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1.
华北平原不同种植制度对粮食作物氮素利用和土壤氮库的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物的主要种植制度，存在氮肥利用率低、土壤氮素过量累积问题。为探索华北平原氮素高效利用的适宜种植制度，采用15N示踪技术，基于3 a田间定位试验，对一年两熟冬小麦-夏玉米的常规水氮和优化水氮、两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米与冬小麦-夏大豆-春玉米及一年一熟春玉米3种种植制度的作物产量、15N利用率、氮素去向和土壤氮库表观平衡进行研究。结果表明，两年三熟的冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米产量为32 248.52 kg/hm2，分别比一年两熟和一年一熟提高22.16%和52.88%；15N利用率为33.36%，比一年一熟提高26.12%。3种植制度的氮肥去向最高为土壤残留，其次为作物吸收和损失，两年三熟冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米的作物吸氮量最高为151.82 kg/hm2，土壤氮库表观盈余量为21.22 kg/hm2，显著低于其他种植制度。综合分析，冬小麦-夏玉米-春玉米两年三熟在稳产高产和提高氮素利用率上具有可持续的潜力，是华北平原未来较为理想的种植制度。 相似文献
2.
作物轮作对土壤中烟草青枯菌数量及发病的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为查明春烟换茬后青枯菌在土壤中的消长规律, 采用接种耐药性青枯菌的盆土种植烟草, 烟草枯死后种植不同轮作作物的方法, 研究不同作物对土壤中青枯菌数量及其越冬状况的影响。设茄子、大豆、花生、甘薯、大蒜、玉米、晚稻和双季稻8 个轮作物处理, 后作生长期间定期取样, 用含利福平的选择性培养基检测样品中的青枯菌数量。结果表明, 栽后第4 周起秋茄子和秋大豆根中皆测出青枯菌, 秋茄子根达106 cfu·g-1;晚稻和秋花生根只第2 周和第8 周测出带菌。秋茄子、秋大豆、秋花生和晚甘薯生长期间土壤皆测出青枯菌,数量先降后升至104~106 cfu·g-1; 晚稻和秋玉米土壤中青枯菌数量持续下降; 大蒜处理先测出带菌后未测到。冬季对水稻残桩青枯菌数量监测显示, 稻桩根和土壤中青枯菌数量先后出现峰值, 分别达1.00×105 cfu·g-1 和5.17×104 cfu·g-1; 发现病菌能在稻根变黑腐烂时增殖。翌年春季从茄子、大豆、花生和甘薯茬口土壤中测出遗留青枯菌数量皆达104 cfu·g-1, 玉米为103 cfu·g-1。烟草移栽后青枯病调查表明, 不同处理发病迟早取决于茬口土壤中菌源数量, 两者相关系数r 为0.908 9。不同茬口土壤发病轻重有显著差异, 茄子茬土发病最重,病情指数100, 大豆和大蒜茬土发病略重于花生、甘薯和玉米茬土; 晚稻茬土发病最轻, 病情指数16.7, 与茄子茬土相比发病期推迟20 d, 病情指数下降83.3%; 双季稻茬土未见发病, 证明烟稻轮作对青枯病有较好的控制效果。 相似文献
3.
