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1.
The effect of section modulus, as estimated for tree stems of irregular cross section with hollow trunks, on windthrow resistance
is discussed. The sample trees were 12 aged poplar trees growing along the roadside in Sapporo. Binarized bitmap images of
photographs of the crosscut surface of the sample tree stems were used to calculate numerical solutions for section moduli.
The error for image resolution was simulated to less than 1% under the condition in which the image was divided into more
than 400 pixels. The coefficient of variation in section modulus concerning six neutral axis directions in a horizontal plane
was 11%–14%. The reduction in section modulus caused by decay or hollow trunk was 36%–56% of the full cross section. The effect
of section modulus on critical wind velocity was found to be considerable. The critical wind velocity calculated for some
of the sample trees was less than 40m/s, and these trees were considered to be in danger of bending failure of the stems. 相似文献
2.
AbstractThis study examined the performance of mechanically graded timber in bending when exposed to fire at various load
ratios. The test specimens were 150 pieces, each with the dimensions of 60 × 120 × 3500mm. The modulus of elasticity (MOE)
of 150 specimens was measured, and 60 among them were selected to formulate the prediction equation for MOE and modulus of
rupture (MOR), which was used to predict the remaining 90 specimens. These were tested under fire exposure in bending using
three-point loading at 11.1%, 16.7%, 33.3%, 66.7%, and 83.3% of the ultimate load. Using mechanically graded timber, which
means acknowledging the actual strength of the bending member, permits fairly precise application to the targeted design load.
This research confirmed that mechanically graded timber under fire exposure has the following tendencies: under the same load
ratio, time to failure is independent of strength class, and, at any load ratio, the critical strength is dependent on the
timber strength class. The obtained design bending strength under fire exposure using the reduced cross section method and
the reduced strength method conformed to those calculated based on Eurocode 5. Following those findings, mechanically graded
timber can be applied to obtain the design bending strength when taking into account the fire attack. 相似文献
3.
Application of an airborne laser scanner to forest road design with accurate earthwork volumes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study we developed a forest road design program based on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) from a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. After a designer has located the intersection points on a horizontal plane, the model first generates the horizontal alignment and the ground profile. The model precisely generates cross-sections and accurately calculates earthwork volumes using a high-resolution DEM. The model then optimizes the vertical alignment based on construction and maintenance costs using a heuristic technique known as tabu search. As the distance between cross-sections affects the accuracy of earthwork volume calculations, the results were examined by comparing them with the exact earthwork volume calculated by the probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method. The earthwork volumes calculated by the Pappus-based method were similar to those calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation when the distance between cross-sections was within 10m. The model was applied to a high-resolution DEM from the LIDAR of Capitol Forest in Washington State, USA. The model generated a horizontal alignment, length 827m, composed of five horizontal curves. We examined the number of grade change points. The results indicated that tabu search found the best solution ($61.42/m) with five grade change points. This was composed of two vertical curves that almost followed the ground profile. As the accuracy of a high-resolution DEM from LIDAR increases, the model would become a useful tool for a forest road designer because it eliminates or at least reduces the time-consuming process of road surveys. 相似文献
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对目前常见的三种塑木地板进行抗弯性能研究,比较其抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度,并根据材料力学理论对其断面结构的惯性矩、抗弯截面系数进行计算及断面分析。结果表明：对三种异型断面结构而言,空心型最为合理、实心型次之,开口型最差;将开口型地板下半部分的半圆直径从11mm减小到6mm,不仅节省材料,而且可以提高W／A,达到对抗弯性能的要求。 相似文献
6.
Testing of the critical section between the load points in four-point bending testing is required according to [DIN EN 384:2010–08, Structural Timber – Determination of Characteristic Values of Mechanical Properties and Density (Brussels European Committee for Standardization)]. However, strength grading machines based on measurements of the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn) benefit as the strength of the weakest section is not always measured when deriving settings. According to the current procedure for derivation of settings, violation of the critical section requirement is accepted. The extent of such violation and its impact on grading settings of strength classes are quantified in two ways using about 3500 recently tested specimens of Norway spruce: empirically and modelled. The results show that for strength grading machines based on MOEdyn, the settings would be higher if the weakest section was always placed between the inner load points. The current procedure, however, leads to lower settings and hence better yields in practice. The settings for machines based on MOEdyn are up to more than 20% higher if the lowest bending strength of the entire board is applied. To treat different grading principles equally, a correction factor for settings of MOEdyn-based grading machines should be introduced – especially for lower strength classes. A simplified factor between 1.00 and 1.20 for standardization is recommended. 相似文献
7.
