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1.
江苏沿海地区拥有面积广阔的围垦区,对围垦区土壤盐渍土性质变化规律的研究有助于把握滨海围垦区土壤质量变化规律和特征。本研究通过采集32个江苏省盐城市不同围垦年限的土壤表层样品,对滨海垦区表层盐渍土理化性质、盐分离子含量、钠吸附比（SAR）、电导率（EC）等土壤质量关键指标进行分析,结果表明：（1）在百年以上的围垦过程中,滨海垦区表层盐渍土的C/N和pH均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,拐点在围垦后20a（年）左右,其中土壤C/N远低于我国传统耕地的平均水平。总有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）含量在围垦过程中整体呈现上升趋势;(2) 电导率（EC）和钠吸附比（SAR）呈快速降低的趋势,围垦至40a左右时,土壤质量基本达到传统耕地的土壤质量水平,盐分离子普遍降至1g/Kg左右。NO3-与NO2-均为土壤中的重要氮素形态,NO3-含量呈现先稳定后显著性下降趋势,在围垦至100a以上时显著下降,NO2-在围垦至20a左右时显著上升,围垦至40a左右时显著下降。百年围垦过程中,盐渍土盐分组成由氯化物盐土转变为氯化物硫酸盐土;（3）滨海盐渍土中理化性质与围垦年限对盐分离子演化存在复杂的关系,土壤围垦年限（RY）、pH-电导率（EC）和总有机碳（SOC）-全氮（TN）含量三组组分的共同作用对盐分离子变化贡献度最大。 相似文献
2.
有机碳是土壤质量的重要组成部分,团聚体在土壤有机碳固持方面扮演着重要的角色。海岸带土壤质量低下,随着滩涂围垦的不断深入,自然滩涂围堤挡水围垦后土壤的理化环境发生了明显的变化,由原先的还原环境向氧化环境转变,这一改变会直接影响土壤中团聚体及其有机碳的演变过程。本研究通过对江苏省如东县1951年和2007年围垦时期的垦区及自然滩涂的土壤样品采集,研究不同围垦时期滨海围垦对土壤有机碳含量、土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的特征和变化过程。结果表明:研究区垦区表层土壤(0~20 cm)有机碳含量在0.2%~1.13%之间,均值为0.58%。亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)有机碳含量在0.22%~0.85%之间,均值为0.41%。从全国土壤有机碳的平均水平来看,研究区明显偏低。相比于围垦初期土壤有机碳(SOC)出现明显的下降,长期围垦可以显著增加土壤表层的SOC。滨海垦区土壤团聚体质量比从大到小分别为53~250μm、250μm、53μm团聚体。随着围垦时间的增加,250μm和53μm团聚体都呈明显的先减少后增加的趋势,53~250μm团聚体随着围垦时间的增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。53~250μm团聚体土壤有机碳含量最低,其次为53μm团聚体,而250μm团聚体土壤有机碳含量最高。因此,围垦后广泛开展利于大团聚体形成的农业管理措施有利于围垦土壤质量的快速提升。 相似文献
3.
不同施肥措施对滨海盐渍土有机碳含量的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
通过在滨海典型盐渍区开展的田间试验,研究不同施肥措施对土壤有机碳以及土壤EC、p H、体积质量、全氮含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同施肥措施均能显著提高0~30 cm土层土壤的有机碳含量及密度。农家肥、商品有机肥和无机肥的施用均能显著增加作物生物量和产量,并能明显改善盐渍化农田的理化特性,具体表现在能明显降低表层土壤的p H和体积质量,提高土壤全氮含量,但农家肥和商品有机肥的施用使表层土壤的EC值有所升高。经过相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与土壤EC、全氮、C/N比和作物生物量呈极显著正相关关系,与p H、体积质量呈极显著负相关。 相似文献
4.
华北土石山区油松和元宝枫人工林土壤有机碳特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
森林生态系统土壤有机碳的储量及时空变化是制定森林生态系统可持续经营管理措施的重要依据,对全球碳循环与碳平衡的研究具有十分重要的理论价值.以华北土石山区不同密度油松和元宝枫人工林为研究对象,对不同林地类型的土壤密度、pH值以及全氮、速效钾、有机碳的质量分数等参数进行测定,对比分析不同林地类型土壤有机碳的质量分数、土壤有机碳密度、储量及垂直分布特征,探讨土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤理化性状的相关关系.结果表明:元宝枫林的平均土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度均大于油松林的;土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度在土壤表层(0 ～ 10 cm)为最高值并随土壤深度的增加而降低;土壤有机碳质量分数表现为2种林分密度下的元宝枫林无显著差异,而有机碳密度则表现为高密度元宝枫林＞低密度元宝枫林;在油松林中土壤有机碳质量分数、有机碳密度均表现为中密度油松林＞高密度油松林和低密度油松林.油松林和元宝枫林土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤密度均呈显著负相关,而全氮、速效钾与其呈显著正相关,油松林土壤有机碳质量分数与pH值呈显著相关,而元宝枫林土壤有机碳质量分数与pH值不相关.综上所述,华北土石山区元宝枫林较油松林具有更大的固碳潜力,而且土壤的有机碳质量分数及有机碳密度受树种和林分密度影响较大. 相似文献
5.
