共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
为使大型沼气工程发酵物料的评估规范化、科学化、高效化,该文根据物料产甲烷潜力试验得到的物料产气和降解动态情况,利用First-order、Modified First-order和Gompertz模型分析和拟合了物料的产甲烷潜力(biochemical methane potential,BMP),降解动力学参数,提出了物料评估初步指标方法。Gompertz模型对筛选物料的产甲烷潜力曲线的拟合显示出较高的准确性,拟合的甲烷潜力值与试验值较为接近。BMP1%(单日产气量达累积产气量的1%时的累积产气量)作为物料产甲烷潜力的定量判断指标时,累积产甲烷量达到试验结束时累积产甲烷量的90%以上,并且BMP试验时间缩短了27.94%~70.58%。筛选的物料中,小麦秸秆,玉米茎、叶,干、鲜苜蓿,鸡粪水解液,大、小死鸡以及餐厨垃圾的产甲烷潜力(以BMP1%计)分别为220.49、241.01、262.10、310.84、305.80、508.41、520.90、630.7、618.05 m L/g。动力学参数显示,9种物料中:纤维素类物料(除玉米茎和小麦秸秆)、鸡粪和脱油餐厨属于易降解物料,大、小死鸡属于降解缓慢的物料。标准化物料产甲烷潜力和物料间产甲烷动力学参数对比,提高了沼气工程筛选物料的评估的效率。 相似文献
2.
工艺措施对猪粪秸秆混合厌氧干发酵产气性能的影响 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
为避免挥发性脂肪酸积累、提高产气效率,研究猪粪单独发酵、猪粪秸秆混合发酵、猪粪秸秆混合原料分层接种和猪粪秸秆混合原料渗滤液回流等工艺措施下,中温(37℃)厌氧干发酵(总固体含量为20%)的产酸及产气性能。结果表明:猪粪秸秆混合原料分层接种厌氧发酵启动快,产气效果最佳,累积挥发性固体含量VS产甲烷量可达139.2mL/g;混合发酵渗滤液回流可有效降低总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acids,TVFAs)质量浓度(维持在0.66 mg/g),累积VS产甲烷量比分层接种低16.7%;猪粪秸秆混合发酵与猪粪单独发酵的反应器中TVFAs质量浓度分别达到19.08和19.83 mg/g,前15 d日产甲烷量为0.1 mL/(g·d),基本不产气。通过不同工艺措施对比,获得产气量最高和启动期最快的发酵方式,提高猪粪厌氧干发酵产气效率,为猪粪等高固体含量有机废弃物的资源化处理利用提供参考。 相似文献
3.
梯度提高进料浓度对鸡粪连续中温发酵产甲烷的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过长期中温甲烷发酵试验,考察了不同进料总固体质量分数(total solid,TS)(5%、7.5%、10%和15%)和有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR)(2.5、3.75、5和7.5 g/(L·d))下鸡粪中温甲烷发酵效果,采用批次试验测定了各阶段污泥利用乙酸的产甲烷活性。330 d的连续试验显示,TS由5%增至15%,出料氨氮质量浓度由(2 110±370)mg/L增至(6 890±220)mg/L,挥发性脂肪酸由(360±100)mg/L增至(8 800±500)mg/L,TS产甲烷率由(253±9)m L/g降至(173±22)m L/g。长期采用TS10%和15%的进料,氨氮质量浓度分别达到(6 510±300)和(6 890±220)mg/L,TS产甲烷率分别为(203±13)和(173±22)m L/g,比TS5%的降低了20%和32%。批次试验结果表明,氨氮累积导致微生物利用乙酸产甲烷的能力降低,当氨氮质量浓度达到6 500和7 000 mg/L时,乙酸产甲烷活性分别降低59%和98%。鸡粪中温甲烷发酵能够在进料TS为5%和7.5%下稳定运行;进料TS达到10%,甲烷发酵水解、酸化和产甲烷将受到抑制,造成有机物转化率的降低。该研究建议鸡粪中温甲烷发酵的TS不超过10%。 相似文献
4.
