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1.
植被沙障对近地表风沙流特征影响的风洞实验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
植被沙障在一些地区已成为沙害防治的有效手段,其应用也越来越广泛,但对其治沙机理尚不很清楚.在盖度为10%,15%,20%,30%,40%,60%情况下,对植被沙障的防风固沙效益进行了风洞试验.实验风速设置为6,8,11 m/s,测定不同植被盖度的风速廓线特征、风沙流结构特征及其防沙效果.实验结果表明:①积沙总量随盖度增加而逐渐降低,风沙流中的砂粒分布在一定的高度范围内,但分布的高度随盖度的增加呈下降趋势;②植株的茂密程度对风沙流的结构有明显影响,盖度越高,积沙量越集中在下部;③盖度并不是导致积沙量为零的唯一指标,风蚀是否发生,还与植被的疏透度、防护林的高度等有关. 相似文献
2.
砂粒胶结体盖度与床面风沙活动关系的风洞模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地部分垄间地表发育了一种由众多砂粒胶结而成的大颗粒物质,称为砂粒胶结体(sand cemented bodies,缩写为SCD),其直径达到粗砂级、极粗砂级和砾石级.为研究其对地表风沙活动的影响,以野外采集SCD颗粒为实验材料,对不同SCD盖度下输沙通量垂直分布及输沙率变化进行了风洞实验.结果表明:风沙通量在SCD盖度沙床面表现为指数变化,主要集中在风沙活动底部.同时,随着SCD盖度的增加,总输沙量降低,部分沙量运移到较高层面,输沙率随SCD盖度变化可分成3个梯度区域,且曲线斜率反映不同风速等级下,SCD盖度对地表沙物质沉积过程的影响.当SCD盖度小于10％时,风沙活动强烈且风速在输沙过程中起主导作用.当SCD盖度在10％ ～ 40％时,随着SCD盖度增加输沙率降低,盖度对地表风沙活动的影响更为明显,特别是对近地表风沙活动的影响.当SCD盖度大于40％时,床面风沙活动趋于稳定,输沙率变化微弱,随SCD盖度变化输沙率保持不变,沙床面不易受侵蚀.因此,砂粒胶结体覆盖沙床面能够有效降低地表风蚀,且在一定盖度下还能捕获流沙颗粒.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地丘间地天然发育的SCD对于地表风蚀过程具有重要的影响,可作为一种新型固沙材料进行开发. 相似文献
3.
来流廓线对风沙流场和风沙堆积影响的数值模拟——以挡沙墙为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
来流风速廓线是控制与影响风沙流场变化的关键因素。基于CFD欧拉非定常模型,通过对不同来流廓线形式在特定粗糙度下垫面的数值分析,探究来流廓线对流场风速与积沙形态的影响。结果表明:2种来流廓线形式均在挡沙墙周围形成速度分区。其中,在背风侧,均匀流时回流区不明显,对数流时则回流区较明显;在迎风侧,均匀流时速度发生突变,对数流时则呈对数规律递增;不同来流形式下挡沙墙积沙分布不同,均匀流时只在背风侧形成积沙,而对数流时两侧均有积沙,且迎风侧积沙多于背风侧,来流速度越大,迎风侧积沙减小,而背风侧增多。 相似文献
4.
颗粒起跳速度概率分布函数是泥沙输运和粉尘释放模型中的重要输入参数。然而,为了可靠描述这种分布函数,需要准确测量近地层风沙流内起跳颗粒的运动轨迹。本文使用高速摄影系统和颗粒轨迹检测算法相结合测量了风洞沙床面附近部分溅射颗粒、没有引起溅射的反弹颗粒以及引起1个溅射的反弹颗粒的轨迹,通过分析三种起跳模式对应的起跳速度概率分布构建稳态风沙流跃移颗粒起跳速度的概率分布模型。结果表明:(1)三种起跳模式的起跳角度和起跳速度均服从Lognormal概率分布。(2)所有起跳颗粒的起跳角度概率分布方程几乎不受起跳模式影响。(3)所有起跳颗粒的起跳速度概率分布方程主要受溅射颗粒数与反弹颗粒数比值的控制,预示着风沙流发育过程或湍流波动将会对起跳速度概率分布函数产生重要影响。因此,我们的研究结果提供了关于近床面风沙跃移过程的新认识,并对模拟风沙输运中的粒-床相互作用和地貌动力学模型具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
风速对海岸沙丘表面风沙流结构影响的实证研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在河北昌黎黄金海岸形态典型的横向沙脊顶部,对不同风速下的风沙流结构进行了观测。结果表明:随着风速的增加,风沙流中40 cm高度内的绝对输沙量增加,40~60 cm高度内各层的绝对输沙量减少;相对输沙量,在0~4 cm高度内减少,4~20 cm高度内增加,20~44 cm高度内变化较小,44~60 cm高度内减少;风沙流结构模式在0~40 cm高程内为指数分布,但在0~60 cm高程内随风速增大由幂函数分布转变为指数函数分布,在40~60 cm高程内则转变为相关性更强的多项式函数分布。风速变化对风沙流结构的上述影响,主要与随风速增加增大了沙粒的搬运高度以及气流搬运沙物质的粒度组成有关。 相似文献
6.
