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1.
Electro-acupuncture (EA) treatments varied in their effect on pain threshold in horses. EA stimulation using local acupuncture points or/and high frequency (80–120 Hz) can be more effective to relieve the experimental pain than the use of distal points and/or low frequency (20 Hz). The acupoints close to the painful areas may need to be stimulated with high frequency EA while the acupoints far from the painful areas may be stimulated with low frequency EA. The release of β-endorphin may be one of the pathways in which electro-acupuncture relieves the experimental pain.  相似文献   

2.
Acupuncture analgesia is an important issue in veterinary medicine. This study was designed to elucidate central modulation effects in response to electroacupuncture (EA) at different acupoints. Manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats after sham acupuncture, sham EA, or true EA at somatic acupoints. The acupoints were divided into 3 groups: group 1, analgesic acupoints commonly used for pain relief, such as Hegu (LI 4); group 2, nonanalgesic acupoints rarely used for analgesic effect, such as Neiguan (PC 6); and group 3, acupoints occasionally used for analgesia, such as Zusanli (ST 36). Image acquisition was performed on a 1.5-T superconductive clinical scanner with a circular polarized extremity coil. The results showed that there was no neural activation caused by EA at a true acupoint with shallow needling and no electric current (sham acupuncture). When EA at a true acupoint was applied with true needling but no electric current (sham EA), there was only a slight increase in brain activity at the hypothalamus; when EA was applied at a true acupoint with true needling and an electric current (true EA), the primary response at the hypothalamus was enhanced. Also, there was a tendency for the early activation of pain-modulation areas to be prominent after EA at analgesic acupoints as compared with nonanalgesic acupoints. In conclusion, understanding the linkage between peripheral acupoint stimulation and central neural pathways provides not only an evidence-based approach for veterinary acupuncture but also a useful guide for clinical applications of acupuncture.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to review the scientific articles on the use of nociceptive threshold testing (NTT) in cats and to summarize the clinical and experimental applications in this species.Databases usedPertinent literature was searched with PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Universitätsbibliothek Basel (swissbib Basel Bern) and Google Scholar. The search was then refined manually based first on article titles and abstracts, and subsequently on full texts.ConclusionsOf the four classical acute nociceptive models used for NTT, thermal and mechanical are most commonly used in cats. Thermal stimulation is applicable in experimental settings and has been used in pharmacodynamics studies assessing feline antinociception. Although mechanical stimulation is currently less used in cats, in the future it might play a role in the evaluation of clinical feline pain. However, the low response reliability after stimulus repetition within a narrow time interval represents a major limitation for the clinical use of mechanical thresholds in this species. Challenges remain when thermal thresholds are used to investigate analgesics that have the potential to affect skin temperature, such as opioids and α2-adrenergic agonists, and when a model of inflammatory pain is reproduced in experimental cats with the purpose of evaluating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as analgesics.  相似文献   

4.
Objective A dog model was developed to study visceral pain by stimulating the ovarian ligament. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Twelve 1‐year old female hound dogs weighing 25.7 ± 3.6 kg. Methods Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane. The right ovary was accessed via laparoscopy. A suture was placed around the ovarian ligament and exteriorized through the abdominal wall for stimulation. The noxious stimulus consisted of pulling the ovary and ovarian ligament with a force transducer. The response to noxious stimulation was determined using the anesthetic minimum alveolar concentration requirement (MAC) for sevoflurane. The ovarian MAC was compared to the standardized somatic noxious stimulation tail clamp MAC. The results are depicted as mean ± SD and corrected to sea‐level. Results The stimulus–response curve during ovarian stimulation in three dogs was hyperbolic and best represented by a three‐parameter logistic growth curve model. The curve plateaued at 7.12 ± 4.19 N. From the stimulus‐response curve, we chose 6.61 N to test the consistency and repeatability of the model in nine dogs. The ovarian stimulation MAC for sevoflurane in these dogs was 2.16 ± 0.46%. The ovarian stimulation confidence interval and limits are comparable to the results from tail stimulation MAC. The tail stimulation MACs before and after laparoscopy surgery were not different (1.86 ± 0.28% and 1.77 ± 0.38% respectively; p > 0.05) but lower when compared to the ovarian MAC (p < 0.01). The dogs recovered from anesthesia without complications. Conclusions and clinical relevance The ovarian stimulation model is an adequate and repeatable means of producing visceral stimulation to determine MAC. The model may provide a humane mechanism to study the effectiveness of analgesics for acute ovarian pain.  相似文献   