Robert P Larkin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(11):1451-1466
The effects of 11 different 2- and 3-yr potato crop rotations on soil microbial communities were characterized over three field seasons using several techniques. Assessments included microbial populations determined by soil dilution plate counts on various general and selective culture media, microbial activity by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Potato rotation crops evaluated in research plots at Newport, ME, included barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet, soybean, sweet corn, and a continuous potato control. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity tended to be highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn rotations, and lowest with continuous potato. Differences among rotations were less apparent during the potato phase of the rotations. Populations of actinomycetes and fluorescent pseudomonads tended to be greater in barley rotations than in most other rotations. SU profiles derived from BIOLOG GN2 plates indicated that certain rotations, including barley, canola, and sweet corn tended to have higher overall microbial activity, and barley and sweet corn rotations averaged higher substrate richness and diversity. Soybean and potato rotations tended to have lower substrate richness and diversity. Principal component analyses of SU data revealed differences among rotation soil communities in their utilization of individual carbon sources and substrate guilds, including carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amines/amides, and amino acids. Analyses of soil FAME profiles demonstrated distinct differences among all the rotation soils in their relative composition of fatty acids, indicating differences in their microbial community structure. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among rotation soils included 16:1 ω5c, 16:1 ω7c, 18:2 ω6c, 18:1 ω9c, 12:0, and 13:0 anteiso, with 16:1 ω5c being the single greatest determinant. Overall, monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 16:1 ω5c, were most prevalent in sweet corn rotations and polyunsaturates were highest in barley and millet rotations. Straight chain saturated fatty acids comprised the greatest proportion of fatty acids in soils under continuous potato. FAME biomarkers for microorganism groups indicated barley and millet rotations had the highest ratio of fungi to bacteria, and soybean and continuous potato had the lowest ratio. This research has demonstrated that different crop rotations have distinctive effects on soil microbial communities that are detectable using a variety of techniques. Further studies will identify more specific changes associated with particular rotations and relate these changes to potential effects on disease management, crop health, and crop productivity. 相似文献
4.
长期施用不同有机肥对甘薯产量和土壤生物性状的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以花生—甘薯轮作的长期定位试验为研究对象,研究不同(类)有机肥对甘薯产量、土壤微生物丰度和酶活性的影响,为选取合适的有机肥在提高作物产量和改善土壤生物性状方面提供依据。共选取5个施肥处理:(1)CK,空白对照;(2)NPK,单施化肥;(3)NPK+SR,化肥+稻草;(4)NPK+M,化肥+商品有机肥;(5)NPK+P,化肥+猪粪。结果表明:与CK相比,NPK、NPK+SR、NPK+M和NPK+P处理均显著增加鲜薯产量和地上部生物量(P<0.05),其中NPK+P处理效果最好。与CK比较,NPK处理显著降低土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌和活化有机磷微生物的丰度(P<0.05),而NPK+SR、NPK+M和NPK+P处理在不同程度上缓解了NPK处理对土壤微生物丰度的抑制作用。土壤酶的加权平均值(GMea)在一定程度上可用来评价土壤酶的总体活性。与CK相比,NPK、NPK+SR和NPK+M处理的土壤酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),而NPK+P处理的土壤酶活性有所提高;对于土壤单一酶活性,NPK+P处理与CK比较显著降低土壤脲酶活性(P<0.05),但显著提高酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性。此外,主成分和相关性分析表明,土壤养分和土壤有机碳与鲜薯产量和地上部生物量显著正相关,土壤pH是驱动土壤微生物丰度和土壤酶活性变化的主要因素。因此,长期有机无机肥配施通过提高土壤养分、有机碳含量以及调节土壤pH变化在提高甘薯产量和改善土壤生物性状方面取得良好效果。总体来说,化肥配施猪粪在培肥地力和增产增收方面效果最佳。 相似文献
5.
Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological
properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome
the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown
to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation
and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational
crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different
cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative
crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in
the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance,
and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results
show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop
rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation. 相似文献
6.
Crop rhizospheric microbial community structure and functional diversity as affected by maize and potato intercropping 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of different cropping patterns (maize monocropping, maize and potato intercropping, potato monocropping) on microbial abundance, community structure, and microbial functional diversity using plate culture and Biolog technique. Results showed that compared with monocropping, intercropping increased the abundance of soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomyces in rhizosphere surrounding maize and potato. The average well color development (AWCD) and Shannon index (H) were higher in intercropping soil than that found in monocropping soil. The ability of rhizospheric soil microorganisms in utilizing six types of carbon sources had definite differences, and the most dominant community structure was the carbohydrates metabolic groups. Principal component analysis demonstrated that intercropping changed significantly soil microbial community functional diversity depending mainly on carbohydrates and carboxylic acids. Our findings suggested that maize–potato intercropping has positive effects on the improvement of soil microbial abundances, activity, and functional diversity. 相似文献
7.
