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1.
冬季覆海冰对台田盐渍土壤水分和盐分的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在渤海湾滨海地区,以台田修建技术为基础,将冬季海水(或咸水)冻结而形成较低盐度的海冰(或咸水冰)覆盖至台田土壤表面。研究覆冰的融化过程中台田土壤水分和盐分的时空变化。结果表明:随着覆冰融化,大量的冰融水进入土壤,台田不同土层土壤的含水量得到增加,尤其是表层土壤。当覆冰完全融化,气温的上升,台田0-20cm土壤含水量迅速降低,而深层土壤的含水量趋于稳定。在覆冰完全融化前(3月8日),0-20cm和20-40cm土壤含盐量较初始值分别降低了70%和22.22%;而其它层土壤含盐量轻微地增加。覆冰完全融化后(3月14日),台田0-40cm层土壤含盐量继续降低,40cm以下土壤含盐量也降低了。后期,0-20cm层土壤含盐量趋于稳定,为1.5～2.0g/kg,脱盐率为80%～85%;20-40cm层土壤盐度为3.5g/kg,脱盐率为22.22%;台田40cm以下层土壤盐分和初值比没有变化。试验研究得出,利用台田修建技术+覆冰融化能够使台田耕层(0-40cm)土壤盐分降低,深层土壤盐分没有出现积累现象。 相似文献
2.
咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地的研究进展及展望 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
冬季咸水结冰灌溉技术是滨海区高矿化度咸水利用和盐碱地改良的有效手段,该项技术依据咸水结冰融化过程中咸淡水分离的基本原理,基于区域气候特点、土壤水盐运移规律以及作物生长发育规律,在冬季抽提当地高矿化度地下咸水对盐碱地进行灌溉,并在冬季低温作用下迅速冻结成咸水冰,春季咸水冰层融化过程中,咸淡水分离入渗,其中先融化的高矿度咸水先入渗,而后融化出的低矿化度微咸水和淡水的入渗对土壤盐分具有较好的淋洗作用,以上过程实现了春季土壤返盐期的土壤脱盐,结合春季地表覆盖抑盐措施和夏季降雨淋盐,土壤的低盐条件得到保持,保证了作物和植物整个生长期的正常生长。该项技术改变了滨海盐碱区土壤水盐运移特征,使春季土壤积盐期变为脱盐期,咸水结冰灌溉后,春季耕层土壤盐分由最初的12g×kg~(-1)迅速降低至4 g×kg~(-1)以下,脱盐率达到66%以上,实现了棉花、油葵、甜菜等作物在滨海重盐碱地中的种植,提高了柽柳、枸杞、白蜡等盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插移栽成活率,咸水结冰灌溉当年便获得了籽棉产量3 t×hm~(-2)、油葵1.5 t×hm~(-2)、甜菜60 t×hm~(-2),以及90%以上的盐生植物和耐盐植物的扦插成活率,促进了滨海盐碱区盐碱地的开发、农业发展和生态环境建设。近年来,通过系统的研究,我们探明了咸水结冰灌溉过程中咸水冻融咸淡水分离规律,明确了咸水结冰灌溉对土壤盐分的淋洗效果,构建了冬季咸水结冰灌溉改良盐碱地技术体系,确立了冬季咸水结冰灌溉的灌溉时间、灌溉水量和水质等指标体系。本文在以上研究基础上,对盐碱地咸水利用的研究进展进行了总结,并对咸水结冰灌溉基本原理、影响因素以及土壤盐分淋洗效果等方面进行了概述,系统分析了冬季咸水结冰灌溉在盐碱地区农业生产、植被恢复以及咸水利用等方面的作用,并就其未来发展趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
3.
不同改良方式下滩涂围垦区土壤水盐动态——以江苏如东为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
滩涂盐碱地脱盐是促进地区农业发展、保障耕地占补平衡的重要举措。本文以江苏如东滩涂围垦区为研究区,通过田间试验,研究滨海盐碱地改良过程中土壤水盐动态。结果表明:PAM改良剂(P)处理的土体含水率在燕麦整个生育期内保持较高水平;秸秆覆盖(F)处理的表层土壤含水率在燕麦抽穗期和成熟期明显下降。P、F处理的脱盐效果显著,有机肥(M)和对照(C)处理在燕麦成熟期的返盐表聚现象明显。对比各时期C处理表层土壤含盐量(4.38 g kg-1～22.07 g kg-1),其他三种处理的表层土壤脱盐效率为F(53.91%～85.66%) P(41.22%～76.20%) M(8.99%～61.48%)。在本试验的处理措施中,土壤PAM改良剂在滩涂围垦区土壤持续脱盐保墒方面效果较好,其次为秸秆覆盖,单一施用有机肥的改良效果较差。 相似文献
4.
