasite‐S® (formalin), on biofilter nitrification. Stable biofilters were exposed once to 0, 9.25, 18.5, 37, or 55.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen were monitored daily before and throughout the study to quantify biofilter function. Formaldehyde concentrations ≥37 mg/L increased TAN and nitrite nitrogen concentrations, and nitrification did not recover to pre‐exposure concentrations up to 8 day postexposure. On the basis of those results, a second trial was conducted. Stable biofilters were exposed once or on four consecutive days to 9.25 or 18.5 mg/L formaldehyde. Biofilters repeatedly exposed to formaldehyde showed signs of impairment and had variable recovery relative to single exposures. Results of this study may help identify formaldehyde concentrations that can be safely applied to RAS when treating diseased fish. 相似文献
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Stringent environmental legislation in Europe, especially in the Baltic Sea area, limits the discharge of nutrients to natural water bodies, limiting the aquaculture production in the region. Therefore, cost-efficient end-of-pipe treatment technologies to reduce nitrogen (N) discharge are required for the sustainable growth of marine land-based RAS. The following study examined the potential of fed batch reactors (FBR) in treating saline RAS effluents, aiming to define optimal operational conditions and evaluate the activated sludge denitrification capacity using external (acetate, propionate and ethanol) and internal carbon sources (RAS fish organic waste (FOW) and RAS fermented fish organic waste (FFOW)). The results show that between the evaluated operation cycle times (2, 4, and 6 h), the highest nitrate/nitrite removal rate was achieved at an operation cycle time of 2 h (corresponding to a hydraulic retention time of 2.5 h) when acetate was used as a carbon source. The specific denitrification rates were 98.7 ± 3.4 mg NO3−-N/(h g biomass) and 93.2 ± 13.6 mg NOx−-N/(h g biomass), with a resulting volumetric denitrification capacity of 1.20 kg NO3−-N/(m3 reactor d). The usage of external and internal carbon sources at an operation cycle time of 4 h demonstrated that acetate had the highest nitrate removal rate (57.6 ± 6.6 mg N/(h g biomass)), followed by propionate (37.5 ± 6.3 mg NO3−-N/(h g biomass)), ethanol (25.5 ± 6.0 mg NO3−-N/(h g biomass)) and internal carbon sources (7.7 ± 1.6–14.1 ± 2.2 mg NO3−-N/(h g biomass)). No TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) or PO43- accumulation was observed in the effluent when using the external carbon sources, while 0.9 ± 0.5 mg TAN/L and 3.9 ± 1.5 mg PO43--P/L was found in the effluent when using the FOW, and 8.1±0.7 mg TAN/L and 7.3 ± 0.9 mg PO43--P/L when using FFOW. Average sulfide concentrations varied between 0.002 and 0.008 mg S2-/L when using the acetate, propionate and FOW, while using ethanol resulted in the accumulation of sulfide (0.26 ± 0.17 mg S2-/L). Altogether, it was demonstrated that FBR has a great potential for end-of-pipe denitrification in marine land-based RAS, with a reliable operation and a reduced reactor volume as compared to the other available technologies. Using acetate, the required reactor volume is less than half of what is needed for other evaluated carbon sources, due to the higher denitrification rate achieved. Additionally, combined use of both internal and external carbon sources would further reduce the operational carbon cost. 相似文献
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以半滑舌鳎皮肤溃疡病的致病菌灿烂弧菌Vibrio splendidus和哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi为指示菌,研究了循环水养殖系统各环节中细菌分布和消除工艺。结果表明,不健康的苗种携带病原菌进入养殖系统后,可分布在残饵、池壁污物、养殖工具及循环水各处理环节。而弧形筛过滤、曝气池气升、紫外线消毒是循环水养殖系统消除细菌的三大环节。用5×10-6 mol/L的KMnO4溶液浸泡工具2h,对细菌的杀灭率达到100%;用25×10-6 mol/L的KMnO4溶液擦拭养殖池壁污物1.5min后,细菌杀灭率高于90%;用100×10-6 mol/L浓度的H2O2溶液对养殖舌鳎病鱼进行药浴消毒处理10min,对体表细菌的杀灭率达到了94.49%。对鲆鲽鱼类循环水养殖系统中细菌的分布和消除效果进行了系统研究,研究结果可为建立循环水健康养殖工艺提供理论数据和参考。 相似文献
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Liliam A. Hayd Daniel Lemos Wagner C. Valenti 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2014,45(1):55-64