施用牛粪对沿海泥质滩涂土壤原始肥力驱动及黑麦草幼苗生长的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
【目的】沿海滩涂土壤属于滨海盐土类型,由于长期受海洋潮汐的影响,盐渍化作用导致土壤盐分含量偏高、 土体发育不明显、 理化性状差、 肥力水平低下,且滩涂面积还在以一定的速度增长,同时可耕地面积的逐年递减和淡水资源的日益遗乏,滩涂盐土的开发利用越来越受到人们的关注。本文研究牛粪不同用量驱动新围垦滩涂土壤原始肥力并为绿肥植物黑麦草幼苗生长提供养分的作用,以期为滩涂盐土的改良提供一条可行的途径。【方法】采用田间小区随机区组试验,探讨了牛粪不同施用量(0、 30、 75、 150、 300 t/hm2)对滩涂土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、 盐分、 pH、 有机碳、 氮磷养分含量等肥力因子及黑麦草幼苗生物量、 生长状况的影响。 【结果】滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量随牛粪施用量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势。与对照相比,牛粪用量150和300 t/hm2处理的滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体差异均达到显著水平; 施用牛粪各处理滩涂土壤有机碳分别比对照增加17.4%、 32.6%、 55.0%、 205.8%; 与对照相比,施用牛粪各处理显著降低了滩涂土壤盐分含量,降幅分别达25.2%、 75.8%、 76.0%、 75.9%; 施用牛粪对滩涂土壤pH值降低不明显; 随牛粪施用量的增加,滩涂土壤全氮、 全磷、 碱解氮、 有效磷含量均呈逐渐上升趋势; 施用牛粪增加了黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系干重; 施用牛粪各处理黑麦草幼苗株高分别比对照增加52.6%、 46.1%、 74.2%、 56.2%(P＜0.05); 牛粪施用量达150 t/hm2时可显著增加黑麦草幼苗的分蘖数; 随牛粪施用量的增加,黑麦草根系总根长、 平均直径、 根表面积、 根体积均呈逐渐上升趋势。【结论】施用牛粪改善了滩涂土壤的初始肥力特性,促进了绿肥植物黑麦草地上部及根系的生长,并提高了黑麦草幼苗的生物量,因此,牛粪可作为改良新围垦滩涂土壤的“原始肥力驱动剂”。利用牛粪进行滩涂土壤的改良还有效地处理了畜禽粪便,是滩涂土壤改良和畜禽粪便合理利用一举两得的新途径。 相似文献
6.
杭州湾南岸不同围垦年限农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《水土保持学报》2014,(2)
采集杭州湾南岸围垦农田土壤样品(0-10,10-20,20-30,30-40,40-50cm),分析不同围垦时期(10,40,60,120a以上)农田土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质的变化特征。结果表明:各有机碳活性组分变化规律总体上与土壤有机碳相近但亦有不同之处。随围垦时间增加,土壤有机碳及其活性组分呈增加趋势,但围垦40a以上,其含量均趋于相对稳定水平;其中0-10cm土层,土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、易氧化碳和轻组有机质含量增幅依次为40.43%,14.23%,25.47%,13.68%。土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量主要分布在0-20cm土层,但水溶性有机碳略有差别。水溶性有机碳分配比例随围垦年限增加而减小,易氧化碳则相反。土壤有机碳与其活性组分之间均显著正相关,各组分与土壤全氮、土壤含水量呈显著正相关。综上表明,随围垦年限延长土壤有机碳含量增加但其稳定性有所下降,有机碳活性组分能够敏感地反映土壤有机碳动态特征。 相似文献
7.
[目的]探究半干旱区草地根际土壤碳氮及土壤微生物量碳氮对不同封禁年限响应特征,为半干旱草地生态系统物质循环研究以及生态系统养分限制判定等提供依据,并为确定合理围封年限提供科学参考。[方法]以宁夏回族自治区固原市云雾山国家级自然保护区半干旱草原为研究对象,应用生态化学计量学方法对比分析放牧地与围封10,25,35 a样地根际土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和土壤微生物量碳氮含量及其化学计量特征变化过程与规律。[结果]围封显著增加了土壤碳氮含量,其最大值出现在封育25 a样地,随后下降。围封10,25 a和35 a样地土壤有机碳含量分别是放牧样地的1.37,1.83倍和1.38倍;总氮含量分别是放牧样地1.34,1.52倍和1.24倍。但土壤C:N随围封年限增加基本保持稳定,其值与土壤有机碳含量存在极显著相关,而与土壤总氮无明显相关性。与放牧样地相比,围封样地铵态氮含量随封育年限无明显变化,硝态氮含量和硝态氮:铵态氮比值则普遍下降,在围封25 a时最低。围封增加了土壤微生物量碳氮含量,围封10,25,35 a样地土壤微生物量碳含量较放牧地分别提高了20.5%,45.7%和15.1%;微生物量氮含量分别提高了24.7%,60.5%和40.9%。而微生物量C:N则随围封年限延长而下降,微生物量碳占土壤有机碳百分比对围封年限无响应。围封10,25 a样地与放牧地相比,微生物量氮占土壤总氮百分比和化学计量不平衡性(即土壤C:N与微生物量C:N比值)均无显著差异,但其值却在围封35 a样地显著增加。[结论]围封措施能够显著提高半干旱退化草地土壤碳、氮养分,促进土壤微生物活动,有利于退化草地恢复,但封育时间过长则可能产生负效应,封育25 a是草地长期封育措施中一个较为合理的围封年限。 相似文献
8.