为了研究唐山市滨海泥质盐碱地不同隔离措施台田水分和盐分动态,于2009年对不同隔离层措施的台田水分和盐分含量进行了分析和研究。结果表明,试验地台田水盐动态可分为积盐阶段、脱盐阶段和返盐阶段;土壤水分与盐分含量呈负线性相关关系,在4—10月份间,土壤盐分呈先降低后升高趋势,水分呈先升高后降低的趋势;由铺设隔离层的台田深层土壤电导率值和土壤水分明显低于对照台田可以得出,隔离层具有明显的阻盐和排水效果,其中,隔离层铺设方式为＂双条一杠＂型,铺设内容为炉渣的台田阻盐效果最佳,由于其成本较低,所以应大力推广使用。 相似文献
5.
滨海泥质盐碱地台田水盐动态对比研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过对试验地进行台田整地及各台田水盐动态数据的收集,研究唐山滨海泥质盐碱地5种不同隔离暗层台田水分和盐分动态情况.结果表明:研究区地下水位处于临界水位,易导致强烈积盐;土壤含水量与含盐量关系密切,从春季到秋季,土壤表层水盐呈现先降低后升高的趋势,中深层水分呈现先升高,后降低的趋势,土壤盐分变化与之相反;经过台田整地,台田土壤均由重盐化土变为盐化土,已适合耐盐碱树种生长发育.铺没隔离暗层的台田较未铺设隔离暗层的对照台田脱盐效果明显,其中,以"草层和砂石"为双隔离暗层的台田脱盐效果最佳,脱盐率高达30.46%,然后依次为"草层+炉渣"、"草层+薄膜"、"草层+建筑垃圾"和对照台田. 相似文献
6.
咸水冻融灌溉对重度盐渍土壤水盐分布的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
室内咸水冰融化试验设置2个处理:7.5 g L-1咸水冰(SIW(7.5))、15 g L-1咸水冰(SIW(15)),探究了咸水冰融化过程中的水量、水质以及离子组成的变化;土柱模拟试验设置同一灌水量(150mm),4个处理:淡水直接灌溉(FW)、7.5 g L-1咸水直接灌溉(SW)、7.5 g L-1咸水冻融灌溉(SIW(7.5))、15 g L-1咸水冻融灌溉(SIW(15)),对比分析两种灌溉水质(淡水、咸水)和两种灌水方式(直接灌溉、结冰灌溉)对土壤(粉砂壤土)水盐动态的影响。结果表明:咸水冰融化过程中,初期融出水量较大,但含盐量和钠吸附比(SAR)较高,后期融出水量较小,含盐量和SAR很低;融出水的离子含量变化与电导率(EC)变化表现相同的趋势;小于3 g L-1的水的融出率分别是SIW(7.5)=25.46%和SIW(15)=32.78%。FW处理下,土壤中水盐运动持续时间较其他3个处理长,土壤导水率降低最快,灌溉水入渗完成时表层土壤含水量达到33.88%,显著高于其他处理。四种处理下,0~15 cm土层土壤的含盐量平均值分别为FW=2.32 g kg-1、SIW(7.5)=2.80 g kg-1、SIW(15)=3.87 g kg-1、SW=4.31 g kg-1。同等灌水量下,SIW(15)处理下土壤脱盐深度最浅。离子分析表明:FW和SIW(7.5)处理下,0~25 cm土壤的钠吸附比(SAR)下降明显,显著小于SW、SIW(15);然而FW处理下,土壤碱化特征最为明显。综合而言,在淡水资源缺乏而咸水资源相对丰富的地区,中度矿化度咸水结冰融水灌溉可以有效降低根层土壤盐分,满足农业生产的要求。 相似文献
7.
为了探讨在寒旱盐灌区覆盖秋浇后冻融土壤的冻融特性及水热盐协同调控机制,在盐渍土壤进行覆盖后秋浇田间冻融试验,设5个处理,秸秆覆盖量1.2kg/m~2(F1.2)、秸秆覆盖量0.9kg/m~2(F0.9)、秸秆覆盖量0.6kg/m~2(F0.6)、秸秆覆盖量0.3kg/m~2(F0.3)、未覆盖(CK)。结果表明:秸秆覆盖影响了土壤冻结融化推进过程,改变了土壤温度对气温变化的响应关系,影响了水分、盐分在土壤剖面(特别是土壤表层和耕作层)的重新分配,提高了翌年春季水分可利用量,抑制了表层及耕作层春季返盐,提高了秋浇的灌水效果。秸秆覆盖处理的最大冻结深度小于CK处理4~26cm,初冻时间滞后0~12d,融化时间滞后0~21d;秸秆覆盖的各处理由于覆盖层的存在,消融水蒸发受到抑制,表层积盐现象较弱;消融期结束后,在土壤表层0—10cm,F0.9的土壤含水率最高,处理F1.2较秋浇前脱盐率为81.18%,脱盐效果最好;在耕作层0—40cm,F0.9的土壤含水率最高,处理F0.6较秋浇前脱盐率为75.65%,脱盐效果最好;为保证在翌年春播时的适宜含盐量及含水率,以覆盖量0.6~0.9kg/m~2为宜。研究结果可为河套灌区秋浇制度的优化提供参考。 相似文献
8.