The effects of nitrite concentration on larval development of Amazon river prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum, were studied in laboratory. In Experiment 1, larvae were reared in 600‐mL glass beakers filled with 300‐mL water with nitrite concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. In Experiment 2, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN, NH3‐N + NH4‐N) excretion were analyzed in zoea (Z) I, III, VII and IX exposed to 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. In both experiments each treatment was conducted in five replicates. The experiments were carried out in test solutions at 10 salinity, constant temperature 30 C and 12:12 h daylight : darkness regime. Survival, productivity, weight gain and larval stage index decreased linearly with increasing ambient nitrite concentration. However, there was no significant difference among larvae reared at concentration ranging from 0 to 0.8 mg/L NO2‐N by ANOVA in all variables. Individual ammonia‐N and mass‐specific ammonia‐N excretion increased in ZI and ZIX, was almost constant in ZIII and decreased in ZVII from 0 to 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N. The relationship between individual TAN and body mass suggested that 1.6 mg/L NO2‐N stress the larvae. Despite of the effects of nitrite on larvae follow a dose‐dependent response and shows large variability among individuals, levels below 0.8 mg/L may be used as a general reference in commercial hatcheries, which should be applied carefully. 相似文献
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When operating water recirculating systems (RAS) with high make-up water flushing rates in locations that have low alkalinity in the raw water, such as Norway, knowledge about the required RAS alkalinity concentration is important. Flushing RAS with make-up water containing low alkalinity washes out valuable base added to the RAS (as bicarbonate, hydroxide, or carbonate), which increases farm operating costs when high alkalinity concentrations are maintained; however, alkalinity must not be so low that it interferes with nitrification or pH stability. For these reasons, a study was designed to evaluate the effects of alkalinity on biofilter performance, and CO2 stripping during cascade aeration, within two replicate semi-commercial scale Atlantic salmon smolt RAS operated with moving bed biological filters. Alkalinity treatments of nominal 10, 70, and 200 mg/L as CaCO3 were maintained using a pH controller and chemical dosing pumps supplying sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Each of the three treatments was replicated three times in each RAS. Both RAS were operated at each treatment level for 2 weeks; water quality sampling was conducted at the end of the second week. A constant feeding of 23 kg/day/RAS was provided every 1–2 h, and continuous lighting, which minimized diurnal fluctuations in water quality. RAS hydraulic retention time and water temperature were 4.3 days and 12.5 ± 0.5 °C, respectively, typical of smolt production RAS in Norway.It was found that a low nominal alkalinity (10 mg/L as CaCO3) led to a significantly higher steady-state TAN concentration, compared to when 70 or 200 mg/L alkalinity was used. The mean areal nitrification rate was higher at the lowest alkalinity; however, the mean TAN removal efficiency across the MBBR was not significantly affected by alkalinity treatment. The CO2 stripping efficiency showed only a tendency towards higher efficiency at the lowest alkalinity. In contrast, the relative fraction of total inorganic carbon that was removed from the RAS during CO2 stripping was much higher at a low alkalinity (10 mg/L) compared to the higher alkalinities (70 and 200 mg/L as CaCO3). Despite this, when calculating the total loss of inorganic carbon from RAS, it was found that the daily loss was about equal at 10, and 70 mg/L, whereas it was highest at 200 mg/L alkalinity. pH recordings demonstrated that the 10 mg/L alkalinity treatment resulted in the lowest system pH, the largest increase in [H+] across the fish culture tanks, as well as giving little response time in case of alkalinity dosing malfunction. Rapid pH changes under the relatively acidic conditions at 10 mg/L alkalinity may ultimately create fish health issues due to e.g. CO2 or if aluminium or other metals are present. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon smolt producers using soft water make-up sources should aim for 70 mg/L alkalinity considering the relatively low loss of inorganic carbon compared to 200 mg/L alkalinity, and the increased pH stability as well as reduced TAN concentration, compared to lower alkalinity concentrations. 相似文献