以黄土丘陵区柠条人工林为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,探讨柠条生长过程中土壤有机碳储量的变化规律。结果表明:1)土壤有机碳主要分布在0～20 cm土层,占0～50 cm土层总储量的49%～63%;2)相对于对照地,柠条林地土壤有机碳储量随柠条生长年限的增加先减小再升高最后趋于稳定,10、26、40、50 a柠条林地土壤总有机碳储量分别为1.555、3.236、2.775、2.444 kg/m2,26 a林地土壤有机碳储量最高,随林龄增大其变化趋于稳定;3)相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机碳质量分数与土壤密度之间呈显著负相关关系,各林地土壤密度随柠条生长年限的增加而减小,说明柠条可以通过改变土壤性质间接增加土壤总有机碳储量,土壤有机碳质量分数与根系生物量、土壤全氮质量分数之间呈极显著正相关关系,说明柠条的根系生长和固氮特性有助于有机碳的积累。 相似文献
9.
江苏沿海典型滩涂围垦区土壤有机碳时空异质性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用地统计学方法研究了如东县4个滩涂围垦区以及光滩不同土层(0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～60 cm)剖面土壤有机碳含量时空变异特征。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量随着围垦时间的增加呈上升趋势;Kriging插值结果显示各层土壤有机碳含量均呈现自沿海向内陆增加的趋势,并且不同土层呈现出不同的局部效应,随着剖面深度的增加有机碳含量下降;不同深度土壤有机碳含量的主控因素不同,表层土壤有机碳比深层土壤有机碳更多地受地表活动控制;从不同的土地利用方式来看,土壤有机碳含量呈现出耕地大于养殖水体;研究区土壤有机碳含量同土壤细颗粒特别是粒径在0.002～0.02 mm范围内的粉粒含量呈显著正相关关系,同土壤pH及总盐呈负相关关系。研究结果表明围垦加剧了土壤有机碳的时空异质性,对于后续指导滩涂合理有序的开发利用具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
功能微生物与生物炭对海滨锦葵生长及滨海盐土地力的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为实现盐碱地的长效生态改良与可持续性发展,研究了盐碱胁迫条件下生物炭与功能微生物对滨海盐土养分含量及盐生植物海滨锦葵生长的影响。利用室内盆栽试验,在盐碱胁迫条件下设置了单独接种功能微生物丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)、解磷真菌(Apophysomyces sp. SM-1)、单独添加生物炭(Biochar,BC)及3者联合接种等共计8个处理对滨海盐土部分养分指标及盐生植物海滨锦葵生长的影响。结果表明,功能微生物和生物炭均能够显著影响滨海盐土改良的进程及海滨锦葵的生长。在土壤pH值方面,功能微生物和生物炭均能促进盐土降低pH值,其中AMF与BC联合施用处理的土壤pH值最低,而BC处理土壤pH相对较高。在土壤含水量方面,除AMF、SM-1及BC联合施用处理之外,其他处理均能不同幅度地提升盐土含水量,其中接种SM-1处理中土壤含水量的提升效果较为显著,较对照组提高了90.7%。在土壤养分含量方面,BC能够显著提升土壤有机碳、碱解氮和有效磷含量,AMF及SM-1单独接种时对土壤有机碳、碱解氮和有效磷含量有一定的提升作用,但效果并不显著。AMF与SM-1混合接种对土壤有效磷含量的提升效果优于BC处理,较对照增加了17.99%。AMF、SM-1与BC三者联用对土壤有机碳、碱解氮和有效磷含量的提升效果最佳,分别比对照增加了58.33%、4.83%及23.09%。同时在盐土中接种AMF、SM-1以及添加BC可明显提高海滨锦葵植株的株高、主根长、主根粗以及植株干重,其中AMF和SM-1对盐碱胁迫下海滨锦葵的促生效果优于生物炭,而BC更有助于海滨锦葵植株干物质的积累。因此,室内盆栽试验条件下,AMF、SM-1和BC均能影响滨海盐土的理化性质及海滨锦葵的生物量,BC对盐土地力提升的效果较好,而AMF及SM-1则对耐盐植物的促生效果更佳,并且三者联合施用可积极推动滨海盐土改良,促进盐生植物生长。 相似文献
11.
低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
13.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
14.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
15.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
16.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
I.L. Boyd 《Biological conservation》2010,143(7):1664-1674
“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options. 相似文献
19.
Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate. 相似文献
20.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献