研究秸秆覆盖和植被(田菁)覆盖条件下滨海盐土土壤水盐的动态变化规律,为沿海滩涂盐碱地脱盐改良提供依据。本研究以含盐量6.98 g·kg~(-1)的滨海盐土为研究对象,设置秸秆覆盖和种植田菁2种覆盖处理,以裸地为对照,研究不同覆盖处理对滨海盐土土壤含水量和土壤盐分动态变化的影响。结果表明:秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量(27.58%)显著高于田菁覆盖(26.70%)和裸地(26.61%),后两者差异未达显著水平。处理1年后0~20、20~40 cm土层的秸秆覆盖、田菁覆盖和裸地不同处理间土壤含盐量的差异均达显著或极显著水平;秸秆覆盖处理的脱盐率为田菁覆盖处理的2倍。回归分析表明裸地和田菁覆盖下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系可用二次多项式拟合,田菁覆盖下的淋洗方程(EC_a/EC_i与D_w/D_s间的关系)可用三次多项式拟合;而秸秆覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与累积降雨量的关系、淋洗方程均表现为指数函数关系y=ae~(bx)(P0.01)。秸秆覆盖条件下滨海滩涂0~40 cm土层脱盐80%需要386.8 mm的累积降雨量。结果表明秸秆和植被覆盖技术在江苏滨海盐土可获得较好的脱盐效果,具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
9.
咸水结冰融水入渗对土壤水盐运移和玉米苗期生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
依据咸水冰盐水融离原理,利用土柱模拟试验,设置4个灌溉方式,分别为对照处理(淡水)、咸水灌溉、咸水结冰灌溉和咸水结冰灌溉+秸秆覆盖,研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下土壤水盐的独特运移机制。结果表明,与淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉处理表层0~40 cm土壤水分含量偏低,而深层土含水量则较高;咸水结冰灌溉下这一规律更为明显。但配合秸秆覆盖措施能在一定程度提高咸水结冰灌溉后各土层土壤含水量。咸水直接浇灌使各土层土壤盐度EC1:5偏高,盐分累积量增大,且盐分具有明显表层聚集特性,表层0~40 cm盐分累积量占0~80 cm土体的62.2%;而咸水结冰后灌溉则显著降低表层0~40 cm土层的盐分累积,仅占18.6%;咸水结冰后灌溉配合秸秆覆盖则进一步促进表层的脱盐率提高,特别在0~10 cm土层,土壤盐度仅为0.15 dS·m -1,盐分累积67.8 g·m-2,与淡水处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。咸水结冰灌溉配合秸秆覆盖可促进表层土壤的脱盐,使土壤根系分布密集层保持较低盐分水平,缓解或消除盐分对作物生长的危害,使玉米的生长状况达到淡水灌溉处理的效果。 相似文献
10.
不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐运动的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了探究不同秸秆还田方式对滨海盐渍土水盐调控机制,设置4种处理方式:秸秆覆盖（P）,秸秆深埋（S）,秸秆覆盖+深埋（T）,常规耕作（CK）,以CK为对照,通过大田试验研究不同处理下冬小麦生育期内土壤水盐运动及其对冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:秸秆还田增加了土壤储水量,P,S和T处理0-70 cm土层生育期储水量均值高于CK处理8.28 mm,6.86 mm和13.76 mm;冬小麦前中期对0-30 cm土层保墒效果明显,随生育期的推移各处理间差异及土壤含水率均逐渐减小。秸秆还田抑制了土壤盐分表聚,T处理可显著降低0-50 cm土层土壤含盐量,生育期含盐量均值低于P,S和CK处理41.24%,32.08%和52.77%,淡化土壤耕层效果明显;S处理对0-30 cm土层脱盐效果优于P处理。秸秆还田改善土壤水盐状况,显著增加了冬小麦产量,产量表现出T > P > S > CK的顺序。T处理改善土壤水盐状况和提高产量表现较优,为试验的最佳处理方式。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
16.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
17.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
19.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
20.
Yoav Bashan Bernardo Salazar Ma. Esther Puente Macario Bacilio Robert Linderman 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2009,45(6):585-594
To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse
trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus
were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB;
the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons
reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened
later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons
growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants,
no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi,
enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant.
In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after
30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination
only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity
to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as
compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it. 相似文献