乌兰布和沙漠风沙流结构的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作者观测了固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构,并运用拟合曲线、拟合方程等方法对固定、流动沙丘风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明,两种沙丘输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比;0-40cm高度内输沙量与风速之间遵循指数关系;流动沙丘的沙粒运动主要集中在近地层0-6cm高度范围内;另外,植被阻截沉沙效果特别明显,植被覆盖度在30%时,沉沙效果达到95%以上,且随风速的增大而增加。 相似文献
7.
风沙入库给干旱、半干旱地区的水库带来了严重的填淤危害。本文通过对内蒙古乌审旗南部巴图湾水库岸边流动沙丘不同部位风速与风沙流的同步观测,计算出库岸流动沙丘表面的平均输沙率。利用巴图湾水库1986~2005年9月份的5期TM遥感影像统计出水库两岸受不同风向影响的流动沙丘断面的平均长度,结合巴图湾水库附近乌审旗河南乡气象站1985~2004年的气象资料,统计出不同风向大于起沙风的风速年均持续时间,初步计算出巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量。结果表明:(1)巴图湾水库的年均入库风沙量为3.65万t,其中西岸风沙入库量为3.55万t,东岸为0.10万t。西岸风沙危害最为严重,是治沙工作的重点。(2)巴图湾水库的风沙入库具有明显的时间性和方向性。受季风气候的影响,风沙入库的方向会随着风向的变化而改变。东南风与西北风是造成东西两岸风沙入库的主要风向。西北风对风沙入库量的贡献最大。(3)在大于起沙风的风速中,5~12 m/s风速段是风沙入库的主要风速。当风速中7 m/s以上的风速持续时间有一个较小的增加时,入库风沙量将会有一个巨大的增加。(4)库岸半固定沙丘的风沙入库,降尘和风水复合侵蚀引起的库岸坍塌也是入库风沙量的重要组成部分。因此,巴图湾水库的实际年入库风沙量应该大于3.65万t。 相似文献
8.
呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑地表风沙流结构特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《干旱区研究》2018,(6)
在呼伦贝尔沙质草原北部沙带中段风蚀坑集中分布区内,选取不同发育阶段的风蚀坑,通过同步观测风蚀坑地表(0～200 cm)风速及输沙通量,分析并比较风沙流结构特征,为呼伦贝尔沙质草原风蚀坑治理提供理论依据。研究表明:在裸地沙斑、活跃发展、固定阶段及重新活化阶段的风蚀坑,风速廓线基本遵循对数分布规律;而在未风蚀草地、消亡阶段的风蚀坑,气流受下垫面扰动,呈"S"形分布。风蚀坑各发育阶段输沙量与高度的最优拟合模型为负指数模型,不同发育阶段风蚀坑内部风沙流输沙量差异较为明显;超过95%的输沙量均在地表0～30 cm高度内,且63. 97%～90. 96%的输沙量集中分布在距地表10 cm高度内。风沙流跃移高度与风速正相关,依次为:活跃发展重新活化裸地沙斑固定阶段消亡阶段未风蚀草地。通过分析风沙流通量系数,可知在裸地沙斑、活跃发展及重新活化阶段,输沙量有向高层移动的趋势;而在其他阶段,由于植被盖度较高,使得风沙流多集中在近地层。 相似文献
9.
毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。 相似文献
10.
《干旱区研究》2021,38(4):1184-1191
基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)数值模拟,以青海省中灶火省道303公路为研究区域,对流动沙丘区公路路基风沙流场进行了模拟分析,揭示了流动沙丘区路面沙害的形成机制,以期为流动沙丘区路面沙害的防治提供理论依据。数值模拟结果表明:当气流经过流动沙丘和路基时,气流速度产生分区;当存在流动沙丘时,路基周边的减速区范围明显增大,路基坡面和背风坡全部处于气流低速区的范围,沙丘高度以上,在沙丘顶部气流速度急剧增大,受障碍物自身形状的影响,风速变化由"Ω"型分布变为"M"型分布。当沙丘表面的原有防护体系疏于维护、更新,沙粒在沙丘附近大量堆积,沙丘会慢慢沿主风向移动,成为沙源,掩埋路基而形成沙害。数值模拟结果与现场实际相吻合,证实了数值模拟的准确性。对于流动沙丘区公路的沙害防治,应详细考察当地的地貌形态及风沙流运动规律,定期检查维护原有防护体系,及时清理积沙,既要阻止风沙流对沙丘进行沙源供给,又要防止沙丘本身成为沙源。 相似文献
11.
