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1.
为探讨不同放牧梯度对高寒草甸水源涵养能力的影响,以青海海北高寒草甸为研究对象,采用实地采样与室内测试分析相结合的方法,进行了对照(CK)、轻牧(LG)、中牧(MG)、重牧(HG)的土壤持水能力的研究。结果表明:适度放牧会使土壤容重减小,而放牧强度超过一定强度后会使土壤容重增加,并且土壤容重随着土层深度的加深逐渐增大,短期放牧对土壤容重的影响主要体现在表层。牧压梯度下高寒草甸在不同土层的饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量整体上表现为LG,MG相对较大,而CK,HG相对较小,所以适度放牧有利于提高土壤的持水能力,而完全禁牧和重度放牧都不利于土壤持水能力的提高。另外,也可看出土壤的持水能力随着深度的增加逐渐下降,短期放牧对土壤持水能力的影响主要体现在表层。饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量三者之间表现出极显著正相关关系(p0.01),三者对于不同牧压梯度表现出一致的响应;土壤容重与持水能力表现出极显著负相关关系(p0.01);地下生物量、有机质和土壤持水能力的相关性虽然不显著,但仍能说明地下生物量、土壤有机质同土壤持水能力呈弱的正相关关系。研究表明,适度放牧在一定程度上有利于提高土壤的水源涵养能力,对草场恢复有利。 相似文献
2.
不同放牧对滇西北高原典型湿地土壤碳、氮空间分布的差异影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
《土壤通报》2014,(5):1151-1156
土壤中的碳、氮含量是湿地"汇"功能的基础。滇西北高原湿地具有重要的"汇"功能,但不同放牧对其"汇"功能的影响是否存在差异尚缺乏研究。以滇西北高原典型湿地纳帕海为研究对象,对践踏型(牛羊践踏STD)、扰动型(藏香猪翻拱扰动PDD)放牧影响下,以及长期禁牧(NG)草甸土壤容重、表面紧实度及其碳、氮空间分布进行研究。结果表明:(1)土壤容重随土层深度(0~40 cm)的增加均呈增加的趋势,但不同放牧对表层(0~20 cm)土壤容重的影响存在显著差异,其中,STDNGPDD。随着土层深度(20~40 cm)的增加,这种影响差异不断减小至无差异。不同放牧干扰对草甸土壤表面紧实度的影响存在显著差异,其中,STDNGPDD。(2)不同放牧干扰下,土壤总有机碳(SOC)含量随土层深度的增加均呈现逐渐减少的趋势。但不同放牧干扰下,表层(0~20 cm)土壤SOC含量存在显著差异,其中,NGSTDPDD。随着土层深度(20~40 cm)的增加,不同放牧干扰对土壤SOC含量的影响不存在显著差异。(3)不同放牧干扰下,土壤全氮(TN)含量均随土层深度(0~40 cm)的增加呈现逐渐减少的趋势。但不同放牧干扰对表层(0~20 cm)土壤TN含量的影响存在显著差异,其中,NGSTDPDD。到20~30 cm,PDD放牧下的土壤TN含量显著高于NG和STD放牧的。随着土层深度的增加,不同放牧干扰对土壤TN含量的影响不存在显著差异。本研究表明了放牧对湿地表层土壤(0~20 cm)物理性状及其碳、氮营养物质积累存在显著影响,不同放牧对其影响存在差异,进而对湿地生态系统"汇"功能产生影响。研究为加强滇西北高原湿地放牧的分类管理、维护湿地生态系统"汇"的生态服务功能提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
3.
【目的】探明高原湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤理化性质的改变对微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,为纳帕海高原湿地土地利用管理提供理论依据。【方法】以人类活动干扰下形成的放牧草地和耕地为研究对象,以自然沼泽湿地为对照,运用Illumina高通量测序技术比较不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构和多样性特征,并采用Mantel test分析土壤理化环境改变对土壤微生物群落的影响。【结果】(1)相较于自然沼泽湿地,耕作与放牧显著降低了土壤含水量、有机质、全氮和速效氮,却提高了全磷、碳氮比和容重（P <0.05）。(2)耕作和放牧显著增加土壤细菌与真菌α多样性（P <0.05）,三种利用方式间β多样性差异显著（P <0.01）。(3)耕作和放牧显著改变细菌和真菌群落结构,其中耕作使变形菌门、厚壁菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度显著增加21.07%～123.61%,酸杆菌门、放线菌门和芽单胞菌门显著减小62.7%～75.29%;耕作使子囊菌门、担子菌门、接合菌门相对丰度显著减小71.33%～96.47%,未分类真菌门相对丰度显著增加722.97%;放牧使细菌浮霉菌门和疣微菌门增加57.46%、17... 相似文献
4.
