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1.
[目的]分析蒙古黄芪种子在不同浓度NaCl,Na_2SO_4和NaHCO_3处理下的种子萌发和幼苗生长情况,为蒙古黄芪在盐碱地的引种、驯化和种植提供理论依据。[方法]通过发芽盒进行种子萌发出苗试验,测定分析蒙古黄芪种子在不同浓度NaCl,Na_2SO_4和NaHCO_3处理下的萌发率、发芽势、相对盐害率及其苗根长、苗高及根茎比。[结果](1)蒙古黄芪种子在NaCl0.2%,Na_2SO_40.6%和NaHCO_30.3%的盐胁迫下能够正常发芽,萌发率和发芽势均高于对照,在大于此浓度的盐胁迫下萌发率和发芽势均开始下降。(2)蒙古黄芪种子在NaCl0.6%,Na_2SO_40.8%和NaHCO_30.3%时的相对盐害率为负值,促进种子萌发,大于此浓度时,相对盐害率为正值,抑制种子萌发。(3)蒙古黄芪幼苗的茎长、根长及根茎比随着盐浓度的增大而增大,当NaCl和Na_2SO_4浓度分别在0.4%和0.6%时,黄芪幼苗的茎长和根长达最大,NaHCO_3浓度分别在0.6%和0.3%时,黄芪幼苗的茎长和根长达最大,超过此浓度黄芪幼苗的茎长和根长开始减小;当NaCl,Na_2SO_4和NaHCO_3浓度分别为0.6%,0.8%和0.3%时根茎比达最大,分别为1.658,1.709,1.291,超过此浓度,根茎比开始下降,但均大于1。[结论]蒙古黄芪在NaCl0.6%,Na_2SO_40.8%和NaHCO_30.3%的盐胁迫下种子和幼苗能够正常萌发和生长。 相似文献
2.
本文研究了NaCl、Na_2SO_4、Na_3PO_4 3种背景电解质对牛粪生物质炭中腐殖酸吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明:在这3种背景电解质作用下,牛粪生物质炭对腐殖酸的吸附量和吸附率随着加入液腐殖酸浓度的增加而增加,但是增加速度逐渐变缓。3种背景电解质相比,NaCl中牛粪生物质炭对腐殖酸的吸附量和吸附率均为最高,吸附量范围为0.13～6.10 mg/g,吸附率范围为25.40%～87.14%。随着加入液腐殖酸浓度的增加,吸附态腐殖酸的解吸量逐渐增加,解吸率逐渐减小。3种背景电解质相比,Na_2SO_4中牛粪生物质炭吸附的腐殖酸的解吸量最高,解吸量范围为0.15～0.78 mg/g。加入液腐殖酸浓度为140 mg/L,3种背景电解质中牛粪生物质炭吸附的腐殖酸的解吸量均达到最大值,解吸量的大小顺序为Na_2SO_4Na_3PO_4NaCl。Na_3PO_4对腐殖酸的解吸率影响最大,解吸率范围为17.24%～90.55%,NaCl对腐殖酸的解吸率影响最小,解吸率范围为8.22%～53.54%。用Langmuir拟合3种背景电解质中腐殖酸的等温吸附曲线和等温解吸曲线,其相关系数都达到显著水平。研究结果揭示了不同背景电解质对牛粪生物质炭吸附和解吸腐殖酸的影响,可为土壤保土保肥提供理论参考。 相似文献
3.
在固定床反应器中研究了(Na_2CO_3-NaOH)熔融盐和镍对生物质三组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素热解制氢的影响。结果表明,熔融盐中的氢氧化钠能吸收三组分热解产气中CO_2,从而有利于合成气中的CO转化成H2。熔融盐含有的碱金属Na~+和OH~-分别能促进半纤维素与纤维素、木质素的热解,木质素热解产氢量最高可达到1 148 m L/g,H2体积分数达到90.7%。熔融盐-镍协同作用时可以降低三组分产气中CH_4含量,与单独添加熔融盐相比,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的CH_4产量分别下降35.0%、24.5%和12.0%。在熔融盐-镍的存在下,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的最高产氢量分别达到910、714和1 106 m L/g,H2体积分数分别为77.6%,77.8%和91.6%。 相似文献
4.