Chika Suzuki Norikuni Oka Kazunari Nagaoka Toshihiko Karasawa 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):288-296
A better understanding of the relationships among different cropping systems, their effects on soil microbial ecology, and their effects on crop health and productivity is necessary for the development of more efficient, sustainable crop production systems. We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to determine the impacts of crop rotations and crop types on bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. The communities of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal 18S rRNA genes were analyzed in experimental field plots that were kept under 4 different crop rotation systems from 1999 to 2008 (continuous cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), cabbage–lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) rotation, cabbage–radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. longipinnatus L.H. Bailey) rotation, and a 3-year crop rotation). A principal component analysis (PCA) and a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that both the bacterial and fungal communities in bulk soils were influenced by the crop rotation systems. However, the primary factors influencing each community differed: bacterial communities were most affected by soil properties (especially carbon content), while fungal communities were influenced most strongly by rotation times. To elucidate factors that may cause differences in crop rhizosphere microbial communities, the microbial communities in the harvested cabbage rhizospheres were also analyzed. The results suggest that the fungal communities in bulk soil are related to the rhizosphere fungal communities. Our present study indicates that the microbial communities in bulk and rhizosphere soils could be managed by crop rotation systems. 相似文献
8.
磷肥减施对玉米根系生长及根际土壤磷组分的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
9.
复种模式对豫西褐土团聚体稳定性及其碳、氮分布的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
10.
A better understanding of soil microbial processes is required to improve the synchrony between nutrient release from plant residues and crop demand. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis was used to investigate the effect of two crop rotations (continuous maize and maize-crotalaria rotation) and P fertilization (0 and 50 kg P ha−1 yr−1, applied as triple superphosphate) on microbial community composition in a highly weathered soil from western Kenya. Microbial substrate use in soils from the field experiment was compared in incubation experiments. Higher levels of soil organic matter and microbial biomass in the maize-crotalaria rotation were connected with higher total amounts of phospholipid fatty acids and an increase in the relative abundances of indicators for fungi and gram-negative bacteria. P fertilization changed the community profile only within the continuous maize treatment. The decomposition of glucose, cellulose and three plant residues (all added at 2.5 g C kg−1 soil) proceeded faster in soil from the maize-crotalaria rotation, but differences were mostly transient. Microbial P and N uptake within one week increased with the water-soluble carbon content of added plant residues. More P and N were taken up by the greater microbial biomass in soil from the maize-crotalaria rotation than from continuous maize. Re-mineralization of nutrients during the decline of the microbial biomass increased also with the initial biological activity of the soil, but occurred only for a high quality plant residue within the half year incubation period. Compared to the effect of crop rotation, P fertilization had a minor effect on microbial community composition and substrate use. 相似文献
11.
Information is needed on the ability of different crop management factors to maintain or increase soil C and N pools, especially in intensively tilled short crop rotations. Soil samples from field experiments in Maine were used to assess the effect of cover crop, green manure (GM) crop, and intermittent or annual amendment on soil C and N pools. These field experiments, of 6–13 years duration, were all characterized by a 2-year rotation with either sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) or potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.), and primary tillage each year. Total, particulate organic matter (POM), and soil microbial biomass (SMB)-C and -N pools were assessed for each experiment. Total C and N stocks were not affected by red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop or legume GM, but were increased by 25–53% via a single application of papermill sludge or an annual manure and/or compost amendment. With the exception of continuous potato production which dramatically reduced the SMB-C and SMB-N concentration, SMB-C and -N were minimally affected by changes in cropping sequence, but were quite sensitive to amendments, even those that were primarily C. POM-C and -N, associated with the coarse mineral fraction (53–2,000 µm), were more responsive to management factors compared to total C and N in soil. The change in soil C fractions was a linear function of increasing C supply, across all experiments and treatments. Within these intensively tilled, 2-year crop rotations, substantial C and N inputs from amendments are needed to significantly alter soil C and N pools, although cropping sequence changes can influence more labile pools responsible for nutrient cycling. 相似文献
12.