基于分位数回归的华北落叶松干形曲线模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
干形是反映树干外部形态的重要指标,也是评价干材价值的重要依据,而削度方程是描述树木干形好坏的一个重要定量指标,其对干形模拟的准确性直接决定着树干材积和森林蓄积的估算结果。以河北省塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,基于4个常见的简单削度方程,模拟了260株样木的干形曲线,采用调整后决定系数(Ra^2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均误差(ME)和平均误差绝对值(MAE)评价模型的拟合效果和检验效果,筛选最优的基础模型,并利用分位数回归技术,构建人工华北落叶松干形曲线模型。结果表明,4个简单削度方程中,Kozak方程对华北落叶松干形的拟合效果最好(Ra^2=0.934,RMSE=1.985cm),检验结果也是最优的(ME=0.125cm,MAE=1.212cm)。因此,基于Kozak方程,结合分位数回归技术建立了华北落叶松干形曲线,相较于基础模型,分位数回归模型的拟合优度进一步提高。当分位点设置为0.1时,模型对靠近下部和上部的树干干形拟合效果较好;当分位点设置为0.5时,模型对位于中部的树干干形拟合效果较好;当分位点设置为0.9时,模型对树干基部的拟合效果较好。可见,分位数回归技术使模型具有更强的灵活性。 相似文献
8.
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of length on the parallel-to-grain tensile strength of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi, Carriere) lumber. Six hundred pieces of mechanically graded lumber were tested at gauge lengths of 60, 100, and 180 cm. The lumber was sorted into matched groups according to the dynamic Young's modulus measured by the longitudinal vibration method before the lumber was cut to the particular length. The averages of the dynamic Young's modulus of high-grade (H) and low-grade (L) specimens were 12.8 and 7.5 GPa, respectively. Using nonparametric estimates, the estimated length effect parameters of H and L were 0.268 and 0.304 for the 50th percentile and 0.121 and 0.256 for the 5th percentile, respectively. We then concluded that the different length effect factors between H and L could be used when using the lumber for practical purposes. The parameters of L were larger than those for H, and the parameters for 5th percentiles were smaller than the parameters for 50th percentiles. When two-parameter Weibull distribution functions were fitted to the strength data, the estimated shape parameters of the Weibull distribution by the parametric method were almost identifical to the inverse of nonparametric parameters except the 5th percentiles for H. The influence of defects such as knots on the lower tail of the strength distribution in H may be different from that in L.Part of this paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998 相似文献
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Summary Dynamic methods provide rapid and accurate means to determine Young's modulus, i.e. the modulus of elasticity, of wood. For dry, clear specimens of épicéa commun (Norway spruce, picea excelsa) and sapin pictiné (silver fir, abies amabilis) we present a comparison of results from tests by a resonance flexure method with results obtained from four-point static flexure tests. For a wide range of specimen size the resonance flexure method provides a simpler, more rapidly performed alternative to the classical static flexure method, giving Young's modulus values which are for the spruce and fir specimens of this study, nearly identical to those calculated from the static flexure tests. Results are also presented which show that a resonance longitudinal method yields higher values of Young's modulus and an ultrasonic method yields still higher values. We provide also a comparison of the four test methods applied to isotropic materials.The authors wish to thank Pierre Michel and André Perrin for preparing the test specimens and components of the test apparatus for this study 相似文献
11.
In this paper, CIRAD-Foret method and strain gauge method were used to measure the longitudinal surface growth strains released from fallen woods. Comparison was also done between two methods for measurements at the same point (sawing grooves inside the position pins)and at two points. Results showed that the values obtained from the CIRAD-Foret method were bigger than those from strain gauge method. The former was 1.3 times as high as the latter for the measurement at two points, and it was 2.0 times as high as the latter for the measurement at the same point. There was no distinct difference in the longitudinal surface growth strains from strain gauge method with measuring way at the same point and two points. However, the differences were obvious for the strains from CIRAD-Foret method with two measuring ways. They indicated that there was little effect on the values from strain gauge method with measuring way at the same point or at two points, and that the measuring way would influence measured result when CIRAD-Foret method was applied. In general, in comparison with CIRAD-Foret method, strain gauge method was more stable. 相似文献
12.