不同放牧方式下高寒草甸土壤碳组分的对比研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
高寒草甸具有重要的碳汇功能。在冷湿环境下,土壤有机质分解缓慢,碳库积累对区域碳平衡发挥着重要的作用。然而,高寒草甸土壤退化对人类活动异常敏感,研究土壤碳库变化对放牧干扰的响应,可以为深入揭示高寒草甸的退化机理提供科学依据。藏猪放牧是目前存在于我国海拔3 000~4 000 m地区的主要放牧形式之一,本文以滇西北高原湿地——纳帕海作为研究对象,对比分析了纳帕海高寒草甸上的牛羊与猪拱放牧对土壤碳库特征的差异化影响。研究表明,猪拱放牧较牛羊放牧降低了土壤总有机碳以及活性有机碳(高活性碳、中活性碳以及低活性碳)的含量。与其他碳库相比,中活性碳库对猪拱放牧的响应最为敏感,可以作为重要的干扰指示因子。猪拱放牧影响下,土壤微生物生物量碳含量小于牛羊践踏下的土壤微生物生物量碳含量。随着土层深度的增加,土壤碳存储量呈下降趋势,对放牧干扰的响应也逐渐减弱,表层土壤(0~10 cm)受放牧干扰的影响最大。在不同研究区域上,由于土壤理化性质的差异,与沼泽化草甸相比,陆生草甸对猪拱放牧的响应较大。冗余分析(RDA)进一步表明,土壤碳库与土壤含水率、容重与孔隙度等理化因子的变化密切相关。综上,土壤碳库改变与放牧方式、放牧区域以及土壤剖面深度有关,猪拱放牧导致土壤表层裸露并引起土壤结构发生变化,进而导致土壤有机碳含量显著下降。其生态破坏程度较牛羊放牧更为严重。 相似文献
5.
祁连山放牧草原土壤呼吸及影响因子分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
在海拔2 500,2 700,2 850,3 000 m的草原上利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸叶室测定仪测定一个生长季节祁连山排露沟流域放牧草原土壤呼吸速率,分析不同环境条件下土壤CO2释放速率对气候和土地利用的反馈作用。辅助测定地面温度(0 cm、最低温度和最高温度)、地下温度(5,10,15,20 cm)、空气温度、土壤含水量。通过2003-2006年的观测结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸速率有明显日变化规律,7:00-14:00逐渐升高,14:00达到最大值,其值为8.92μmol/(m2.s);之后开始逐渐下降,5:00-6:00达最小值,其值为0.37μmol/(m2.s);(2)土壤呼吸速率有显著的季节变化趋势,呈单峰曲线,与温度的季节动态相吻合,出现"低-高-低"变化趋势。(3)放牧直接影响土壤含水量,放牧程度与土壤含水量呈负相关,土壤含水量与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关。重度放牧区土壤含水量>过度放牧区土壤含水量>极度放牧区土壤含水量,且重度放牧区土壤呼吸速率>过度放牧区土壤呼吸速率>极度放牧区土壤呼吸速率。(4)温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,温度与土壤呼吸速率呈正相关,呼吸速率最大值出现在一年温度最高月6-7月,值为8.92μmol/(m2.s);最小值出现在5月,值为0.37μmol/(m2.s),继续降温呼吸速率基本停止。 相似文献
6.
为查明故道湿地大型土壤动物类群对不同湿地类型的响应,于2014年对豫东黄河故道的盐碱滩地、湿草地、芦苇湿地和林地4种类型湿地的大型土壤动物群落进行了调查。结果表明:豫东黄河故道不同湿地类型大型土壤动物群落的类群数和优势类群均存在显著差异,优势类群和主要类群的差异也反映出不同湿地类型环境的异质性。季节变化对大型土壤动物群落类群数、密度和多样性指数均有显著影响(P0.05或P0.01),且不同湿地类型大型土壤动物对季节变化的响应存在差异。湿地不同的土壤环境因子,尤其是土壤有机质、氮磷和土壤微生物生物量碳氮的含量与大型土壤动物类群数、密度和多样性间存在显著相关关系(P0.05或P0.01)。 相似文献
7.