5.
Randomized placebo-controlled crossover studies were carried out in dogs to evaluate how two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) might modulate an acute post-traumatic inflammatory reaction. Two "identical" surgical interventions were performed on the forelimbs of each animal with an interval of 28 days, to enable a paired comparison of the inflammatory signs and the wound/bone healing processes. At one operation 8 dogs received 300 mg phenylbutazone twice daily for 8 days starting on the day before surgery, and at the other operation matching placebo tablets were given. In a similar placebo-controlled trial another group of 8 dogs received 5 mg indomethacin twice daily. With phenylbutazone the post-operative swelling was not significantly reduced compared to placebo, but there was less pain and limping. With indomethacin the swelling was somewhat reduced, but there was no consistent difference to placebo in the pain and limping assessments. None of the drugs appeared to distinctly effect the wound or fracture healing, as evaluated by clinical inspection, comparison of radiographs and comparison of bone sections from the sites of surgery. It proved difficult to select an appropriate dosage of indomethacin due to its high potential to induce GI ulceration and bleeding in dogs. In this experimental surgical model with an acute inflammation, neither phenylbutazone nor indomethacin showed impressive anti-inflammatory or analgesic properties. In the same model paracetamol has proved to significantly and more efficiently, reduce both swelling and pain without any noticeable adverse effects, and appears to be a better alternative than the two presently tested NSAID.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of acupuncture on neural activity detected by use of manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and elucidate the relationship between somatic acupoint stimulation and brain activation. ANIMALS: 40 New Zealand White rabbits. PROCEDURE: Manganese-enhanced fMRI was performed in anesthetized rabbits manipulated with electroacupuncture (EA) on Zusanli (ST-36) and Yanglingquan (GB-34) acupoints. Image acquisition was performed on a 1.5T superconductive clinical scanner with a circular polarized extremity coil. T1-weighted images were acquired sequentially as follows: baseline, after mannitol injection, after manganese infusion, and 5 and 20 minutes after initiation of EA. RESULTS: Changes in focal neural activity were detected by use of manganese-enhanced fMRI. Stimulation on Zusanli (ST-36) for 5 minutes resulted in activation of the hippocampus, whereas stimulation on Yanglingquan (GB-34) resulted in activation of the hypothalamus, insula, and motor cortex. Activation became less specific after 20 minutes of EA. Furthermore, stimulation on ipsilateral acupoints led to bilateral brain activation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Each acupoint has a corresponding cerebral linkage, and stimulation on these points resulted in time-dependent neural activation. Understanding the linkage between peripheral acupoint stimulation and central neural pathways may provide a useful guide for clinical applications of acupuncture.  相似文献   

7.
Acupoints on the Large Intestine Meridian and specific acupoints related with large intestine have been empirically used to treat large intestinal disease. However, the relationship between acupoints related with large intestine and their functions has not been investigated fully. We investigated whether large intestine-related acupoints affect colonic motility in conscious dogs implanted with electrodes at the proximal colon. Manual acupuncture was applied at the following acupoints: 7 main points on the Large Intestine Meridian (LI1, LI2, LI3, LI4, LI5, LI6, and LI11), ST25, BL25 or GV1. Acupuncture at the Large Intestine Meridian acupoints, ST25 and BL25 had no significant effects on the proximal colonic motility. However, acupuncture at GV1 depressed the proximal colonic motility by decreasing the total duration and the frequency of contractile states, which may contribute to the therapeutic effects of GV1. This study also revealed that there was no clear correlation between Large Intestine Meridian and the proximal colonic motility in conscious dogs.  相似文献   

8.
Horses with chronic back pain of 2 to 108 months' duration were treated using acupuncture (n = 15), laser acupuncture (n = 15), or injection acupuncture (n = 15). Horses were treated once a week for 8 treatments (mean) with needle acupuncture, 11 treatments with laser acupuncture, or 9 treatments with injection acupuncture. After treatment, 37 horses had alleviation of clinical signs of pain and could train and compete: 13 horses treated with needle acupuncture; 11 horses treated with laser acupuncture; and 13 horses treated with injection acupuncture. Seemingly, the 3 types of acupuncture were equally useful for treating horses with chronic back pain.  相似文献   