[目的] 为探究坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作系统根土微生态特征的影响。[方法] 以玉米—芸豆轮作为研究对象,玉米连作为对照,采用野外原位监测采样和室内试验分析相结合的方法,通过GC-MS和高通量测序技术分析作物根系分泌物和土壤微生物群落组成、结构特征,揭示坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地对玉米连作和玉米-芸豆轮作根系分泌物种类、含量和土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响。[结果] (1)根系分泌物相对含量变化在CRT措施上更为突出,在轮作模式中更为显著。(2) CRT2处理提高土壤微生物群落数量、丰富度和多样性效果更显著。(3)在根系分泌物与土壤微生物互作下,根系分泌物、土壤微生物、土壤环境因子的两两相关性在CRT2处理下更显著。[结论] 坡耕地等高反坡台阶整地通过改变玉米连作和玉米—芸豆轮作的根系分泌物含量,使作物根土微生态环境发生变化,提高土壤微生物数量、多样性及丰富度,且该措施与玉米—芸豆轮作结合的提升效果更佳,对根土微生态的改善作用更显著。研究结果为坡耕地作物种植、耕作方式选择及改善土壤微环境和水土流失综合治理提供理论基础。 相似文献
13.
华北高产粮区基于种植制度调整和水氮优化的节水效应 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
冬小麦/夏玉米一年两熟是华北平原粮食作物主要的种植方式。冬小麦生育期降水少,春季灌溉是保证其高产的必要措施。基于上述问题,在华北平原高产粮区设置田间试验,研究了调整种植制度和水氮优化等措施下的节水效应。结果表明,将一年两熟的冬小麦套种夏玉米调整为冬小麦直播夏玉米,并结合水氮优化等措施,能降低作物耗水15%,提高灌溉水利用效率52%～54%,而产量并没有下降;而将一年两熟调整为两年三熟和一年一熟,尽管能降低作物耗水24%～31%,且能提高灌溉水利用效率58%～172%,但产量却下降16%～27%。综上所述,该区将现行的一年两熟制中的套种调整为直播,并加以水氮优化等措施,是目前较为适宜的种植方式。考虑到该区水资源严重短缺的现实,两年三熟制可能是未来的种植趋势,但需要挖掘其产量潜力。 相似文献
14.
Clovis Daniel Borges José Eduardo Corá José Carlos Barbosa 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(11):1471-1485
Knowledge of the effect of a multiple combination of summer/winter crop rotation on the microbiological properties of soil would allow a more adequate response to its use. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the rotation of three summer crops (continuous soybean, continuous maize and soybean/maize rotation) in combination with seven winter crops (maize, sunflower, oilseed radish, millet, pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp) on the microbiological properties of the soil. A soybean/maize (SM) rotation had a greater influence on microbial biomass than continuous maize (MM) and continuous soybean (SS). Urease and phosphatase activities were not affected by the crop rotation. Dehydrogenase activity was higher in continuous crops (MM and SS) than in SM, whereas respiratory activity was higher in SM than in continuous crops. For the SM rotation, the main variables selected by principal components analysis were microbial biomass C, N and P, respiratory and phosphatase activities, and microbial quotient. Pigeon pea, sorghum and sunn hemp had a greater effect on soil properties than the other winter crops. In general, the degree of influence of the summer and winter crops on the microbiological soil properties can be ranked as follows: SM > MM > SS, and millet > sorghum > sunn hemp > radish > pigeon pea > maize, respectively. 相似文献
15.
小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯体系中玉米产量及养分吸收的差异 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
分别在四川2个玉米主产区川中丘区射洪县和川西山区雅安市,采用单因素随机区组设计,通过3年田间试验对比研究了小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下玉米产量、养分吸收积累规律以及与耕层土壤养分的关系。结果表明:两种套作模式经过一年种植后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量均高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,但差异不显著,第二、三年分带轮作后,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米产量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯模式下的玉米产量,二年平均分别高出 679.5 kg/hm2和 839.1 kg/hm2,增产9.4%和12.6%,射洪试验点增产作用较雅安试验点显著;分带轮作后两种套作体系玉米氮素吸收积累在拔节前差异不显著,拔节后小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米氮素积累量显著高于小麦/玉米/甘薯,磷的吸收积累则相反,从拔节期到开花期,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米磷的吸收积累均显著低于小麦/玉米/甘薯,小麦/玉米/大豆模式下玉米钾素吸收积累量高于小麦/玉米/甘薯;不同作物带耕层土壤养分含量差异达显著水平,大豆带残留的硝态氮、速效氮、速效钾2个试验点平均分别比甘薯带高18.4%、24.1%、6.0%,而铵态氮和速效磷甘薯带较大豆带分别高18.9%和17.1%,两种套作模式中玉米带耕层土壤养分含量差异不显著,经第二、三年分带轮作后,耕层土壤养分含量差异减小,表明分带轮作玉米能较好均衡田间养分。 相似文献
16.