四种方法测木质材料动弹性模量的对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为寻找比较准确的估计木质材料静弹性模量的方法,以色木方材为例,采用纵向应力波、超声波、纵向共振和弯曲共振等4种方法检测41个无瑕疵试件的动弹性模量,采用静态载荷法测量其静弹性模量,并分析二者的相关性,采用配对t检验比较不同方法的差异。研究结果表明：四种方法测得的木质材料动弹性模量均高于其静弹性模量,但静、动弹性模量之间均呈显著的线性相关性,R2都大于0.7,因而四种方法都可以用来估计其静弹性模量。其中,弯曲共振法得到的样本试件动弹性模量与静弹性模量的差值均值最小,且相关性最高,因而运用弯曲共振法对木质材料静弹性模量进行估计最为准确,检测值也最接近静弹性模量值。 相似文献
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14.
Tomoyuki Hayashi Atsushi Miyatake Feng Fu Hideo Kato Masahiko Karube Masaki Harada 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(5):486-491
To investigate the durability of structural laminated veneer lumber (LVL), outdoor exposure tests have been conducted since
1990 at a field-testing site at the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. This article is the second interim report
on the results after 9 years of exposure. Seven kinds of structural LVL with no preservative treatment were subjected to the
tests. Almost all the exposed specimens were decayed by a kind of brown rot fungi (Pseudomerulius aureus (Fr.) Julich). The degree of decay varied with wood species; grand fir and western hemlock LVL in particular showed weak
resistance against the decay. All the specimens were stored for more than 1 year in a testing room conditioned at 20°C and
65% relative humidity. We then measured the ultrasonic velocity of the specimens by the Pundit method, penetration depth by
the Pilodyn method, and bending strength by a conventional bending test. Correlation between nondestructive measurement factors
and the density was strong even on LVL with many adhesive layers. The nondestructive testing method was found to be applicable
to LVL as well as solid lumber. After the nondestructive measurements, each LVL was cut into three types of specimen (top:
T, middle: M, and bottom: B) for the bending tests. The bending strength varied with the type of specimens. Correlation between
modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture was strong even in the decayed specimens. 相似文献
15.
Since the structure of oil palm wood varies dramatically, the property gradients of oil palm wood within a trunk are of great interest. In this study, the physical (density, water uptake and swelling in the radial direction) and mechanical properties (bending modulus of elasticity and strength, compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber and shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber) of oil palm wood for a whole trunk were examined. The water uptake, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber, shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, bending modulus of elasticity and strength and compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber appeared to be independent of trunk height but tended to be related to the relative distance from surface or density by a single master curve. However, the swelling in the radial direction of the oil palm wood was not correlated with the relative distance from the surface, trunk height or density. Finally, property map of oil palm wood for a cross section at any height was prepared for practical use. 相似文献
16.
This work examines the effect of a method for generating bending vibration on the accuracy of a nondestructive and simple estimation of weight, density, and Young’s modulus through a vibration test without measuring specimen weight. The resonance frequencies with and without the concentrated mass generated by tapping the RT (radial tangential)-plane under the free-free condition were compared with those generated by the normal free-free bending vibration. The air-dried specimens and wet specimens in a drying process at 20 °C and 65% relative humidity were used and then their weight, density, and Young’s modulus were estimated by the vibration test. The appropriate resonance frequency of the bending vibration could be obtained by tapping the RT-plane. Generating bending vibration by tapping the RT-plane is effective for the application of the vibration method with additional mass to a drying process. 相似文献
17.