9.
NSAIDs are a major cause for concern for their propensity to cause joint deterioration in canine, as in human, patients receiving these drugs for treatment of pain in osteoarthritis and other acute and chronic painful conditions. To determine the potential effects of the new NSAID meloxicam on cartilage integrity, the effects of this drug on proteoglycan biosynthesis in vitro and ex vivo were compared with those of indomethacin, a known inhibitor of sulphated proteoglycans that accelerates joint injury in human osteoarthritis.In vitro cartilage proteoglycan synthesis from a radiosulphate precursor was unaffected by 0.5–10.0 mol/L meloxicam but was significantly inhibited by 50 mol/L indomethacin after 6 or 24 h incubation of femoral or tibial cartilage explants in organ culture. This is in accord with previous observations in human or porcine articular cartilage under the same culture conditions.Studies were performed in vivo to establish the effects of the NSAIDs on joint integrity. This involved determining cartilage proteoglycan synthesis ex vivo, leukocyte, fluid and protein accumulation, as well as pain relief. Thus, meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg i.v.×3 doses) or indomethacin (0.5 mg/kg i.v.×3 doses) was given for 26 h and the effects were compared with a control (1.0 ml saline i.v.×3 doses) in dogs in which acute inflammation had been induced by intra-articular (i.a.) injection of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals into the right stifle joint, an equivalent volume of saline being injected into the left stifle joint as a control. No effects were observed of the treatment with the NSAIDs on ex vivo sulphated proteoglycan synthesis. The lack of the expected inhibitory effects of indomethacin may be related to the relatively low plasma concentrations of this drug obtained during the 26 h period of treatment.The pain response, which was elicited up to 6 h following i.a. injection of CPPD crystals, was totally prevented by the treatment with meloxicam and to a lesser extent with indomethacin. There were no effects from the drug treatment on synovial inflammatory reactions (fluid and cell accumulation), although the protein concentration of the exudate was reduced by meloxicam. This indicates that, at the doses given, it was possible to discriminate the analgesic action from the anti-inflammatory action of the two NSAIDs, this being achieved at relatively low plasma concentrations of these drugs.In conclusion, while relatively high therapeutic concentrations of indomethacin inhibit cartilage proteoglycan synthesis, this is not an effect seen even at high concentrations of meloxicam. Furthermore, the lack of effects on proteoglycan synthesis was evident when these two drugs were given in vivo to dogs. However, the signs of pain, but not the inflammation in the joint, were relieved by low plasma concentrations of the drugs. Meloxicam may thus be safely employed for acute analgesia without the potential risks of joint cartilage damage that occurs with indomethacin given at anti-inflammatory doses for long periods of time.  相似文献   

10.
Pain recognition and management in animals has advanced considerably in the last decade and currently animal welfare is receiving increasing public interest. However, the comprehensive assessment of pain has been inadequately addressed in horses and till recently composite pain scales (CPSs) have hardly been validated for use in patients. We investigated the reliability and clinical applicability of a CPS, originally developed under experimental conditions for assessing pain in horses with various acute soft-tissue and orthopedic conditions before and after general anesthesia and/or (non)elective surgery. These clinical cases (n = 94) were scored by means of the CPS twice daily. Horses without painful conditions and horses admitted for nonpainful diagnostic procedures under general anesthesia were compared with those that were admitted with either acute or chronic surgical and nonsurgical painful conditions of both visceral and somatic origin. Scores of observer 1 were compared with observer 2 to study inter-observer reliability. Composite pain scores showed low baseline values in healthy animals with nonpainful conditions and were not affected when general anesthesia was the only intervention. Inter-observer reliability was very high (n = 23 horses; weighted kappa correlation coefficient, κ = 0.81). Horses with painful conditions responding well to analgesic treatment could be discriminated from horses that had to be euthanized on humane grounds because of painful nonresponsive conditions. We found the CPS to be a promising tool that has the potential to provide a good basis for direct day-to-day assessment of pain status in equine patients with various painful conditions in the future.  相似文献   

11.
This report describes a clinically useful modified composite pain score (MCPS) for horses with hoof pain. The horse in this report initially suffered from acute pain from a subsolar seroma as well as suspected pain from chronic laminitis. Following surgical debridement, corium prolapsed through the wound and it became infected. During the course of conventional hoof and wound management, the pain experienced by the patient was refractory to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Using the MCPS as a guide, inflammatory and neuropathic pain states were identified and multimodal analgesia was employed in response to the varying pain states. Drugs used for the anti‐inflammatory pain management protocol included firocoxib, butorphanol, phenylbutazone, aspirin and fish oil. Neuropathic pain modulators included parenteral and local anaesthetics, pentoxifylline, ketamine and gabapentin. Composite pain scoring in horses, which includes observational, physiological and interactive components, may have greater sensitivity for demonstrating response to therapy when multiple types and stages of pain exist.  相似文献   