长期秸秆还田与施氮后土壤活性碳、氮的变化 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
通过长期定位试验,研究了秸秆还田和施氮后小麦生育期内土壤微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及可溶性有机碳(DOC)的变化,以期为关中麦玉轮作区土壤肥力的提升以及农业的可持续发展提供科学依据。采用裂区设计,主处理为玉米秸秆全量还田(S+N)和秸秆不还田(N),副处理为3个不同施氮水平(0,168,252kg/hm~2)共6个处理。结果表明:土壤MBC从小麦分蘖期至越冬期降低,此后至拔节期升高且达到峰值,拔节期至成熟期降低。各处理土壤DOC从分蘖期至拔节期增加,拔节期达到峰值,此后至成熟期降低;而土壤MBN的动态变化在整个生育期呈现降低的趋势。秸秆还田处理的土壤MBC和DOC显著高于秸秆不还田处理,平均分别提高6.7%和9.3%;秸秆还田后土壤MBN均高于秸秆不还田处理,且在越冬期、拔节期和成熟期达显著水平;各处理的土壤MBC和MBN随着施氮量的增加而显著降低,还田处理的土壤DOC随施氮量的增加而显著增加,平均增加11.8%;而秸秆不还田各处理中土壤DOC含量表现出先增高后降低的趋势。可见,秸秆还田有提高土壤活性有机碳氮的作用,而过量施用氮肥对活性碳氮的提高有抑制作用。因此,关中平原麦玉轮作区实行秸秆还田配合施用适量氮肥是提高土壤肥力水平、实现农业可持续发展的有效措施。 相似文献
17.
为阐明控释肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响,该研究以郑单958（夏玉米）和济麦22（冬小麦）为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（FFP）、优化施氮（OPT）、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF1）、含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含70%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF2）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的冬小麦、夏玉米及周年产量、温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量（P<0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了1.4%～3.0%、1.9%～3.4%和1.6%～3.1%（P>0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N2O和CO2的周年排放（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的土壤N2O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了27.7%～34.6%（P <0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势（GWP）（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GWP较FFP处理降低了4.2%和5.7%,其中CRBF2处理差异显著（P<0.05）。施氮降低了麦玉轮作体系的周年温室气体排放强度（GHGI）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GHGI较FFP处理降低了5.6%～8.6%（P>0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的100~200 cm土层硝态氮残留降低30.6%～34.3%（P<0.05）,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥在稳定作物产量、减少温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留方面具有积极作用,研究结果可为麦玉轮作体系的轻简高效氮肥管理提供数据支持和理论支撑。 相似文献
18.
Robert P. Larkin 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(6):1341-1351
Various biological amendments, including commercial biocontrol agents, microbial inoculants, mycorrhizae, and an aerobic compost tea (ACT), were evaluated, alone and in conjunction with different crop rotations, for their efficacy in introducing beneficial microorganisms, affecting soil microbial community characteristics (SMCC), and reducing soilborne diseases of potato in greenhouse and field trials in Maine. Most amendments successfully delivered microorganisms into the soil, altering microbial populations and activity in accordance with the particular organisms added, and significantly altering SMCC (as determined by FAME analysis) to various degrees from 2 to 24 weeks. Amendment effects were greatest early on (2 weeks after amendment), but effects associated with crop treatment became more dominant at subsequent assessments (10 and 24 weeks after amendment). In field trials, effects on microbial characteristics, soilborne diseases and tuber yield were variable, with some microbial inoculants and a biostimulant producing no significant effects, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae, reduced stem canker and black scurf by 17–28%. When used in three different 2 yr crop rotations (barley/ryegrass, barley/clover, and potato, all followed by potato), biological amendments reduced soilborne disease and improved yield in some rotations, but not others. Soil-applied ACT and the combination of ACT with a mixture of beneficial microorganisms (Mix) reduced stem canker, black scurf, and common scab on tubers by 18–33% and increased yield 20–23% in the barley/ryegrass rotation, but not in the other rotations. Mix also reduced disease (20–32%) in the barley/clover rotation only. None of the amendments significantly reduced disease in continuous potato plots. Both crop rotation and amendment treatments significantly affected SMCC, but rotation effects were more dominant. These results indicate that certain rotations were better able to support the added beneficial organisms from amendments and enable more effective biological control, and also that favorable crop rotations may be more effective than amendments in manipulating or altering SMCC. Establishment and persistence of amendment effects may depend on many factors, but an effective and supportive crop rotation is apparently important. 相似文献
19.