模拟干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子萌发的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为研究干旱和盐碱胁迫对碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)种子萌发的影响,比较碱蓬和盐地碱蓬逆境生理特性的异同,本研究利用PEG6000、NaCl和Na_2CO_3分别模拟干旱、盐和碱胁迫,配制相同渗透势的PEG6000、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理液,以蒸馏水处理为对照,对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发与胚的生长进行比较研究。结果表明:1)低渗处理(-0.46 MPa)对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发无显著影响;高渗处理(-1.38MPa、-1.84 MPa)抑制碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的萌发。2)当溶液渗透势相等时,NaCl处理下碱蓬种子的萌发率显著大于PEG、Na_2CO_3处理;而等渗PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理对盐地碱蓬种子萌发率的影响无显著差异。3)PEG、NaCl、Na_2CO_3处理组碱蓬、盐地碱蓬种子的最终萌发率与对照无显著差异。4)在幼苗形成阶段,PEG、Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的抑制作用显著大于等渗NaCl处理。5)碱蓬、盐地碱蓬胚的生长对NaCl、Na_2CO_3胁迫的响应存在差异。-0.92 MPa NaCl处理抑制碱蓬胚的生长,却对盐地碱蓬产生促进作用;-0.46 MPa Na_2CO_3处理对碱蓬胚的抑制作用小于盐地碱蓬。综合分析表明:碱蓬、盐地碱蓬均具有很强的抗盐性。在种子萌发阶段,碱蓬种子的抗旱、抗碱能力低于盐地碱蓬;在幼苗形成阶段,碱蓬胚的抗盐性小于盐地碱蓬,但对轻度碱胁迫的抗性高于盐地碱蓬。 相似文献
5.
为了探究NaCl+Na_2SO_4胁迫下甜菜根际环境的变化,选用KWS0143和Beta464 2个品种为材料,在盆栽条件下,将Na Cl和Na_2SO_4以摩尔比2∶1混合,按Na占土壤质量百分比为0、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%(S0、S2、S3和S4)设置4个处理,研究不同程度盐胁迫对甜菜根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,胁迫处理下根际土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌数量差异显著,细菌(18.19×10~5~176.23×10~5CFU·g~(-1))放线菌(7.08×10~5~35.18×10~5CFU·g~(-1))真菌(0.18×10~5~0.98×10~5CFU·g~(-1))。同一取样时期,各处理之间比较,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物总量均是S3最高;2个品种的根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性在取样后期差异均显著,KWS0143高于Beta464。相关分析表明,脲酶活性与细菌数量和微生物总量,过氧化氢酶活性与放线菌数量均呈显著正相关。由此可见,一定量的盐胁迫有利于提高甜菜根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性。本研究为调控盐渍土甜菜生长提供了理论依据。 相似文献
6.
基于FDFO的反渗透浓水处理试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对目前反渗透、膜蒸馏等众多高能耗的苦咸水淡化技术,该研究采用无需加压无需再生的肥料汲取液正渗透技术对苦咸水进行处理。对KCl、KNO_3、NaNO_3、NH_4HCO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4Cl进行肥料汲取液正渗透(Fertilizer Draw Forward Osmosis,FDFO)单因素试验,通过改变汲取液种类、浓度、温度及原料液浓度,分析正渗透过程的正向水通量和反向盐通量的影响因素。结果表明汲取液种类不同,其正向水通量和反向盐通量差别较大,6种汲取液的正向水通量从大到小依次为KCl、NH_4Cl、NaNO_3、NH_4HCO_3、(NH_4)_2SO_4、KNO_3,反向盐通量为NaNO_3、NH_4HCO_3、KNO_3、KCl、NH_4Cl、(NH_4)_2SO_4。KCl、NH_4Cl的正向水通量最大,反向盐通量较小,因此优先选用KCl和NH_4Cl作为肥料汲取液。改变KCl汲取液的浓度和温度进行正渗透试验。结果表明,2 mol/L的KCl汲取液其正向水通量是0.5 mol/L的3.56倍,55℃条件下的KCl汲取液其正向水通量大约是25℃条件下正向水通量的2倍,因此随着汲取液浓度的增加和温度的升高,正向水通量增加。改变NaNO_3汲取液的浓度和温度进行正渗透试验,结果表明,汲取液浓度从0.5 mol/L增大到2 mol/L,反向盐通量增大了2.94倍,汲取液温度从25℃上升到55℃,反向盐通量增大了1.64倍,因此随着汲取液浓度的增加和温度的升高,反向盐通量增加。 相似文献
7.