12.
Currently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness or blepharospasm, may be obvious; subtle signs of pain can include changes in facial expression or head position, location in the stall and response to palpation or human interaction. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (i.e. phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine and firocoxib), opioids (i.e. butorphanol, morphine and buprenorphine) and α2‐adrenergic agonists (i.e. xylazine, detomidine, romifidine and medetomidine) are the most commonly used therapeutic options. Multimodal therapy using constant‐rate infusions of lidocaine, ketamine and/or butorphanol has gained popularity for severe pain in hospitalised cases. Drugs targeting neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin, are increasingly used for conditions such as laminitis. Optimal strategies for management of pain are based upon severity and chronicity, including special considerations for use of intra‐articular or epidural delivery and therapy in foals. Strategies that aim to mitigate adverse effects associated with use of various analgesic agents are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

13.
This review discusses the applications of acupuncture (AP) and its eastern medical philosophy in equine health, and the main techniques used to stimulate acupoints in equine practice. These methods include dry needling, electroacupuncture (EA), moxibustion, laser therapy, haemopuncture, aquapuncture, pharmacopuncture, acupressure and gold implants.  相似文献   

14.
Analgesia.     
Critical to reducing patient morbidity as well as heightened ethical awareness, alleviation of pain in animals has become integral to medical case management and surgical procedures. Pharmacotherapy is directed at peripheral nociceptors, primary and secondary spinal neurons, and pain-processing areas in the CNS. Accordingly, three primary pharmacologic strategies have evolved: drugs that bind to and activate opioid receptors, drugs that bind to and activate alpha 2 receptors, and drugs that reduce de novo prostaglandin synthesis. In horses, the two predominant types of pain encountered are musculoskeletal and visceral pain. Several factors must be considered when devising a therapeutic strategy, including the etiology of the painful event, desired duration of therapy (acute vs chronic), desire for sedation, and potential side effects and toxicity. Opioids and alpha 2 agonists are particularly effective for visceral pain associated with colic. Butorphanol remains the only commercially available opioid and provides superior visceral analgesia compared with pentazocine or flunixin meglumine but not compared with the alpha 2 agonists. The behavioral changes such the sedative effects of alpha 2 agonists and the increased locomotion and CNS excitability seen with some opioids are important considerations when these agents are used as analgesics. NSAIDs may be considered for visceral pain therapy also, especially pain associated with an inflammatory component or endotoxemia. In particular, flunixin meglumine and ketoprofen provide prolonged analgesia and suppress the effects of endotoxin. Long-term therapy of musculoskeletal diseases usually necessitates chronic NSAID use. Although many NSAIDs are now available in approved equine formulations, there remain some important differences among NSAIDs for the practitioner to consider when choosing an analgesic. NSAIDs differ in their ability to ameliorate pyrexia, affect platelet function, alleviate pain, and reduce inflammation. For ease of administration, those available for oral use include phenylbutazone, meclofenamic acid, flunixin meglumine, and naproxen. All are potentially ulcerogenic, and poor tolerance to one may necessitate switching to another with a better toleration profile or to drug from a different analgesic class.  相似文献   

15.
以S180腹水瘤小鼠为动物模型，应用11.00、14.67和22.00J/cm^2 3种剂量氦氖激光照射荷瘤鼠哈德腺，同时联合应用化疗药物环磷酰胺，对S180荷瘤鼠脾脏淋巴细胞IL-2诱生活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响作了系统地研究。结果表明：CYT/氦氖激光照射联合应用组IL-2诱生活性和淋巴细胞增殖反应均明显高于CYT对照组。CYT可对荷瘤体产生某种程度的免疫抑制效应，而氦氖激光照射则可在某种程度上改善这一效应。  相似文献   

16.
The analgesic effects of acupuncture were studied in 38 dogs affected by acute thoracolumbar disc disease, type I to IV. Steel acupuncture needles were inserted into selected acupuncture points. Stimulation time was 20 minutes. Electrical stimulation of needles, ear-acupuncture, vitamins B and C and antibiotics were occasionally used in some dogs of types I and II and in the majority of types III and IV. Pain relief was observed in 62.5 per cent of dogs of type I (back-pain), in 70.5 per cent of dogs of type II (hindlimb paresis, backpain) and in 39 per cent of dogs of types III and IV (hindlimb paralysis, backpain) after the first acupuncture treatment. Dogs of type I and II responded significantly better (P<0.01) than dogs of type III and IV at the fourth treatment (100 per cent and 61.5 per cent, respectively).  相似文献   