河北低平原区春玉米一熟替代麦玉两熟制的
水生态与粮食安全分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本研究针对河北低平原区水资源日益短缺的现状,于2011—2014年在河北省吴桥县开展田间试验,以小麦?玉米两熟制(WS)为对照,设置零灌溉春玉米一熟制(SMRF)和适水条件下春玉米一熟制(SMSW)2种种植模式,共3个处理,研究该区改传统高耗水的小麦?玉米两熟制为春玉米一熟制的可行性。结果表明:周年耗水量SMSW、SMRF较WS分别降低48.4%和54.2%;冬小麦耗水主要来自灌溉水和土壤储水,试验年间降雨仅能满足冬小麦耗水总量的32.9%,春玉米生育期内耗水主要来自降雨,试验年间SMSW和SMRF生育期内有效降雨总量分别满足春玉米耗水总量的91.9%和94.9%。SMSW和SMRF周年产量平均较WS分别降低24.4%和45.8%。SMSW和SMRF水分利用效率较WS平均分别高24.8%和0.3%。SMSW和SMRF的经济效益较WS平均分别减少5.2%和36.8%。经济水分利用效率SMSW和SMRF较WS平均分别高56.7%和17.5%。当下WS较SMSW仍具有一定的产量和效益优势,但WS对地下水灌溉依赖严重;而SMSW的水分利用效率和经济水分利用效率显著高于WS,未来随着春玉米高产技术体系的成熟,春玉米产量的进一步提高,在我国粮食总产、库存、进口"三增"的"新常态"下,该区改小麦玉米两熟为春玉米一熟具有兼顾水生态和粮食安全的可行性。 相似文献
20.
马铃薯与玉米复合种植对土壤化感物质及土壤细菌群落结构的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究马铃薯与玉米复合种植对化感物质积累与细菌群落结构的影响,分析轮作、间作缓解连作障碍的机制,本研究以马铃薯连作、玉米连作、马铃薯||玉米间作、马铃薯-玉米轮作第8年的土壤为对象,利用GC-MS测定土壤中化感物质含量,并采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术对土壤细菌16Sr DNA V4-V5区域进行测序,分析土壤中细菌多样性和群落结构的变化,并对化感物质和优势菌属进行相关性分析。结果表明:玉米连作和马铃薯连作会导致化感物质的积累,玉米连作土壤积累了更多的油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、木焦油酸等脂肪酸,马铃薯连作土壤积累了更多的硬脂醇、二十烷醇等脂肪醇类物质。轮作降低了大部分化感物质的积累,间作降低的化感物质种类相对轮作较少。不同种植方式下土壤细菌群落结构发生了显著变化,相对于连作,间作和轮作Ace指数和Chao指数显著升高。在门水平上,轮作土壤放线菌丰度显著高于马铃薯连作土壤,间作土壤拟杆菌门丰度显著低于玉米连作土壤,两种连作土壤中酸杆菌门丰度都较轮作显著升高。在属水平上,一些有益细菌如节杆菌属、溶杆菌属等在复合种植土壤中相对丰度更高。通过相关性分析发现土微菌属、小梨形菌属与脂肪醇类物质呈显著正相关,黄杆菌属、溶杆菌属、微杆菌属等与脂肪酸类物质呈显著负相关。马铃薯与玉米复合种植降低了化感物质在土壤中的积累,从而抑制了土壤细菌丰度的降低,提高了有益菌属丰度,消减了连作障碍。 相似文献