鲜食葡萄SO2气体精准熏蒸保鲜控制系统设计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鲜食葡萄商业化贮藏保鲜主要采用二氧化硫(SO_2)熏蒸方式处理,但保鲜产品释放SO_2不均匀,熏蒸杀菌不完全,易产生漂白斑点和药害积累等问题。为了精准控制熏蒸过程中SO_2浓度变化,减少SO_2在葡萄果实中的残留积累,该文采用SO_2气体浓度控制装置、熏蒸装置和气体回收装置相结合的形式,设计了一套SO_2熏蒸葡萄装置的控制设备,在可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller, PLC)有序控制下,通过组态王软件(Kingview 6.55)实现SO_2熏蒸浓度、熏蒸温、湿度及压力的实时监测。在对木纳格葡萄进行短时SO_2熏蒸处理的过程中,熏蒸系统能够精确控制SO_2浓度和压强,并使残留SO_2气体回收率达99%以上。熏蒸装置可以精准控制SO_2熏蒸浓度,当熏蒸浓度为3 000μL/L,时间为10 min,压强为0.05 MPa时,熏蒸装置能够有效抑制木纳格葡萄果梗褐变指数、果实腐烂率、失质量率、落粒率及漂白指数的增加,维持果实的硬度,保持了木纳格葡萄果实的品质,降低了果实中SO_2的残留,同时可进行SO_2残留气体回收,提升了熏蒸装置的使用安全性和鲜食葡萄的食用安全性,该研究结果可为鲜食葡萄储藏提供参考。 相似文献
8.
硫化氢(H_2S)是近年来确认的植物内源信号分子,参与植物对多种逆境的响应过程,但其是否参与植物对碱胁迫的响应过程,目前尚未见报道。为探究硫化氢(H_2S)在植物碱胁迫应答中的作用,以水稻品种日本晴(Oryza sativa japonica cv.Nipponbare)为材料,检测了碱胁迫条件下水稻幼苗H_2S含量及其合成酶活性和基因表达的变化,测定了H_2S清除剂对碱胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响。结果表明,pH8强碱胁迫抑制水稻幼苗生长;同时引起水稻幼苗H_2S含量及其合成酶L/D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶(L/D-cysteine desulphydrase,L/D-CDes)活性和基因表达量显著升高;且H_2S清除剂次牛磺酸(hypotaurine,HT)处理能够降低碱胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片活性氧的积累;提高超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性及其基因表达量,缓解碱胁迫对根长和幼苗生长的抑制作用。由此说明,H_2S参与水稻碱胁迫响应过程,强碱胁迫下水稻能够由H_2S介导活性氧产生进而调控水稻的生长。该研究结果为植物耐碱胁迫机制的深入研究提供重要理论基础。 相似文献
9.
为了探明坡度对中行管段倾斜布置的正虹吸管路水力特性的影响,设置11个不同坡度(0、±1/60、±1/30、±1/20、±1/15、±1/10)和2个安装高度(4、6 m)在不同水位差下量测了虹吸管内的气液两相流动现象、含气率、气泡的运动速度、过流能力及总水头损失等水力特性。通过试验得到了正坡和逆坡管路坡度变化对管路水气流动现象的影响规律,揭示了坡度改变对管内含气率和气泡运动速度、虹吸管路流量及管路水头损失的影响规律,并结合理论分析探讨了气体存在对流量和总水头损失的影响。结果表明,随着坡度逐渐增大,管内伪空化现象逐渐减弱,气体的体积逐渐减小,含气率逐渐减小,气泡运动速度逐渐加快,虹吸管路的输水流量逐渐增大,总水头损失也逐渐增大。通过量纲分析的方法,推导出适用于倾斜布置的不同坡度下正虹吸管路输水流量的计算公式;经验证,公式计算值与实测值相接近,逆坡管路中相对误差控制在±6%,正坡管路控制在±7%。以上探究结果为实际工程中管路布置形式提供了参考依据。 相似文献
10.
鸟粪石沉淀法脱除氨氮对鸡粪厌氧发酵过程的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为缓解鸡粪厌氧发酵过程中产生的氨氮抑制,采用投加镁磷盐的方式,在厌氧发酵过程中原位脱除氨氮,考察鸟粪石沉淀法脱除氨氮对鸡粪厌氧发酵过程的影响及镁磷盐的利用效率。试验向稳定运行的半连续厌氧反应器内投加MgCl2·6H2O和K2HPO4·3H2O,理论脱除速率为3 000 mg/d。第一次加盐脱除氨氮后,试验组反应器内氨氮浓度由2 937 mg/L降低至1 466 mg/L,平均产甲烷量为0.39 L/g,相较对照组的0.33 L/g提高了18%,镁磷盐利用率为91%;第二次加盐脱除氨氮后,试验组氨氮浓度由2 232 mg/L降低至762 mg/L,平均产甲烷量为0.33 L/g,相较对照组的0.30 L/g提高了10%,镁磷盐利用率为90%。研究表明鸟粪石沉淀法能较好的与厌氧发酵过程相耦合,在脱除氨氮缓解抑制的同时,提高系统甲烷产量,并回收部分氮磷资源。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献