牛粪添加量对油菜秆半固态发酵产甲烷特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了提高油菜秸秆厌氧发酵产甲烷效率,该研究以油菜秸秆和牛粪为原料,采用批次发酵工艺,在半固态(含固率为15%)条件下,通过在油菜秸秆中添加不同量(0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)的牛粪(按挥发性固体的质量比计),系统研究不同添加量牛粪对油菜秸秆产甲烷效率的影响,并用修正的Gompertz方程分析各处理产甲烷过程的动力学特性,旨在为油菜秸秆高效产甲烷提供可靠的工艺参数。结果表明,增加牛粪添加量有助于平衡发酵体系的C/N和提高缓冲性能,物料产甲烷效率随牛粪添加量的增加而增加,但单一牛粪的发酵物料产甲烷效率较低;当牛粪添加量为80%时,发酵物料的C/N为33.60,特殊产甲烷效率(239.87m L/g)和容积产甲烷效率(1.01L/(L·d))最高,分别是其他各处理的1.2~2.0倍和1.3~3.6倍;修正的Gompertz方程能较好地反映各处理产甲烷动力学过程,在牛粪添加量为80%处理中,模拟预测的最大产甲烷速率Rm、延滞期λ和最短工艺发酵时间T80分别为31.19 m L/(d·g)、1.21d和8.59d,与实验值极其接近。该研究对实际产甲烷工程具有指导意义。 相似文献
5.
典型畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产甲烷潜力试验与计算 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为获得符合中国现阶段畜牧业生产实际的畜禽粪便产甲烷潜力(Biochemical Methane Potential,BMP),为不同养殖场粪便管理甲烷评价提供参考,该研究选取蛋鸡粪、奶牛粪、猪粪三种主要畜禽粪便,在(37±0.5)℃条件下进行中温批式厌氧发酵试验,并利用First-order模型和修正后的Gompertz模型对试验结果进行拟合。结果表明,蛋鸡粪、奶牛粪和猪粪三种畜禽粪便的单位底物最大累积甲烷产量(B_o)分别为0.33、0.17和0.38 m~3/kg,与对应IPCC给出的亚洲地区缺省值0.24、0.13和0.29m~3/kg不一致。First-order模型和修正后的Gompertz模型均能较好地拟合三种畜禽粪便厌氧发酵产甲烷过程。BMP_(1%)(当日产甲烷量为累积甲烷产量的1%时的累积甲烷产量)均达到了试验结束时累积甲烷产量的90%以上,并且试验时间缩短了45.3%～76.6%。根据试验获得的三种典型畜禽粪便的产甲烷潜力值计算其年甲烷产生潜力,为中国畜牧业温室气体减排及相关政策制定提供参考。 相似文献
6.
秸秆批式和半连续式发酵物料浓度对沼气产率的影响 总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2
为比较秸秆批式发酵和半连续发酵工艺的产沼气效果,以水稻秸秆为单一发酵底物,开展了室内中温批式发酵和半连续发酵对比试验,以容积产气率和原料产气率为特征指标,研究不同料液浓度对秸秆批式和半连续发酵产沼气的影响,以期获得秸秆沼气工程适宜的运行参数。结果表明,批式发酵容积产气率随着TS浓度的增加而增加,但增幅逐渐减少;与静态批式发酵相比,间歇搅拌有助于提高批式发酵容积产气率,特别对高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提升效果更加明显;而半连续进料条件下更有利于高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提高,但各处理原料产气率均随着固物滞留时间(solid retention time,SRT)缩短而逐渐降低。综合考虑产气情况及工程应用实际,建议秸秆批式发酵底物质量分数不超过8%,而半连续发酵TS质量分数8%时SRT设计为20 d(容积产气率1.00 m3/(m3·d)),若发酵TS质量分数6%时,SRT设计为15 d,容积产气率0.75 m3/(m3·d),该运行参数为秸秆沼气工程发展提供了理论依据。 相似文献
7.
《农业工程学报》2018,(Z1)
随着中国农业集约化水平的提高,秸秆、畜禽粪便等资源相对集中,为序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷技术应用创造了良好条件。而国内对干发酵技术研究尚不成熟,尤其是关键因素对发酵性质的影响极其相互作用关系尚不明确,限制了工艺优化效果。该文着重研究了不同喷淋频率、接种量、物料配比作用下,玉米秸秆-牛粪混合原料序批式厌氧干发酵产甲烷、中间产物生成特性及其相互关系。结果表明:不同物料配比下,喷淋频率和接种量促进甲烷产量的作用方式不同,增加牛粪比例可显著提高产甲烷效率和产量。在甲烷产量快速增加阶段(第7～20天),不同关键因素的变化对中间产物总量及其组分影响显著(P0.05),丙酸积累至约350mg/L以上时导致干发酵体系产甲烷能力下降,而氨氮浓度提高则有利于甲烷产量的提高。最优工艺参数,秸秆-牛粪干物质比为3∶7、喷淋频率为间隔6 h,接种量为30%获得最大甲烷产量为135.7 L/kg。该研究可为规模化养殖场利用序批式厌氧干发酵技术处理农业废弃物高效生产清洁能源提供理论指导。 相似文献
8.