17.
In placebo-controlled cross-over trials in dogs, two 'identical' operations were performed on the forelimbs of each animal with an interval of 28 days, to evaluate how daily doses of 1.5 g paracetamol, 1.5 g acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 0.5 g ASA might modulate an acute post-operative inflammatory reaction. On the third post-operative day the reductions in swelling compared with placebo averaged 33% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P = 0.02), 24% with 1.5 g ASA (P = 0.03) and 15% with 0.5 g ASA (P = 0.18); while the reductions in pain estimates averaged 47% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P = 0.01), 32% with 1.5 g ASA (P = 0.07) and 28% with 0.5 g ASA (P = 0.21). There were no clinical signs of adverse drug effects, such as vomiting, haematochezia, cyanosis or depression. The results disagree with the traditional view that paracetamol has little or no anti-inflammatory effect, and demonstrate that paracetamol may reduce an acute inflammatory reaction, at least as efficiently as ASA. The potential pro-inflammatory effect of ASA in low doses is discussed. It is concluded that paracetamol appears to be a valuable drug against post-operative or post-traumatic sequelae in the veterinary as well as in the human clinic.  相似文献   

18.
Oxaliplatin (OXL) therapy often causes side effects including chronic peripheral neuropathy. We investigated the pain-relieving effects of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLf) as well as a long-acting IgG-Fc fused rhLf (rhLf-Fc) on OXL-induced neuropathic pain. We used the hLf in this study, because the homology between mouse Lf and hLf is higher than that of bovine Lf. In addition, rhLf-Fc is expected to enhance the analgesic effect due to the life extension effect in the body. We administered OXL (2 mg/kg, i.v.) to mice twice weekly for 4 weeks. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), rhLf (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or rhLf-Fc (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered once a week from day 15 to 32. We also assessed the continuous infusion of same drugs (10 mg/kg/day) into the external jugular vein by using an osmotic pump. Both of rhLf and rhLf-Fc significantly reduced the hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation when they were administered intraperitoneally. The continuous infusion of rhLf resulted in a more pronounced effect. Histopathological analysis of sciatic nerve showed that both rhLf and rhLf-Fc tended to reduce nerve fiber damage, but no significant difference was observed in nerve fiber cross-sectional area. Therefore, it was suggested that rhLf or rhLf-Fc injection could be an option for controlling neuropathic pain, which are side effects of OXL.  相似文献   

19.
Awareness of pain and its effects is increasing within the veterinary profession, but pain management in food animals has been neglected. Sheep seldom receive analgesics despite various conditions, husbandry practice and experimental procedures being known to be painful, e.g. footrot, mastitis, vaginal prolapse, castration, vasectomy, penis deviation, and laparoscopy. The evidence supporting use of analgesic drugs in this species is reviewed here. Opioid agonists are of dubious efficacy and are short acting. α?-agonists such as xylazine are good, short-lived analgesics, but induce hypoxaemia. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as ketoprofen provide long-lasting analgesia, but not as marked as that from α?-agonists; they should be more widely used for inflammatory pain. Local anaesthetics reliably block pain signals, but may also induce motor blockade. Balanced analgesia using more than one class of drug, such as an α? agonist (e.g. medetomidine) and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist (e.g. ketamine), with the combination selected for the circumstances, probably provides the best analgesia for severe pain. It should be noted that there are no approved analgesic drugs for use in sheep and therefore the use of such drugs in this species has to be off-label. This information may be useful to veterinary practitioners, biomedical researchers, and regulators in animal welfare to develop rational analgesic regimens which ultimately may improve the health and welfare of sheep in both farming and experimental conditions.  相似文献   

20.
Fourteen horses that could not perform at their expected standards due to chronic back pain of 4 to 48 months duration, and had not obtained lasting improvement from other forms of therapy, were treated by stimulating nine acupuncture points using a low powered infrared laser (300 microW, 904 nm). The treatments were performed weekly, and consisted of stimulating each point for 2 minutes with a pulse frequency of 360 pulses per second. After completion of a mean of 11 treatments, clinical signs of back pain were alleviated in 10 of the 14 horses, there was no change in three, and one was lost to follow-up. Of the 10 horses who were training and competing, four won. One year after treatment was discontinued, 9 of these 10 horses continued to perform at a standard acceptable to the owner.  相似文献   

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