为研究残塬沟壑区苹果园不同果农复合模式下土壤理化性质和水源涵养功能并筛选出水源涵养功能主导因素。以陕西省马坊塬果-荒(M0)、果-草(M1)、果-蔬(M2)、果-粮(M3)4种果农复合经营模式苹果园为研究对象,对比4种果农复合模式土壤理化特征差异性,并评估果农复合模式对土壤水源涵养功能指数的影响。使用逐步回归分析和通径分析探讨影响土壤水源涵养功能的主导因素。结果表明:生草处理、果蔬间作、果农间作下果园土壤容重、孔隙度、持水能力、养分含量等理化性质优于人工除草样地。其中生草处理、果蔬间作、果农间作土壤容重分比人工除草别降低了15.13%,11.84%,11.18%;有机质含量增加了143.76%,7.14%,120.46%。各果农复合模式下土壤水源涵养功能指数大小依次为M1(0.64)M3(0.59)M2(0.51)M0(0.38)。逐步回归分析表明,总孔隙度、容重和有机质含量是影响土壤水源涵养功能的主要因子,3个土壤因子可解释土壤水源涵养功能指数变异量的95%。通径分析表明,总孔隙度是影响土壤水源涵养功能的主要决策因素,容重是影响土壤水源涵养功能的主要限制因子。研究结果可为残塬沟壑区苹果园可持续土壤管理的选择提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
不同植被恢复类型对土壤性质和水源涵养功能的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
对相同立地条件下3种不同植被恢复类型(厚荚相思林、尾巨桉林和灌草丛)的土壤性质和水源涵养功能进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被恢复类型的土壤理化性质和水源涵养功能存在较明显差异,厚荚相思林、尾巨桉林和灌草丛在0-20 cm土层,土壤容重分别为1.126,1.205,1.247 g/cm3,非毛管孔隙度分别为9.27%,9.04%,8.581%,毛管孔隙度分别为41.57%,39.82%,40.81%;土壤有机质、全N、全P、水解N和速效P含量均为厚荚相思林灌草丛尾巨桉林;3种植被恢复类型凋落物最大持水量分别为20.14,13.07,4.02 t/hm2,土壤蓄水能力大小依次为1 946.2,1 920.0,1 911.8 t/hm2,各植被恢复类型最大蓄水量为厚荚相思林(1 966.3t/hm2)尾巨桉林(1 933.1 t/hm2)灌草丛(1 915.8 t/hm2),因此,厚荚相思林具有比尾巨桉林和灌草丛更好的维持地力作用和更高的水源涵养功能. 相似文献
9.
青藏高原被誉为“中华水塔”,高寒草甸是主要植被类型但其水源涵养功能有待准确量化。以祁连山南麓高寒禾草-矮嵩草草甸为研究对象,通过分析2014—2018年的植被生长季(6—9月)土壤体积含水量的长期观测数据,探讨了土壤有效水源涵养量(土壤现实持水量与最小持水量之差)和水文调节功能(有效水源涵养量的时间变化速率)的变化特征及其环境调控机制。结果表明:高寒草甸0—100 cm年均土壤有效水源涵养量为(44.3±8.7)mm(平均值±标准差,下同),呈现出双峰型的季节趋势,最高峰和次高峰分别为6月下旬的(57.8±14.4)mm和9月中旬的(59.2±15.7)mm。浅层(0—20 cm)、中层(20—60 cm)和深层(60—100 cm)土壤有效水源涵养量占比分别为53.1%,34.9%和12.0%,土壤有效含水源涵养量随土层深度增加表现为对数衰减(R2=0.82,p<0.001)。增强回归树的结果表明土壤有效水源涵养量的季节变化主要受控于土壤温度,尤其是5 cm土壤温度,二者呈现出显著负相关。不同深度的年均土壤有效水源涵养量和土壤黏粒比例显著负相关(R2=0.99,p=0.004)。根系区(0—40 cm)年均土壤吸湿速率和脱湿速率分别为(0.21±0.02)mm/h和(0.22±0.02)mm/h,t检验的结果表明除了0—5 cm之外,根系区土壤脱湿速率显著大于吸湿速率。分析表明土壤温度是土壤吸湿和脱湿速率的显著环境驱动因子。因此,土壤温度是高寒禾草-矮嵩草草甸土壤有效水源涵养量和水文调节功能的主要影响因素,维持土壤的低温是高寒草甸水源涵养功能保育和提升的重要基础。 相似文献
10.
桂西北不同年龄阶段秃杉人工林的水源涵养功能 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究秃杉人工林水源涵养功能及其变化趋势,以广西南丹县不同年龄阶段(9,17,25,37年生)秃杉人工林为研究对象,采用室内浸泡法和环刀法分别研究4种林分的林冠层、林下植被层、凋落物层和土壤层持水特性。结果表明:(1)秃杉人工林林冠层和林下植物层持水量分别为18.79～28.37,1.27～4.72 t/hm~2,其中林下植物层持水量随林龄增加而显著增大(P0.05);凋落物现存量为2.23～10.67 t/hm~2,最大持水量为5.95～34.15 t/hm~2,随林龄增加而显著增大(P0.05)。(2)不同林龄秃杉林土壤非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度分别为5.60%～15.68%和48.27%～66.85%,其中0—20,20—40 cm土层非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度均显著大于40—80 cm土层(P0.05),同时随林龄增加而增大;土壤层(0—80 cm)最大持水量和有效持水量分别为4 196.74～4 416.47,540.13～648.07 t/hm~2,其中0—20,20—40 cm土层最大持水量和有效持水量随林龄增加而增大。(3)9,17,25,37年生秃杉人工林林分的总持水量依次为4 222.43,4 272.55,4 355.29,4 484.32 t/hm~2,随林龄增加而增大。综上,秃杉人工林能够改善土壤结构和水分状况,增强林分水源涵养功能。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
18.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
19.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献