LIN Lanying FU Feng Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2007,6(3):17-25
Resonance flexural vibration（Fast Fourier Transform, FFT）, ultrasonic wave（Pundit） and stress wave（Metriguard） techniques were examined as means of evaluating the static modulus of elasticity （MOE） and predicting the modulus of rupture （MOR） of finger-jointed lumber specimens made with four kinds of Eucalyptus （Eucalyptus. citriodora, E. exserta, E. grandis x E. urophylla and E. grandis）. Dynamic MOE was calculated from frequency and time obtained from forced vibrations and sounds induced in the four species of finger-jointed specimens. It was found that correlation coefficients between density and static MOE and dynamic MOE were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. And it was also found that the three nondestructive techniques can provide rapid and accurate means to determine the MOE, and the dynamic MOE was more accurate to predict static MOE than density. But the correlation coefficient between dynamic MOE, static MOE and MOR were lower than results reported by other researchers for solid wood, and were not statistically significant. It can be concluded that the three nondestructive techniques are useful for evaluating the MOE, but not suitable for predicting the MOR of finger-jointed. 相似文献
18.
Mikael Fonselius 《Wood Science and Technology》1997,31(6):399-413
Summary The effect of size on bending strength has been experimentally determined for laminated veneer lumber. Width was found to have no effect on bending strength. The effect of depth times length on bending strength obtained by the slope method was about 0.075, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by the shape parameter method. The effect of length is somewhat more severe than the effect of depth. Size was found to have no effect on modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity.In addition, the relationships between bending strength, modulus of elasticity and density of laminated veneer lumber were experimentally modelled.The author is pleased to acknowledge Research and Development Manager Matti Kairi, who represents the Kerto laminated veneer lumber manufacturer of Finnforest Oy, for fruitful co-operation over several years. The patience of senior research scientist Markku Kortesmaa, who calculated and several times explained the details of Appendix A for the author, is also acknowledged 相似文献
19.
【目的】研究定向刨花板(OSB)的各向异性,探讨OSB面内剪切模量动态和静态测试方法,以提供一种快速、简便、重复性好、精度高的动态测试方法测量和分析OSB弹性常数。【方法】应用ANSYS程序计算OSB自由板和悬臂板试件的振形系数,给出振形系数依赖于板长宽比和宽厚比的关系式,通过仿真计算、动态试验和方板静态扭转试验验证其正确性。动态试验测试OSB剪切模量试件从一块整张OSB上下料制作,分为3个方向,即沿整板纵向下料制作的试件(0°或x向)、横向方向下料制作的试件(90°或y向)和沿与纵向呈45°方向下料制作的试件;方板扭转试验测试OSB剪切模量试件沿整板纵向或横向下料制作;动态测试OSB纵向、横向和45°方向弹性模量以及面内剪切模量和45°方向剪切模量。【结果】OSB实测纵向弹性模量是横向弹性模量的2.89倍,45°方向剪切模量小于面内剪切模量。正交各向异性材料方板扭转试验测试剪切模量推算公式需用±45°方向应变测量值的差值进行推算,将其用于OSB,测得的静态剪切模量与动态测试的剪切模量相当吻合。【结论】OSB弹性模量具有方向性,纵向最大,横向最小,45°方向介于二者之间;自由板扭转振形法和悬臂板扭转模态法适用于动态测试OSB面内剪切模量,其正确性得到方板扭转试验验证;0°和90°OSB动态测得的剪切模量几乎相等,可作为OSB面内剪切模量Gxy的估计值;OSB不宜按单向复合材料处理,在理论分析时宜按正交各向异性处理,OSB45°方向的剪切模量G45°相似文献
20.
In a detailed study of the relation between the deflection caused by shear force and the constitution of a laminated material
beam, we derived an equation for calculating the shear modulus of a laminated material beam from the shear moduli of individual
laminae. The validity of the derived equation was investigated using crosslaminated wood beams made with five species. The
calculated shear moduli parallel to the grain of face laminae ranged from 48.3 MPa to 351 MPa, while those perpendicular to
the grain of face laminae ranged from 58.0 MPa to 350 MPa. The calculated shear moduli increased markedly with increasing
shear modulus in a cross section of perpendicular-direction lamina of a cross-laminated wood beam. The calculated apparent
modulus of elasticity (MOE) of cross-laminated wood beams agreed fairly well with the measured apparent MOE values. This fact
indicated that the apparent MOE of cross-laminated wood beam was able to be calculated from the true MOE values and shear
moduli of individual laminae. The percentage of deflection caused by shear force obtained from the calculated apparent MOE
(Y
sc) was close to that obtained from the measured apparent MOE (Y
s) and there was a high correlation between both values. From the above results, it was concluded that the derived equation
had high validity in calculation of shear modulus of a cross-laminated wood beam. 相似文献