秸秆床厌氧发酵产沼气系统优化试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对前期研究中发现秸秆床反应器内秸秆在发酵后期上浮、进水短流等问题,采取在秸秆床反应器内增加导气管、在秸秆捆底部预留缓冲空间以及2种方式组合的方式,研究改进措施对秸秆床反应器及整个发酵系统产气、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)去除等的效果。结果表明:直接以打捆秸秆为固定相,以猪粪废水为流动相的处理在猪粪废水有机负荷为2.13 kg/(m3/d)条件下出现轻度酸化,产气受到明显抑制,日产气量明显低于其它处理,继续提高猪粪废水有机负荷后各处理间无明显差别;采用增加导气管、增加缓冲空间以及导气管+缓冲空间的方式改善了秸秆床反应器内发酵环境,未出现酸化现象,日产气量稳定性明显提高。试验结束时,各处理秸秆床反应器累积产气量较对照分别提高了18.90%、9.05%和22.48%,累积产甲烷量较对照分别提高了23.02%、9.34%和25.21%;采用该研究提出的改进措施对二级反应器产气组成无明显影响,各处理平均甲烷含量均在68%左右,对整个秸秆床发酵系统累积产气量、平均甲烷体积分数以及COD去除率无明显影响。以上结果表明,在秸秆床反应器内增加导气管对提高反应器产气量、甲烷含量及产气稳定性有较好的效果,在条件允许的情况下可以考虑在反应器底部增加缓冲空间。 相似文献
9.
为解决玉米秸秆结构致密导致秸秆发酵难于直接降解的问题,首先分别采用0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的HCl溶液对其进行预处理,以厌氧活性污泥为接种物进行中温(38℃)发酵产氢试验。结果表明,玉米秸秆的累积产氢量和产氢速率随着盐酸质量分数的增大先增加后降低,0.6%HCl处理效果最佳,单位累积产氢量和产氢速率分别为87.90 m L/g和3.05 m L/(g·h)。再以0.6%HCl溶液预处理的玉米秸秆为底物进行发酵产氢的单因素和正交试验,研究了秸秆粒径、底物浓度、初始p H值对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆粒径越小越利于发酵产氢;适度增加底物浓度可增加产氢量;适宜的发酵初始p H值有利于产氢细菌的生长繁殖;得到较佳的工艺参数组合为秸秆粒径150μm、底物浓度15 g/L、初始p H值为7,此时累积产氢量为112.87 m L/g。 相似文献
10.
适宜原料压实度改善玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
干发酵原料中固形物含量高,结构疏松,原料的压实度直接关系到发酵罐的利用率和生产成本。为了探讨原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响,该文以玉米秸秆粉为试验材料,研究了不同固形物含量(TS)条件下原料压实度对厌氧干发酵产气特性及物料特性变化的影响,结果表明:相同TS下,随着压实度的增加,日产气量(基于可挥发性固形物,VS)峰值降低且出峰时间略有滞后;原料压实度对累积产气量、日产气量变化趋势以及甲烷体积分数的影响不明显。基于发酵罐容积计算产气量时,原料压实度与日产气量峰值、累积产气总量以及累积甲烷产量均呈显著正相关。不同TS条件下的原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响程度不同,TS含量越高原料压实度对产气量的影响越明显。TS为20%和25%时,逐层压实发酵罐的单位容积累积产气量比自然填料罐分别提高了37.1%和60.2%。当发酵料初始TS为20%时,原料压实度的增加可促使物料中形成连续的液相,改善物料层间的传质,从而使发酵料上下层间的差异减小。当发酵料初始TS提高到25%时,原料压实度增加对传质特性无明显影响。综上所述,在该试验研究范围内,提高原料压实度可以保证玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵产气过程的正常进行,且可以显著提高发酵罐的容积利用率。该研究对厌氧干发酵原料压实度与发酵特性之间的关系进行了初步探讨,以期为有效提高厌氧干发酵罐的产能能力提供参考。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
19.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
20.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献