青藏铁路沱沱河路段流场特征及沙害形成机理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对青藏铁路沱沱河路段路基流场结构、风速廓线特征的风洞模拟实验研究,发现气流在途经铁路路基时,路基断面对近地表流场改变极大,在其两侧形成明显的遇阻抬升区、集流加速区、减速沉降区以及消散恢复区。铁路沙害的形成主要是路基迎风侧气流由于遇阻抬升和集流加速,对路肩和路基中上部产生风蚀;随着气流加速抬升,底层砂粒以跌落沉降的方式堆积在路基迎风坡坡脚,造成路基沙埋;当气流越过路基,在背风侧由于减速沉降和涡旋运动,风沙流处于过饱和状态,将所携带的大量砂粒堆积在背风坡。 相似文献
12.
塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带风沙流结构特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用多种集沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的47.3%分布在30 cm高度内,这一比例小于前人的研究结果;输沙量随高度的变化比较符合幂函数分布。② 风沙流输沙的粒径以细砂、极细砂与粉砂为主,各高度层所占比例均达99%以上;风沙流输沙平均粒径随高度增加而减小,沙尘的含量随高度增加呈现“象鼻”状分布。③ 风沙流中贴地层风速廓线受风沙相互作用的影响,不再符合对数分布,更加符合幂函数u=azb分布。 相似文献
13.
Guardrail, an important highway traffic safety facility, is mainly used to prevent vehicles from accidentally driving off the road and to ensure driving safety. Desert highway guardrails hinder the movement of wind-blown sand, resulting in the decline of sand transportation by the pavement and the deposition of sand gains on the pavement, and endangering traffic safety. To reveal the influence of guardrails on sand transportation of desert highway pavement, we tested the flow field and sand transport volume distribution around the concrete, W-beam, and cable guardrails under different wind velocities through wind tunnel simulation. Wind velocity attenuation coefficients, sand transportation quantity, and sand transportation efficiency are used to measure sand transportation of highway pavement. The results show that the sand transportation of highway pavement was closely related to the zoning characteristics of flow field and variation of wind velocity around the guardrails. The flow field of the concrete guardrail was divided into deceleration, acceleration, and vortex zones. The interaction between the W-beam guardrail and wind-blown sand was similar to that of lower wind deflector. Behind and under the plates, there were the vortex zone and acceleration zone, respectively. The acceleration zone was conducive to transporting sand on the pavement. The cable guardrail only caused wind velocity variability within the height range of guardrail, and there was no sand deposition on the highway pavement. When the cable, W-beam, and concrete guardrails were used, the total transportation quantities on the highway pavement were 423.53, 415.74, and 136.53 g/min, respectively, and sand transportation efficiencies were 99.31%, 91.25%, and 12.84%, respectively. From the perspective of effective sand transportation on the pavement, the cable guardrail should be preferred as a desert highway guardrail, followed by the W-beam guardrail, and the concrete guardrail is unsuitable. The study results provide theoretical basis for the optimal design of desert highway guardrails and the prevention of wind-blown sand disasters on the highway pavement. 相似文献
14.
Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails. 相似文献
15.
文中基于光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics:SPH)方法,采用五次样条光滑函数,通过调节不同类型粒子光滑因子,对风沙流运动特性进行分析:1)在风沙流起动阶段,沙粒平均水平速度随高度增加而增大,同一高度处沙粒平均水平速度随时间推移而减小。2)风沙流稳定前后,沙粒数均随高度的增加而减少。3)风沙流形成过程中气体粒子在计算域中心位置产生涡流,并随着时间推移,涡流又出现在计算域中上及右下方位置。4)起沙前后气体脉动强度随摩阻风速增加而增加,随高度增加呈现不同变化。结果表明:该方法模拟精度较高,适用于解决风沙两相流数值模拟问题。 相似文献
16.
土壤风蚀量随残茬高度的变化规律研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,直接在农田上观测不同残茬高度条件下的农田风蚀土壤损失情况。试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且输沙量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动。保护性耕作可明显地提高启沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右。 相似文献
17.
Sand particle lift-off velocity measurements and numerical simulation of mass flux distributions in a wind tunnel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fengjun XIAO 《干旱区科学》2017,9(3):331-344
Lift-off velocity of saltating sand particles in wind-blown sand located at 1.0 mm above the sand bed surface was measured using a phase Doppler particle analyzer in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of lift-off velocity can be expressed as a lognormal function, while that of lift-off angle follows an exponential function. The probability distribution of lift-off angle conditioned for each lift-off velocity also follows an exponential function, with a slope that becomes steeper with increasing lift-off velocity. This implies that the probability distribution of lift-off velocity is strongly dependent on the lift-off angle. However, these lift-off parameters are generally treated as an independent joint probability distribution in the literature. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of conditional versus independent joint probability distributions on the vertical sand mass flux distribution. The simulation results derived from the conditional joint probability distribution agree much better with experimental data than those from the independent ones. Thus, it is better to describe the lift-off velocity of saltating sand particles using the conditional joint probability distribution. These results improve our understanding of saltation processes in wind-blown sand. 相似文献
18.
Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions: no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m(i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height) downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through. 相似文献
19.
残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右. 相似文献